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ENGLISH EDITION 




HfHRy Sfl6£RT*BR0C0.P£ARL«R0SE SR.H 



A TREATISE 



ON 



MARKS' PATENT 



ARTIFICIAL LIMBS 



WITH 



RUBBER HANDS AND FEET. 



A. A. MARKS, 

701 BROADWAY, 

NEW YORK CITY, 

IT. S. A.. 



Copyright, 1894, by A. A Marks. 



PEEPAOE. 



The labor expended in the preparation of this treatise has been much 
greater than apparent. The subject has been elaborated with a scrupu- 
lous regard for originality and a conscientious purpose of presenting 
the truth shorn of every vestige of exaggeration. Context, illustrations 
and plates have been especially prepared with the purpose of imparting 
the subject in its simplicity. The work has rested principally with the 
undersigned, who for the past ten years has devoted his energies exclu- 
sively to the advancement of prothesis. 

Having made a tour abroad, visiting the principal cities of Europe 
and studying thoroughly the methods and peculiarities of the manufac- 
turers of those cities, he feels himself fully competent to cope with the 
subject from comparative, scientific and professional standpoints. 

The name A. A. Marks is the title of the firm, which consists of 
A. A. Marks, Geo. E. Marks, and Wm. L. Marks . Although the senior 
member has for a number of years withdrawn from an active position, 
his judgment is consulted on matters of peculiar importance, and the 
principles which his labors have so thoroughly established, and which 
have become such an essential and distinctive part of the profession, 
are rigorously followed. The undersigned could not resist the impulse 
of paying a compliment to him in the first pages of this book, being 
mindful of the self-sacrificing constancy which has marked his years of 
devotion to the profession. 

About thirty editions of pamphlets and abstracts in English, German 
and Spanish precede this book ; in order to avoid confusion in the enu- 
meration of cuts, privilege has been taken of beginning with the 
number 101. It will thus be seen that any correspondent can refer to 
any particular cut by simply mentioning the number, and there will be 
no danger of mistaking his reference with numbers in former editions. 

The testimonials are of four classes, in numbers as follows : Awards, 
15; press, 50; profession, 140; and wearers, over 700. In all very 
nearly one thousand. This number may be regarded as super-abundant. 
An invitation to our friends to express themselves in regard to our 
work struck such a responsive chord' that in a brief time we found 
ourselves in possession of these glowing evidences of confidence and 
esteem. 

The testimonials from wearers are arranged under eight headings, 
enumerated in the table of contents. 

These eight classes are each subdivided into states. 

The object of this arrangement is to enable one to find a case .similar 
to his own very near his own door, with whom he may confer. 

The table of contents on page 2 should be consulted for guidance to 
any particular subject. 

The undersigned begs to call the attention of the surgical profession 
to his article on page 100, and invites criticism on the views therein 
expressed. 

A. few pages devoted to statistics may be found of interest to those 
who attach importance to the subject. 

Geo. E. Marks, A.M. 

April 3, 1888. 

Revised February, 1894. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page 

Preface ._.------ 2 

A glimpse at the past ....... 7 

How I came to invent the rubber foot .... 12 

Argument - - - - - - - . - -14 

Economy ...---.. 18 

Why an ankle-joint leg is not strong ..... 18 

^Comparative weight ------- 19 

Required weight .... - - - - 20 

How long will an artificial leg last ..... 20 

Shoes and stockings ------- 21 

An indisputable fact - - - - - 21 

Artificial legs -------- 22 

The new patent foot .----. 23 

Accessories -------- 23 

Legs for thigh amputations ..... 24 

Lock attachment for knee ------ 27 

Hip joint and waist belt ------ 28 

Laced thigh -------- 29 

Knee-joint amputations - . - - - - 30 

Knee-bearing artificial legs ------ 33 

Legs for extended and anchylosed knees - - - - 36 

Legs for below-knee amputations - - - - - 37 

Legs for below-knee amputations with knee bent and contracted 39 
Legs for below-knee amputations without thigh support - - 39 
Our new patented knee joints - 40 
Legs for amputations in or below ankle joints - - 41 
Aluminum leg sockets .-__.- 41 
Legs for amputations in or below ankle joints with thigh sup- 
ports - - - - - - 46 

Water-proof legs ------- 46 

Natural crook legs ..._-.- 46 

Artificial toes - ....... 47 

Peg legs --------- 48 

Legs, apparatus and extensions for shortened legs, deformities, etc. - 50 

Extensions for shortened legs - - - - - - 56 

Rubber feet attached to artificial legs of other manufacture - - 59 

Directions for taking measurements for artificial legs, apparatus, etc. 60-65 

Suspenders, roller " ------- 66 

old style .--.... 59 

belt - -----... 70 

" for women -----.. 72 

" for double amputations ------ 73 

Artificial arms - - - - - - - - 74 

Rubber hand ..--..__ 77 

Ball and socket wrist joint - - - - - 78 

Natural color -------. 78 

Arms for shoulder- joint amputations - 79 

Arms for above-elbow amputations - - - - - 79 

Arms for elbow-joint amputations - 80 

Arms for below-elbow amputations - - - - - 80 

Arms for wrist-joint amputations - 83 

Arms for any amputation without hands - - - - 84 

Apparatus for amputations in the hands - 85 

Aluminum arm socket - - - - - - 85 

Accessories - - - - • - - - - 85 

Parts of hands -.-_.__ 86 

Apparatus for malformations, distortions, exsections in arms - 87 

Rubber hands applied to artificial arms of other manufacture - 87 



CONTENTS. 



Suspenders for artificial arms --.... 88 

Combined knife and fork ---_... 88 

Directions for taking measurements for artificial arms - - 89 : 

How to take a plaster cast ------- 91 

Artificial limbs made and fitted from measurements without the presence 

of the patient --.-.. 93 

Calls made to residence ------- 94 

Lady attendant ....... 95 

Branches --------- 95 

Information for strangers visiting the city .... 95 

Terms of payment -------- 96 

Payments on the installment plan - 97 
Guarantee .-.---..._< 97 

Artificial limbs supplied to pensioners of the TJ. S. at government expense 98 
Amputations, desirable points, and the kind of operations most suitable 

for the use of artificial limbs - - - - , 100 

How soon after amputation should artificial limb be applied - - 106 

Dr. Cook's opinion on the subject - 107 

Children - - - 108 

Letter from Dr. Brady ------ 112 

Difficulties overcome ------- 113 

Certificate - - - - - - - - - 11T 

Socks for stumps - . - - - - - - 118 

Supplies for artificial limbs ...... 120* 

Webbing, buckles, rollers, check straps, lacings, bolts, spiral springs, 
knives, forks, brushes and hooks, screw drivers, oil cans, grease 

and felt ....... 121 

How to remit -.-.-... 122 

Crutches - - - - - - - - 122 

Crutch ferrules ....--.. 124 

Crutches, rubber bottoms ------ 125 

do ice spikes ....... 126 

Statistics 

Legs and arms ....... 128 

Males and females - - - - - - - 128 

Points of amputations - - - - - 128 

Causes for amputation - - - - - - 129 

Ages at which amputations are made - 130 

Occupations of wearers - - - - - 131 

Letter writing - - - - - - - - 133: 

Awards, American Institute ------- 135 to 139 

Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia ... 140. 

Centennial, American Institute ----- 141 

International Cotton Exposition, Atlanta, Ga. - - 142 

World's Industrial & Cotton Centennial Exhibition, New Orleans, La. 143 
Notices from the press - - - - - 144 and 439 

Practical test of artificial legs - 144 

Artificial legs on skates ------ 145, 

Substituted humanity - - - - - -149 

Art practically exemplified - 149 

Patched-up humanity ...... 150. 

Lecture by Lewis A. Sayre, M.D. - - - - 152: 

On his legs again ....... 153 

A remarkable coincidence ------ 153 

A dark cloud with a silver lining - 153 

A wonderfully successful result, etc. - - - - 154 

Cripples with improved feet - - - - - 155 

Development of stumps by the use of artificial limbs - 156. 
Translations from the foreign press - - - - 158 and 160 

False legs and arms ..---- 158 

Rubber hands and feet - - - - - - 159 

Deft rubber hands __.-.. 162 

A survivor from Stoneman's raid - 165 

Literary amenities on artificial limbs - 168 

A part of Stewart's body ..-.«. 169 

A wooden joke ....... 170, 

Cork Je^s . 171 



CONTENTS. 



Endorsements from the medical and surgical profession - - 173 

Letter from Gen. Geo. A. Sheridan ..... 184 

Letters of commendation from wearers of artificial limbs 

Double amputations - - - ". - 185 to 207 

Above-knee amputations ..... 208 to 254 

Knee-bearing artificial legs .... 254 to 262 

Below-knee amputations ..... 263 to 361 

Ankle-joint and below amputations - - • 361 to 368 

Ankle and partial foot amputation aluminum sockets - - 439 

Apparatus • - - - - - - 368 to 371 

Arms, above elbow ------ 371 to 376 

Arms, elbow joints and wrist joints ... - 376 to 394 

Testimonials from parties wearing aluminum socket legs - - 397 

Cost of transporting an artificial limb to any part of the world - 401 

Our Foreign Trade - - - - - •- - - 403 

Certificates --------- 404 

Foreign money equivalents .._.__ 404 

Descriptive catalogues in foreign languages - - - - 405 

John Scott Legacy Premium and Medal ----- 406 

Report of Franklin Institute _-.-_- 406 

Augusta, Ga. , Exposition Award ------ 414 

Elliott Cressons Gold Medal ------ 414 

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, First Premium Awarded 419 
Our exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition - - - 421 

How to order an artificial leg or arm - 422 

From the stump to the limb ------ 423 

Office and manufactory as enlarged - 438 

Caution --------- 439 

Invalid reclining and rolling chairs - 440 

Hand propelling tricycles ..-.._ 44£ 

Prices of artificial legs, arms, apparatus, crutches, supplies, etc., are named 
with each as described. 

ENDORSEMENTS AND COMMENDATIONS CLASSIFIED 
ACCORDING TO STATES AND COUNTRIES. 

The numbers refer to pages in this book. 

Alabama, 176, 183, 263, 371, 376, 400. 

Arizona, 178, 182, 208. 

Arkansas, 185, 205, 377. 

California, 179, 185, 263 to 265, 299, 377. 

Colorado, 178, 183, 208, 209, 265, 266, 273, 378. 

Connecticut, 175, 180, 185 to 187, 210, 211, 255, 266, 361, 368, 369, 372. 

Dakota, 178, 183, 187, 270. 

District of Columbia, 211, 215, 244, 255, 256, 271, 378, 396. 

Florida, 212. 271, 272. 

Georgia, 176, 182, 213, 273 to 277, 362, 372, 375. 

Idaho, 177, 178. 

Illinois, 176, 177, 182, 188, 194, 255, 277, 320. 

Indiana, 176, 188, 214, 215, 278, 279, 362, 379, 388, 400. 

Indian Territory, 214, 280, 397. 

Iowa, 177, 181, 189, 213, 215, 216, 280 to 282, 372, 379. 

Kansas, 178, 216 to 218, 256, 282, 283, 284, 285, 362, 372, 397. 

Kentucky, 218, 285, 286, 379, 380. 

Louisiana, 286. 

Maine, 219, 286 to 289, 398, 399. 

Maryland, 189, 220, 221, 289, 380. 

Massachusetts, 175, 221, 222, 254, 269, 288, 290 to 294, 362, 363, 369, 373, 380 

339 
Michigan,' 177, 182, 223, 256, 294 to 296, 373, 381, 400. 
Minnesota, 177, 182, 294, 297. 
Mississippi, 223, 283. 
Missouri, 176, 190, 224, 297 to 299, 357. 
Montana, 256, 257, 299. 
Nebraska, 178, 180, 224, 225, 257, 299, 373, 381, 382. 



CONTENTS. 



Nevada, 300. 

New Hampshire, 175, 183, 190, 225, 247, 300, 301. 

New Jersey, 174, 175, 180, 181, 191, 192, 225 to 228, 258, 301 to 306, 363, 364, 

373 374 383 399 
New York, 173, 174, 179, 181, 192 to 200, 223, 228 to 240, 259, 260, 285, 307 to 

327, 364 to 367, 370, 371, 383 to 387, 397, 398. 
North Carolina, 175, 240, 327, 328. 

Ohio, 176, 200 to 202, 240 to 242, 245, 279, 328 to 332, 387 to 389, 400. 
Oregon, 178, 242, 243, 261, 333, 390. 
Pennsylvania, 175, 176, 181, 183, 195, 196, 202 to 204, 243 to 245, 248, 260, 261, 

333 to 344, 368, 371, 374, 375, 390, 391, 399, 400. 
Rhode Island, 204, 246, 344, 345, 368, 399. 
South Carolina, 246, 261, 345. 
Tennessee, 178, 181, 205, 214, 241, 346, 347, 391. 
Texas, 176, 205, 347 to 349, 392. 
Utah, 178, 349. 

Vermont, 247, 291, 349 to 351, 375, 392. 
Virginia, 247, 248, 392. 
Washington, 178. 179, 182, 183, 351, 352. 
West Virginia, 175, 181, 206, 261, 352, 353. 
Wisconsin, 177, 181, 182, 206, 207, 248, 249, 353 to 356, 378, 393. 
Canada, 179, 183, 249, 250, 356 to 359, 394. 
Newfoundland, 187, 250, 251. 
England, 251. 
Holland, 252. 
Ireland, 360. 
Germany, 394. 
Denmark, 252. 
New Zealand, 252. 
Mexico, 252, 253, 360. 
San Salvador, 253. 
Peru, 254. 
Cuba, 262. 
Porto Rico, 262. 
St. Thomas, 359. 
Chili, 361. 
Costa Rica, 376. 
Japan, 395, 396. 
Letter of commendation in Japanese ,text, 396. 



A GLIMPSE AT THE PAST. 



Nearly two score years of labor and thought devoted to the 
development of an industry, calculated to ameliorate the conditions 
of the crippled and rescue them from a life-long condition of 
dependence is the boast of Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Looking back on those years he has every reason to be proud of 
them, freighted as they are with tributes to his incomparable 
genius. Few in this world have the privilege of bearing such honors. 
Enterprise and thrift alone can not always secure them. An active 
ingenuity, a soul filled with sympathy, and an indefatigable devo- 
tion to his purpose are the attributes to which his success can be 
ascribed. 

Mr. Marks engaged in the artificial limb business in the early part 
of 1853 in a small and unpretentious way, when but two manufac- 
turers were known to the American people, and at a time when the 
call for an artificial leg or arm was a rare occurrence. 

There was no encouragement for a man whose aspirations for 
wealth prompted his actions, as nothing but an existence could be 
assured in exchange for the devotion of a life of thought and toil ; 
pecuniary emoluments could not be expected ; the uncertain " bub- 
ble reputation" of having restored the cripple to a condition in 
which he could walk, labor, and thrive was the reward for the sacri- 
fice. This, indeed, was great, for no aim in life can be more 
laudable than that of ministering relief to those whom misfortune 
has placed in a dependent and deplorable condition. 

But the bent of human ambition is for the acquisition of money 
instead of a few plaudits from the world ; for this reason we pre- 
sume genius concerned itself so little with the advancement of the 
prosthetic*art, and as a consequence the unfortunate cripple was 
for ages an object of pity, neglected, and entirely at the mercies 
of the charlatan or the unskilled. He hobbled about in a distress- 
ing manner, appealing fruitlessly for amelioration. The grotesque 
peg of Peter Stuy vesant times offered him the best substitute for 
the member he had lost. The iron hand of an ancient warrior 
and the leg of the Holland nobleman were fancies of the imagi- 

* Prosthetic. — a. of Prosthesis, same as Prothesis, The process of adding 
to the human body some artificial part in place of one that may be wanting. 



8 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

nation ; the golden leg of Miss Kilmansegg, that brilliant creation 
of Hood, proved to be a murderous instrument as much as a fasci- 
nating perambulator. 

" But hark ; — as slow as the stroke of a pump 

Lump, thump ; 

Thump, lump ; 
As the giant of Castle Otranto might stump." 

The history of artificial limbs begins with very remote times. We 
have evidences that the Romans and the Greeks improvised some 
sort of substitute for the limbs lost in battle and the vicissitudes of 
life. Herodotus tells us of a prisoner who amputated his own foot 
in order to free himself from the shackle, after which he escaped 
and returned to his friends, who made him a wooden foot. 

The treasure-trove that turned up at Capua in 1885 in a tufa 
tomb is probably the most valuable and indisputable evidence that 
artificial legs were made in early times. The relic is now on exhibi- 
tion in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. The 
official catalogue describes it thus : 

" Roman artificial leg ; the artificial limb accurately represents 
the form of the leg. It is made with pieces of thin bronze, fastened 
by bronze nails to a wooden core. Two iron bars, having holes at 
their free ends, are attached to the upper extremity of the bronze. 
A quadrilateral piece of iron, found near the position of the foot, is 
thought to have given strength to it. There was no trace of the 
foot, and the wooden core had nearly crumbled away. 

"The skeleton had its waist surrounded by a belt of sheet bronze 
edged with small rivets, probably used to fasten a leather lining. 

" Three painted vases ( red figures on a black ground ) lay at the 
feet of the skeleton. The vases belonged to a rather advanced 
period of the decline in art (about 300 years b. c.)." 

Gen. H. H. Maxwell in commenting on this further says : 

" It is important to add from other sources that the upper third 
of the leg was hollow, while the lower two-thirds were filled with 
wood." 

From those early times to about the beginning of the present cen- 
tury little or no advance was made in the art ; and, as no evidence 
exists to prove to the contrary, it is quite reasonable to suppose that 
for many centuries the manufacture of artificial legs was one of the 
lost arts. 

In the early part of the present century the Duke of Anglesea, 
being in need of an artificial leg, and possessing an inventive faculty, 
suggested to an English instrument-maker, what proved to be a very 
answerable substitute, a decided improvement on the primitive peg 
of the doughty Peter. The leg received but little improvement 
until the venturesome Selpho introduced it into this country with 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 9 

some admirable modifications of his own ; here it met with Ameri- 
can enterprise and began to thrive. 

Palmer, one of the pioneers, grasped the opportunity, and with a 
mind rich with ideas labored creditably ; his inventions were meri- 
torious, and we can well understand why Holmes went into ecstasies 
over his achievements, in his essay entitled " The Human Wheel, Its 
Spokes and Felloes." Unfortunately Palmer exhausted his ideas at 
an early date, and on account of his tenacious hold on old principles 
was soon superseded by his more energetic rival. 

The demand for artificial limbs was noticeably increasing ; the 
Held was growing larger ; the cry for something more durable and 
more approximate to nature came from every quarter. 

Railroad systems were multiplying in all parts of the country ; 
machinery for the rapid production of wares, the tilling of the soil, 
and the harvesting of crops were making great inroads in the econ- 
omy of labor. 

War-clouds were gathering and conflicts threatening ; all these 
augured the recurrence of accidents and the dismemberment of the 
human body. Surgery was awakening from its lethargy. Escula- 
pian powers were to be vouchsafed to the new generation. The 
problem of the preservation of life while undergoing perilous opera- 
tions promised to be capable of solution by the diligent and 
thoughtful. 

Lister was laboring with the antiseptic problem. Symes, Pirogoff, 
Markoe, Wood, Sayre, and an army of other brilliant minds were 
evolving methods which removed diseased parts and gave life and 
comfort to the suffering. All these conditions augmented the 
demand for prosthesis, and induced Mr. Marks and others to 
eonsecrate their lives to the work. 

The early experiments of Mr. Marks were trying. Xo one could 
have worked harder or thought more industriously. 

At first all the movements of the natural leg were imitated and 
put in intricate mechanism ; movements lateral, anterior, posterior, 
astraguloid, were introduced in detail ; modifications and re-adjust- 
ments were indulged in, until the structure passed through all the 
possible stages from the leg-automaton to the leg-practical. 

In 1858 Mr. Marks formulated his ideas and constructed a leg 
with antero-posterior ankle movement, the lateral ankle move- 
ment having been abandoned a few years before by not only 
himself but other manufacturers, as practically needless. The 
peculiarity of his ankle joint w T as its adjustability ; the angle of 
articulation was susceptible of change at the pleasure of the wearer ; 
the tension of the spring was likewise adjustable, and the wear of 
the joint by attrition w T as compensated for by the turning of 



10 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

screws. This unique ankle combination was ingenious and met 
with great favor ; the press and the surgical profession commended 
it highly, and at the American Institute exhibition in 1859 it 
received the award of a silver medal. 

Presumably the ankle joint had been perfected ; it seemed to 
have supplied every requirement ; and for several years the Marks 
leg was made with that characteristic feature. 

Mention should here be made of early experiments in endeavor- 
ing to utilize some substance aside from wood for the socket. In 
1854 Mr. Marks adopted the flexible leather socket, somewhat 
similar to the method used in France. That part of the socket 
which encased the stump was composed of leather, so arranged 
that by tightening up several straps the diameters of the socket 
could be diminished so as to accommodate a reduced stump. In 
theory this socket was excellent, but in practice it was found 
inferior to wood ; it did not possess the necessary rigidity to per- 
manently oppose the weight of the wearer ; the leather or its 
lining would absorb the perspiration and become offensive, and 
worse still, by reducing the socket, the joints would be thrown out 
of line. The leather socket was then abandoned and the rawhide 
socket experimented with, which met a similar fate. Vulcanite 
rubber was afterward used, but that proved to be too friable. Thus 
convinced by experience that wood possessed the greater advantages, 
Mr. Marks adopted it, and has since used it to the exclusion of all, 
other material for that part of the leg that surrounds the stump. 
The use of aluminum for sockets for ankle and partial foot ampu- 
tations and other special cases is of recent adoption. 

In 1861 the ankle-joint, which had been the inventor's idol,, 
began to show weakness, although it was calculated to withstand 
as much strain as ordinary walking and toiling required ; yet every 
now and then some mishap or little thoughtlessness on the part of 
the wearer would bring undue strain on the working parts, and 
either break or disorder them ; no matter how strong the joints 
were made, there invariably appeared to be some weakness, always 
threatening unpleasant consequences ; if not a break, there would 
be a squeak or a grinding noise ; some part needed lubricating or 
some cord needed " taking up," or some spring needed replacing or 
stiffening ; always some little annoying or perplexing disorder to 
aggravate or embarrass the wearer, or exhibit his condition to 
those from whom he wished to conceal it. From 1853 to 1863 it 
is safe to say that most of the time of the shop was given to the 
repairing of ankle joints, either on limbs of Mr. Marks' construc- 
tion or those of other establishments ; a new cord, a new spring,, 
or the bushing of a bolt was the every-day demand. The ankle- 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 11 

joint had been reduced to its simplest and strongest form, and yet 
it was not strong enough ; the lateral movement had been aban- 
doned, the antero-posterior movement had been reduced from an 
ano-ular articulation of a hundred decrees to that of twenty, and 
still the invariable complaint of instability and lack of control. 
The poor man could ill afford the constant drain on his scanty 
means, and the man of affluence, weary from the burden of con- 
stant anxiety, craved for something more substantial. 

An old patron of the ankle joint tells the following story, which 
we doubt not is in substance the repetition of the experience of 
many of the limb wearers who read this book : 

" I started from my house one morning to meet a pressing 
engagement. I had not gone far when the ankle joint of my 
-artificial leg began to call for grease. My first impulse was to 
disregard it, but the noise increased and became so noticeable that 
I was afraid I might attract attention, which to a nervous man is 
something indescribably unpleasant. 

" I entered a drug store where I had a passing acquaintance and 
besought the proprietor to admit me to his private room and 
furnish me with some oil and a screw-driver. I passed an hour 
in disjointing the foot, lubricating the parts, and putting them 
together. I resumed my journey and got within a short distance 
of my destination, when I made a false step on the toes of my 
artificial foot and broke the heel cord ; this occurred at a moment 
when I was bearing heavily on the toes, and as a result splintered 
the front part of my ankle. 

" I hailed a carriage, and with the assistance of a passer-by I 
succeeded in hobbling in the vehicle. The thoroughfare in which 
this happened being a thickly traveled one furnished a crowd of 
the curious that looked piteously upon me, much to my mental dis- 
comfort. Instead of pushing on to meet my engagement, I dis- 
patched a message of explanation, and directed the driver to take 
me to my home. Here I was obliged to remain for three weary 
days until my leg could be repaired and returned to me." 

The recurrence of incidents of this kind convinced Mr. Marks 
that ankle joints were far from perfection, and that improve- 
ments of a very decided character were necessary. Several 
years were spent fruitlessly in experiments. It was possible to 
make the ankle joint strong, but in doing so the weight would 
become so greatly increased that to wear it would be burdensome. 
An increase in strength incurs an increase in weight, is one of the 
inexorable laws of physics, and no amount of human ingenuity has 
been able to change it. The addition of weight in the ankle joint 
was not admissible ; here were antagonizing conditions which put 



12 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Mr. Marks in a dilemma from which the abandonment of the ankle 
joint made his escape possible. 

The rubber foot was the outgrowth of many months of thought ; 
surrounded in its inception with dubious prospects, few had faith 
in it, and Mr. Marks himself was somewhat apprehensive of its 
future ; the necessity of an ankle joint had ground itself so firmly 
in his ideas of the requirements of an artificial leg that to discard 
the joint altogether was to him more revulsive than otherwise. 

In former publications he replied in the following manner to the 
often asked question, 

" HOW I CAME TO INVENT THE RUBBER FOOT." 

" The reader will first impress in his mind that I had made arti- 
ficial legs for some ten years after the old style, with ankle joints,, 
wooden feet, etc., before I produced the rubber foot. 

" I had during the last few years of this time become disgusted 
with the mode of constructing a wooden foot with mechanical joints 
at the ankle and toes, and had conceived the idea of a rubber foot, 
as many to whom I revealed my ideas can attest ; but I was in a 
quandary as to a suitable plan for attachment, clinging as I did to 
the notion that an ankle joint was indispensable. While thus 
endeavoring to solve the problem, an old patient of mine called 
upon me and wanted me to construct a leg for him after a notion 
of his own. The patient had long been suffering from an irritable 
and diseased stump, which exuded a substance that saturated and 
destroyed the cords, joints, and springs of every artificial ankle 
joint he had ever used. He asked me rather bluntly if I would 
make him a leg all solid at the ankle, at the same time saying that 
he was poor and could not afford the expense attending the renew- 
ing of cords, springs, and joints in his artificial ankle joint. ' O yes/ 
I replied, ' that can be done by placing the cords on the outside of 
the leg and sheathing the joint.' He quickly rejoined, 1 1 mean, 
make me a leg without any cords or ankle joint whatever, perfectly 
stiff at the ankle.' To this I made answer ' No, sir, it would be of 
no use to you.' 

" He persisted in arguing with me and finally got me to consent to 
make the experiment. While I was constructing the leg I was con- 
tinually reasoning with myself, and recalling the fact that my best 
operators persisted in tightening their heel cords until they had 
practically destroyed all movement in the ankles. This being the 
case, I began to question the utility of an ankle joint. The leg 
was made for this man after his own ideas. The manner in which 
he walked, the ease and certainty attending every step, the ecstasy 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 13 

he manifested in the realization of his hopes, — the possession of aii 
artificial leg that would withstand the severe tests of his diseased 
stump, — convinced me that, with the rubber foot attached, the 
great problem of constructing a leg strong, light, reliable, and com- 
fortable was in my power of solution. 

" I immediately applied myself to the development of the rubber 
foot, and forthwith put them in operation ; first, by substituting 
them for old wooden feet on legs needing repairs. In every case I 
met with success which convinced me that the rubber foot was the 
desideratum. The success which has attended its use is now 
unquestioned and stands unparalleled as well as defiant against the 
arrogance of its ' old fogy competitors.' " 

The rubber foot in its earliest days was somewhat crude ; it 
possessed merits, but more were undeveloped ; nearly a score of 
years elapsed before all its virtues were patent. 

During the period of experiments, many rubber feet were applied 
to legs of other manufacturers, replacing the complicated ones and 
rendering the legs of greater utility. In every instance in which 
the wearer had tried the foot sufficiently long to overcome the 
novelty, the rubber foot succeeded in winning his admiration and 
the promise of his life-long patronage. 

Manufacturers did not fail to observe the extensive inroads 
the rubber foot was making in the esteem and confidence of 
the crippled world, and the disaster the new departure threatened 
the old methods ; they looked with fear and trembling on the mul- 
titudes fleeing from their patronage, and seeking the advantages of 
the new idea. They have at times stemmed the tide temporarily by 
circulating base rumors and false reports calculated to dissuade 
those whose fickleness makes them susceptible of being turned from 
their inclinations. Continuing to print reports from venal and 
questionable commissions who passed judgment on an undeveloped 
article years before many of the readers of this book were born is 
one of the tricks resorted to by some pretentious manufacturers 
even in this late day, and for the lack of something more recent 
and tangible we presume they will continue to do so to the end of 
their time. Like Xerxes commanding the sea to recede, they stand 
in danger of being engulfed by their own folly. 

Notwithstanding the predictions of failure, and in defiance of the 
bitter opposition the rubber foot has always had to contend with, 
it has succeeded in making thousands of converts among the 
wearers of the old style. 

Men, women and children walk, run, skate, dance, and toil to the 
amazement of others ; performances regarded as impossible are 
daily being performed with naturalness. The farmer follows his 



14 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

plow on a rubber foot ; the blacksmith works at his forge on a 
rubber foot ; the sailor climbs the rigging, the builder erects houses, 
men and women of every vocation attend to their affairs with little 
concern as to their crippled condition ; they all feel the assurance 
that the rubber foot is firm and reliable and will sustain them in 
their work, no matter what test may be brought to bear. No cords 
to stretch or break ; no springs to weaken ; no joints to squeak or 
make a hideous noise. 

Evidences of the advantages of the rubber foot were accumulat- 
ing, and had already reached such proportions as to command atten- 
tion from the press, medical profession, and the scientific world ; 
those who in earlier times were pronounced in its disfavor were 
fast coming to realize their mistake and gracefully acknowledge 
their errors. 



ARGUMENT. 

The movements of the rubber foot more closely approximate to 
those of the natural foot in walking or running than the movements 
of a mechanical ankle joint leg with wooden foot. 

This may seem paradoxical, but if we study thoroughly the ac- 
tion of the natural ankle joint in walking or running under varied 
circumstances, we will be convinced of the statement, for we will 
observe that the amount of movement in the ankle joint is in all 
cases very limited and becomes more so the faster a man walks, 
until he reaches a very rapid speed, such as running, when the 
movement of the ankle joint is only such as to throw him from the 
toes of one foot to the toes of the other. At all times the natural 
movement is under the control of, and regulated by the mind. The 
eye telegraphs to the mind just the peculiarity of the surface on 
which the foot is to be placed. The mind responds by commanding 
certain tendons and muscles to operate, and the man walks grace- 
fully, naturally, and with safety. Destroy the sympathy between 
the mind and the foot, and it will not be possible to achieve such 
results. Suppose a man be blindfolded and told to walk a cer- 
tain distance on an unknown road ; he will instinctively walk 
slowly, with a measured and feeling tread, and unless he meets with 
obstacles he will reach the end after much anxiety and concern. 
Require him to walk fast or run ; if his foot strikes an irregularity 
in the ground he will in all probability fall and injure himself. 

A man with an artificial leg with an ankle joint can be compared 
with the man walking rapidly in the dark, or with one who has lost 



A. A.. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



•control over his foot ; every time he places the foot on the. ground 
he does it with fear and uncertainty, because he has no will-power 
over the movements of his foot ; a pebble or an uneven surface will 
throw him off his equilibrium ; but with the rubber foot and 
rigid ankle every step is made with assurance — no rolling or wab- 
bling about in order to conform to irregularities. Watch a man 
walk on his natural feet at an easy gait : 





Fig. 101. Fig. 102. 

As he advances on his left, he elevates on the toes of his right. 
(See Fig. 101.) 

He barely touches the heel of his left to the ground when he 
gives his body an impetus with the toes of his right (see Fig. 102); 
the ball of the left foot does not reach the ground until the propul- 
sion given by the right foot has carried the body nearly vertically 






Fig. 103. Fig. 104. Fig. 105. 

over the left foot, at this point (see Fig. 103) his right foot having 
risen from the ground, is in the act of passing the left ; it being 
carried well in advance of the left, the heel is placed to the ground 
at the moment the left is well raised on the ball (see Fig. 104); 
and the right foot rests flat on the ground when the left is taken 
from the ground and about to pass the right (see Fig. 105.) 



16 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

This is repeated as the walking continues. 

It should be observed that during these movements the plantar- 
surface of the foot is on the ground but a short interval, and only 
at such times when the body is nearly and directly over the leg. 
The cuts used to illustrate these five positions have been carefully 
prepared from instantaneous photographs taken from men while 
walking at a moderately rapid speed on natural feet. They reveal 
very curious positions, such as one would scarcely dream of, and 
appear more grotesque than natural ; they are nevertheless true, and 
present very striking illustrations of the theories embodied in the 
principle of the rubber foot. They show that on natural feet there 
is a time when the man stands on the heel of the advanced foot and 
on the toes of the receded foot, and that the plantar surface of the 
advanced foot does not reach the ground until the body is carried 
nearly over the advanced leg ; as soon as the body is over the 
advanced leg, the heel of the receding leg begins to rise and the 
force of propulsion is obtained from the toes of that leg. 

Let us contrast with these pictures the movements of a man wear- 
ing an artificial leg with a mechanical ankle joint. Advancing on his 
artificial leg, he strikes the heel to the ground ; the toes almost im- 
mediately drop with a thud, and the plantar surface remains on the 
ground during the entire interval that the body is passing over the 
foot ; the heel does not rise immediately, and the wearer has to 
exert himself to " get off " the foot ; this exertion is an additional 
tax; it produces an awkwardness and a limp, and tires the wearer 
more than any other feature of the leg. Some makers of the ankle 
joint leg remedy these difficulties in a measure by tightening the 
cords, thus making the ankle joint practically rigid. When they 
do this they unquestionably improve the conditions ; but why not 
dispense with the movement entirely if it is not to be used ? 

Having thus made plain the movements of the natural foot 
in walking, and having contrasted the movements of the mechanical 
foot, we are now prepared to show that the movements of the rub- 
ber foot with rigid ankle more closely approximate those of the 
natural foot. 

The wearer advances on his rubber foot; he touches the heel to the 
ground first ; the weight of the body being gradually applied to the 
rubber foot causes the rubber heel to compress sufficiently to bring 
the plantar surface to the ground at the moment when the body is 
nearly over the leg ; as the body is thrown forward the weight is 
carried from the heel to the toes ; the heel being relieved of its 
weight, its elasticity causes it to resume its shape ; this assists in 
urging the body forward and throws the entire weight on the toes ; 
the heel then elevates and continues to do so until the step is nearly 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 17 

completed, when the wearer is simultaneously placed in such a posi- 
tion as to throw his weight forward of and heavily on the ball 
of the foot ; this gives the body a propulsion and urges the 
walking. 

A comparison of the two methods in artificial legs, with and with- 
out an ankle joint, will show that with the artificial ankle joint the 
interval that the plantar surface rests on the ground is greater than 
that of the natural foot, while with the rubber foot and stiff ankle 
the interval is approximately the same, or possibly a trifle less ; 
hence the argument. 

If the reader will carry out this thought in detail, he will com- 
prehend fully the many advantages possessed in our method of con- 
structing artificial legs ; he will understand why a man on a rubber 
foot can walk farther and faster than one who has an ankle- jointed 
leg which allows the plantar surface to remain on the ground longer 
intervals than nature allows her own ingeniously contrived foot. 

In running, the contrast is still more striking, for with either the 
rubber or natural foot the plantar surface is never on the ground ; 
it is the repeated act of springing from the toes of one foot to the toes 
of the other ; but with the ankle-jointed foot, running is exceed- 
ingly awkward and unnatural, as there has to be a slight halt in 
every step in order to recover from the action of the springs. 
In standing on the rubber foot the plantar surface rests on the 
ground ; and as there is no articulation in the ankle it supplies a 
large, balancing surface ; hence, men with two rubber feet can stand 
in an easy, graceful manner, with perfect security and with restf ill- 
ness ; it is not necessary for him to place one foot at right angles to 
the other in order to brace himself. 

The rubber foot affords the laborer a good substantial substitute on 
which he can rest and relieve his other leg, unaccompanied by un- 
certain or treacherous movements. 

One of the patrons of the rubber foot, a painter by occupation, 
says : " I can climb a ladder or stand on a scaffold with perfect 
security. I can give my mind entirely to my work, and forget that 
I stand on an artificial leg, without risking my life. An ankle-joint 
leg would make me tottlish, and were I on a ladder I would have to 
depend more on my grasp than on my foot ; but on the rubber foot 
and rigid ankle I feel absolutely safe." 

The farmer who toils in the field can plod along over cobbles 
and clumps on a rubber foot with perfect safety ; the accumulation 
of mud on his shoe will not cause the toes to drop and trip him ; 
uneven surfaces will not throw him from his balance or bring vio- 
lent jerks to his stump. 

These arguments, we contend, are overwhelming in favor of the 



18 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

rigid ankle and rubber foot. We submit them to the consideration 
of the careful and thoughtful reader. 

A matter of importance to the greater number of artificial limb 
wearers, those who are not overstocked with the bounties of this 
world, is that of 

ECONOMY. 

A leg or arm which requires frequent repairing is not a very de- 
sirable article, even for those who can meet the expense without 
feeling the drain on their purse ; to them it is a loss of time, 
a tax on their anxieties ; but to the man whose daily toil is his only 
means of livelihood, the occasional buying of a heel cord or an ankle 
spring materially affects his finances. It not only robs him of 
comfort, but deprives his family of many of the good things of this 
life. A few dollars every month, added to the already large demands, 
allows the wolf to get nearer his door. 

We doubt that there is an artificial leg with an ankle joint made 
that will not require from $5 to $25 a year to keep the ankle in re 
pair. We do not say this from any prejudice of our own, but from 
a careful survey of the complaints made by those who have worn 
them. A rubber foot without springs, cords, joints, or complicated 
attachments is absolutely free from even the possibility of such 
annoyances. 

WHY AN ANKLE JOINT LEG IS NOT STRONG. 

The conditions in an ankle-joint leg are such that weakness in 
.and about the ankle is unavoidable. Let any candid mind think of 
the matter for a few moments and he will arrive at this conclusion. 
In the first place, the ankle of an artificial leg ought, for appearance 
and convenience, to be reduced to approximately the size of the natu- 
ral ankle. In the second place, the weight at and about the ankle 
must be reduced to the minimum. 

It matters little if a pound of weight be added to the thigh of a 
leg ; it is scarcely felt ; but an ounce added to the foot, which, being 
removed some distance from the stump, will be burdensome and feel 
many times its actual weight. Now, in order to have any machinery 
compact enough to be enclosed in the narrow limits of an ankle, 
either weight or strength must be sacrificed ; for, if made strong 
enough to resist the enormous strain and weight of the wearer it 
must necessarily be made of heavy and strong material ; but this 
weight being objected to, the maker is compelled to rob those parts 
of their required strength. We have seen artificial legs constructed 
with very strong ankle joints, and when placed on the scales would 
jiot balance more than the conventional weight ; but examination 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 19 1 

would show that, in order to get the total weight of the leg reduced 
to that amount, the thigh piece, knee-joints, and socket had been, 
robbed of their substance and the ankle made heavy. 

COMPARATIVE WEIGHT. 

Unscrupulous manufacturers of the complicated ankle-joint 
artificial legs, in their arguments against the rubber foot, compare 
rubber with wood, and say the ratio which exists between the 
specific gravities of wood and rubber exists the same between 
artificial legs made with wooden feet with ankle joints and those 
with rubber feet. We do not hesitate in branding this as an unwar- 
ranted falsehood. We admit that rubber is heavier than wood, but 
notice should be taken of the iron hinges, bolts, cords, glass balls,, 
screws, and the many trappings required in the attachment of the 
wooden foot and composing the ankle joint ; these attachments are 
heavier than rubber and add considerably to the weight of the leg, 
all of which are absent in the rubber foot. 

In every case where feet with ankle joints have been removed 
from legs of other manufacturers and rubber feet applied in their 
stead, the total weight of each leg has never been increased, but, 
on the contrary, in nearly every case the total weight has been 
diminished by the change from one to eight ounces. It should be 
noticed that this reduction of weight has been made entirely in 
the foot and ankle, which, being removed so far from the stump, 
becomes a matter of favorable concern to the wearer. 

Our artificial legs with rubber feet, for ordinary adults, weigh 
from three and a half to six pounds, depending upon the size and 
requirements of the leg. A leg for a delicate lady of ordinary 
size should not weigh over three and a half pounds ; but for a 
large, robust, laboring man it can not be made of lasting strength 
and weigh less than six pounds. These weights are of the leg 
alone. 

The disposition of the weight of a leg can be so made that a leg 
weighing six pounds will feel lighter when in use than another 
weighing half as much with the weight otherwise disposed. 

If the thigh part and knee of the leg are made strong and heavy, 
as they should be in severe cases, and the foot made light, better 
results will follow than if the weight is disposed conversely ; 
although the legs in either case may weigh the same, there will be 
a great difference in the apparent weight when operating. The use 
of the rubber foot with rigid ankle renders it possible to dispose of 
the weight in an advantageous manner. 

A strong, heavy thigh piece, with heavy knee joints and a light 



20 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

foot will make the leg lasting, and give the wearer more control 
over it, and at the same time feel light and secure. 

REQUIRED WEIGHT. 

The ideas of those wearing artificial legs in regard to weight are 
variable and can not be taken as a criterion. Some say, " Make the 
leg as light as possible ; if you can reduce the weight to a pound 
so much the better." Others say, " Do not make my leg too light. 
I have worn them light and heavy, and I find I can walk more 
steadily and step more naturally with a leg of moderate weight than 
with one extremely light. The leg should act like a pendulum, so 
that in raising it after taking a step its weight will be sufficient 
to cause it to swing beyond the center of the body without 
an exertion on the muscles of the stump." These ideas being 
antagonistic with each other, and both being tenable, throws one in 
doubt on the subject, and we are compelled to ask the experienced 
wearer to choose for himself and instruct us accordingly. 

When left to our judgment we always make an effort to reduce 
the weight to the minimum, taking into consideration the sex, 
weight, age, and the occupation of the wearer. If a man asks us to 
make him a leg to last him twenty years, we will endeavor to accom- 
modate him, but he must expect to receive a leg more or less 
heavy, large, and staunch. 

HOW LONG WILL AN ARTIFICIAL LEG LAST? 

The question is frequently asked, How long will an artificial leg 
last ? Our reply is invariably, " That depends on the care that is 
given to it." We can boast of patrons who are now wearing, and 
have continuously worn, an artificial leg made for them twenty-five 
years ago, and bids fair to last many years longer ; but this is 
exceptional, and should not be mentioned as a criterion, no more 
than some of our patrons who, through abuse and recklessness, wear 
their artificials out in a very short time. 

An average made of the frequency with which our patrons renew 
their substitutes fixes the intervals at about every eight years. 

Renewals are made as a general thing, not because the artificial 
is worn out and dilapidated, but because the wearer wants a new 
one, the same as he wants a new coat before the old coat is worn out. 

Men become as proud of their artificials as they do of any article 
of apparel, and those with abundant means frequently supply them- 
selves with several, and keep them in reserve for changes or 
emergencies. Then again, changes sometimes take place in the 
stump, and require a new leg. Taking all these facts into consid- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 21 

oration and fixing the average at eight years is actually depriving 
the leg of much of its deserved credit. 

The United States government with its usual liberality has fixed 
the interval for the issuing of artificial limbs to pensioners at 
three years. 

SHOES AND STOCKINGS. 



All artificial feet should be dressed with stockings and shoes or 
6oots the same as the natural. Ankle-joint feet on account of the 
ankle movement will " chew " a stocking and wrinkle a shoe in a 
very brief time ; they not only wear out a greater number of stock- 
ings than the natural foot, but in a short time give the shoe a 
slovenly and ungainly appearance. 

The rubber foot operates quite the opposite ; there is no ankle 
articulation to wrinkle or break the boot or tear the stocking ; at 
the toes the wrinkling is perfectly natural, giving the entire shoe an 
agreeable appearance. We have heard wearers say that in 
five years the rubber foot had saved them, in the cost of 
stockings and shoes, a sum of money nearly sufficient to buy a 
new leg. 

AN INDISPUTABLE FACT. 



The most overwhelming argument in favor of the principles 
involved in the rubber foot leg is the fact that at this writing over 
fifteen thousand are in use, distributed in all parts of the world ; 
this vast army of restored cripples testify to the world the satisfac- 
tory use and the astounding performances their rubber feet render 
them capable of doing. 

The most enthusiastic of our patrons are those who have worn the 
ankle-joint legs of various patterns ; they invariably say that when 
the rubber foot and the ankle-joint foot are contrasted with respect 
to their capabilities of meeting the wants of the wearer the rubber 
foot possesses overwhelming advantages. 

Over fifteen thousand cripples, representing every nationality, 
«veiy possible vocation, both sexes, and every grade of life and 
society, operating with rubber extremities, with naturalness and 
comfort, with perfect concealment of their loss, make a prestige 
the rubber foot and hand alone enjoy. Is it possible that the 
reader can ask for more striking testimony or more convincing 
argument than this simple fact ; is not such evidence conclusive, 



22 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

and sufficient to dispel every vestige of doubt ? If it is not, then 
indeed has reason succumbed to prejudice. 

Over seven hundred letters of commendation will be found in 
this book ; each is a witness testifying in favor of our claims ; 
this vast number we regard sufficient to establish our points beyond 
cavil. We hope the reader will do this book the honor of reading 
these testimonials and drawing his own conclusions from them. 
Each testimonial is a story by itself, interesting in portraying bits 
of individual history. 

ARTIFICIAL LEGS. 

Ease and comfort to the wearer in the adjustment, naturalness 
and elasticity in the movements, durability in the construction and 
safety in the operation, are the paramount requirements of an artifi- 
cial leg ; any artificial leg devoid of any one of these qualities is 
deficient and should not be worn. We claim that our artificial legs 
with rubber feet possess every one of these conditions in the high- 
est degree, in contradistinction with those manufactured upon the 
old principles with complicated ankle joints. The leg is in the 
first place made to fit the stump so as to secure the greatest degree 
of comfort ; the knee-joint and elastic foot enable the leg to oper- 
ate with freedom and elasticity ; these conditions are so combined, 
as to secure great durability. 



No. 106. 

Cut No. 106 represents the rubber foot as originally invented 
and patented in 1863. 

It was mostly made of rubber of a very spongy, light, and elastic 
character. A piece of willow wood nearly filling the foot at the 
back and top furnished the medium by which the foot was secured to 
the leg ; this core extended down about two-thirds the distance from 
the ankle to the bottom of the heel, then downwards and forwards to 
a point corresponding to the toe movement of a natural foot as shown 
by the dotted lines. After a number of years it was discovered 
that, in cases where the wearer bore heavily on the toes, the 
toes would not always spring back to their proper position ; to 
overcome this objection strips of strong duck were attached to the 
block as represented in cut No. 107. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



23 



On either side of these strips of duck, rubber is chemically- 
attached and vulcanized with the remainder of the foot. 



THE NEW PATENT FOOT. 




No. 107. 

The object of this improvement is not only to add to the great 
•durability of the foot, but give greater spring to the toes and cause 
them to return to the proper position with certainty. 

A little consideration will show that in consequence of these 
layers of duck two forces are created at every movement of the 
toes, one operating at right angles to the layers, and the other 
longitudinal and coincident with them ; these two forces combine 
to make a resultant and a very powerful force which operates as 
designed. This improvement remedies effectually the only defect 
originally incident to the rubber foot and the one so much exag- 
gerated and contemned by some of our competitors. Special Let- 
ters Patent were issued by the United States for this feature. 

Artificial legs herein described are made to fit the person with 
great care ; either with the presence of the wearer, or from meas- 
urements supplied by him. In either case each leg when completed 
and delivered will be accompanied, without extra charge, by the 
following 

ACCESSORIES. 

Above the knee or knee-bearing leg: The necessary suspenders 
attached, one sock for the stump, screw-driver, box of grease, extra 
spring, and a book of instructions. 

Leg for amputation below knee: Necessary suspenders attached, 
one long and one short sock for the stump, pocket oil can, screw- 
driver, extra lacing, and book of instructions. 

Leg for ankle-joint amputation: Sock for stump, extra lacing. 

When desired the leg will be securely boxed and delivered to ex- 
press or freight office in New York City without additional charge. 



24 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



LEGS FOR THIGH AMPUTATION& 




No. 108. 

Cut No. 108 presents a side view of a leg, designed for any 
amputation that has been made at any point above the con- 
dyles of the femur, or, as usually denominated, for amputation 
above the knee. The body of the leg is constructed of willow 
wood, both upper and lower sections. The leg is firmly attached 
to a rubber foot at the ankle. The thigh section is hollowed to 
accommodate the stump comfortably ; it is then dressed down on the 
outside until it assumes a comely and natural appearance, of as 
near the dimensions of the natural leg as possible. 

The calf is but a shell of such character as to combine strength 
and comeliness. 

The end of the stump in cases where the femur has in part been 
amputated is not allowed to come in contact with either the bottom 
or the walls of the socket, except in exceptional cases in which the 
periosteal covering of the extremity of the femur has been pre- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



25 



served, the tissues ample and non-adherent to the bone, forming a 
comfortable and safe cushion to bear upon. 

It is unreasonable to think of bearing on the end of a stump in 
which these conditions do not prevail. 

Generally, the weight is carried on the back section of the rim of 
the thigh piece, which is left thick and chamfered to receive com- 
fortably a section of the ischium or buttock of the wearer. 

Some manufacturers fit the socket for thigh amputations so as 
to carry the weight on that edge of the thigh piece that contacts 
with the perinaeum or crotch. We are opposed to this method,, 
because, in the first place, it is a very irritable place to take weight ;, 
in the second, the act of taking weight at that point tends to influ- 
ence the wearer to spread his legs and straddle in walking ; and in 
the third place it is not at all necessary. 

The seat is partially prepared by nature to bear this pressure, and 
it seems to us proper to take advantage of the privilege nature has 
so kindly offered. In cases when the extremity of the stump is 
well protected with non-adherent tissue, and the wearer can bear 
his whole weight on the end without experiencing unpleasant sen- 
sations, we take advantage of the opportunity and place a soft, 
cushion or pad inside the socket, of sufficient thickness to receive as 
much of the weight of the wearer as may be found prudent. 

Advantage should be taken of this opportunity whenever it is 
offered. 





No. 109. No. 110. No. 111. 

Cut No. 109 represents a back view of the knee joint of 

108 legs. Its arrangement is unique and possesses many 



all No. 
advan- 



26 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

tages, for which special Letters Patent have been issued by the 
United States. 

Cut No. 110 presents the same joint disconnected, with all the 
parts exposed. The joint has the shape of an inverted T, hence 
its name tee-joint. This joint is made of tough gun steel, forged 
from one piece of metal. The projecting arms rest in boxes and 
are held there by two hard wood caps, which are secured by steel 
screws passing through the leg into steel nuts. 

The wearer has command over this joint ; he can tighten or 
loosen the bearings at will, have the joints operate snugly orloosaly 
as he chooses, thus obviating the rattle incident to wear. 

The small steel lever with ball on end projecting from the back 
of the joint operates in the concavity of a hard wood piston ; this 
piston is inserted in one end of a steel spring about seven inches 
long ; this spring is encased with leather and placed in a drawn 
brass cylinder, the convex end of which rests on a bridge placed in 
the interior of the leg in the region of the calf. The spring, piston, 
cylinder, cap, and screws are illustrated in cut No. 111. The operation 
of the spring is two-fold ; it urges the lower leg forward in walk- 
ing, and, by the automatic reversal of its direction of force, holds 
the leg back when the knee is bent at right angles as in sitting. 
The power of the spring can be increased or diminished. If it is 
desired to increase the power, a little packing can be tamped in the 
cylinder, and if it is desired to diminish the power, a link or two can 
"be cut from one end of the spring. If the wearer does not want to 
use a spring in the knee he can remove it from the leg with- 
out being required to disjoint the leg or mutilate some of its 
parts. When the leg is together and in working order the knee 
movement is arrested by the striking of the vertical shaft of the 
joint against a pad placed in the knee ; this pad can be increased 
or diminished by the wearer, and the knee movement caused to 
cease at any angle to suit the wearer or to accommodate a low or 
high heel on the shoe. 

The center of movement of this patented knee is placed back of 
the line of the center of gravity of the wearer when standing ; the 
purpose of this is to secure the knee against treacherous bending. 

Price of this leg, complete, with any style of suspender, 
each, $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



27 



Cut ~No. 112 represents a style of leg for amputation above the 
knee with a lock attachment in the knee. This arrangement is 




No. 112. 

calculated for persons who have become accustomed to a stiff knee 
leg and desire to have the knee locked when walking or riding 
horseback. The button B placed on the end of a lever is operated by 
the hand ; when this lever is placed forward sufficiently to catch in 
the lever guide, the knee is locked, and can not move; and conversely, 
when the lever is placed back sufficiently to catch in a second place, 
the knee is unlocked and at liberty, and will bend naturally for 
sitting conveniences, as in cut No. 113. 

The button B is made large so that it can be readily found 
through the clothing and operated by the hand without attracting 
attention or causing inconvenience to the wearer. We do not apply 
this locking arrangement to every leg, as in most cases it is uncalled 
for and utterly useless ; we only apply it in cases where we are 
directed to do so by the ordering party. 

We have a BaDtist clergymen who finds this locking arrangement 



A. A. MAKKS, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



of peculiar advantage while performing the rites of immersion, on 
account of the buoyancy of the lower leg, and the weak knee spring 
he insists upon wearing; the leg will double under him at the first 
step unless some similar method is adopted to prevent the knee 
from yielding to the forces of the water. 




No. 113. 

In cases of extremely short or enervated stumps this locking 
arrangement will be found of advantage. We make no additional 
charge in the price of the leg for this knee attachment when actually 
required. The price and measurements required are the same as 
for leg No. 1 08. 

HIP-JOINT AND WAIST BELT. 

Cuts No. 112 and 113 show our hip-joint and waist belt attach- 
ment, designed to give the body control over the leg and relieve 
the stump of some of the burden. It is calculated to be used only 
where the stump is weak, or force required to overcome objection- 
able tendencies of the stump ; for example, a man going on one 
crutch for some years will influence his stump so as to hang off from 
a vertical line. An ordinary leg applied to a stump in this condition 
would straddle and give the wearer some annoyance ; but the hip- 
joint will force the stump to its proper line and hold it there while 
the leg is being worn. The socket of the leg is made of sufficient 
length on the outside to extend nearly to the hip motion ; the steel 
joint is attached at A and works on a plate ; a belt passing around 
the abdomen holds the joint to its place. The hip-joint is applied 
only when ordered, as it is exceptionally required. We make no 
additional charge in the price of leg when the joint is actually 
required. In addition to measurements explained on pages 60 to 65, 
give circumference of abdomen. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



29 



Cut No. 114 represents a leg with laced thigh piece calculated for 
thigh amputations in which bearing can be taken on the end. 




No. 114. 



The question may be asked, Why do we not make all sockets for 
thigh amputations so as to lace and adjust, thus provide for the 
emaciation that most always takes place in stumps after an artificial 
leg is worn ? Our reply is, that in cases where all the weight must 
be carried on the top edge of the artificial leg the laced thigh is 
not resistant enough to oppose the weight of the wearer; when 
weight can be 'borne on the end of the stump in whole or in part, 
it is not necessary to have the top edge so thoroughly resistant, and 
the leg represented in the above cut can be applied. 

Price and measurements required, same as for leg No. 108. 

The T-joint used in legs thus far described can not be used in 
legs for thigh amputations of great length. The mechanism of the 
T-joint occupies a space of about three inches above the center of 
the knee movement, if the stump is so long that it requires some of 
this space, it is either necessary to make the artificial thigh longer 



30 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



than the natural, or to use the bolt joint (described hereafter) ; the 
former alternative being objected to compels us to resort to the 
latter. 




No. 115. 



Cut No. 115 represents a leg for thigh amputation in which the 
stump extends very nearly to the knee-joint. The knee movements 
are analogous to those obtained with the T-joint ; its mechanism is 
illustrated in cuts Nos. 119-120 and described on page 34 ; when 
compared with the T-joint it has some disadvantage ; for example, 
the adjustability of the bearings and the method of 'compensating 
for the wear ; these, however, are nominal, as the wearer can bush 
the bearing to obtain any desired movement or compensate for 
the wear. Price and measurements required, same as for leg No. 108. 

LEGS FOR KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATIONS. 

Knee-joint disarticulations are various ; some have the condyles 
trimmed, others have not ; some have non-adherent tissues and 
others adherent ; and as a result some can bear pressure on end and 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



31 



others cart not ; on account of these various conditions it is necessary 
to consider carefully each case and treat it accordingly t 



No. 116. 

Cut No. 116 represents a leg for knee disarticulation, one in 
which the articular surfaces of the condyles have been trimmed, but 
the tubercles or side projections untouched ; it is seldom possible to 
bear on the end of such an amputation. The bulbous sides give 
the stump a greater lateral diameter than just above them. In order 
to hold the stump firm in the socket and prevent irritation it is 
necessary to make the fitting so that the socket will compress the 
stump just above the condyles, and at the same time give the con- 
dyles absolute freedom from contact. 

In leg ISTo. 116 the stump is inserted from the top and prevented 
from entering too far by the upper annular wooden socket coming 
in contact with the ischium and pelvis ; after the stump is inserted 
and in place the socket is laced tightly and the stump held firmly ; 
heavy shoulder suspension is unnecessary. 

Price of this leg, complete, with any style of suspender, each 
$100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



32 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Cut No. 117 represents a leg for ordinary knee disarticulation in 
which the condyles have not been trimmed, with the patella re- 
moved or not, and the weight of the wearer capable of being 




No. 117. 



carried in whole or in part on the end. The fitting is made to 
receive comfortably the end of the stump, so as to give abundant 
space for the sides of the condyles and hold the stump firmly just 
above. A soft cushion is placed in the socket on which the stump 
rests ; the stump is then laced firmly in place ; the tubercles on 
the sides of the extremity of the femur afford a means for hold- 
ing the leg without depending entirely on shoulder suspension. 
When but part of the weight can be borne on the end of the stump 
the thigh socket is made to extend well up to the body with flaring 
posterior top to be opposed by the ischium. 

Price and measurements required, same as for leg No. 116. 

All the conditions of knee-joint amputations are regarded, and 
modifications of the various kinds of legs described in this book are 
made to meet cases to the greatest possible advantage. 



A. A. MARKS, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 33 



KNEE-BEARING ARTIFICIAL LEGS. 

The class of legs denominated knee-bearing, include all kinds in 
which the weight is taken on the knee of the stump while the 
stump is in a flexed position. 

Any one of the following conditions will require the use of a knee 
bearing leg : 

Anchylosis of the knee-joint in a flexed position. 

Remediless contraction of the extensors, limitiug the knee move- 
ment to not more than one half. 

Length of tibia insufficient to be of service in controlling the knee 
movement of an artificial leg. 

If there is a possibility of utilizing the stump from the knee 
down for controlling the knee movements of the artificial leg, 
advantage should be taken of it, and No. 123 leg, page 37, should 
be selected instead of the knee-bearing. 

We are aware that with inexperienced persons it is sometimes a 
•difficult matter to determine which style of leg should be used, and 
that certain conditions of the stump make the choice problematic ; 
the conditions above mentioned will, as a general thing, guide one 
safely. 

It is very frequently the case that from long periods of disuse, 
or from carrying the stump in a flexed position a great length of 
time, that the knee extensors become contracted. The contraction 
is sometimes very great and the recovery of full movement without 
the aid of the knife a matter of serious doubt ; in such a case a 
knee-bearing leg should unquestionably be used, but it may be 
safely asserted, as a rule, that for all contractions of one half the 
natural movement or less, our No. 123 artificial leg will bring a 
gentle, constant, and painless tension on the extensors and by 
degrees force them to relax and thus ultimately reclaim the full 
knee movement. An artificial leg will almost invariably accomplish 
this without any assistance, and without occasioning confinement, 
hindrance, or suffering. 

If the length of the stump is a question of doubt in the selection 
of the style of leg the following test may be used : flex the 
stump and see if the projection from the back of the thigh or the 
distance from the popliteal space to the end of the tibia is sufficient 
to afford an opposing surface ; one and a half inches are usually suffi- 
cient. 

If the projection is less than that, a knee-bearing leg should be 
selected. 



34 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Cut No. 118 represents a knee-bearing leg. The thigh piece' is 
hollowed to accommodate the stump ; the natural knee rests on a 
cushion ; the weight of the wearer bears on the knee ; the stump, 
if very long, protrudes from the back of the socket ; the stump is 
held firmly in place by a strong lacing. 

The cut represents the leg slightly bent at the knee, with pressure 
on the ball of the foot to show the yielding quality of the rubber* 




No. 119. 



No. 120. 



From the knee to the foot the leg is of wood, carved to as near the 
shape of the natural leg as its construction will allow ; it is hollowed 
to obtain lightness, and covered with parchment to secure strength. 
The mechanism of the knee may be understood by the following cuts: 

Cut No. 119 presents a view of the knee with all the parts together 
and ready for use. 

Cut No. 120 presents the same knee with all the parts separated. 

The bolt A is the axis of the knee movement ; it is of steel, pass- 
ing through the lower extremity of the thigh. One end of the bolt 
is flanged and the other squared ; both are received in steel plates, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



35 



held securely by set-screw B. The bolt is thus held to the lower 
leg and the thigh allowed to move on it. The length of this bolt 
provides a large bearing surface and increases its wearing quality ; 
-a little grease makes the movement easy and certain. The knee 
movement is checked by the steel rod D, the upper end of which 
revolves about the screw C ; the lower end passes through a hard 
wood bridge located in the calf; beneath the bridge the soft washer 
E and the steel nut F, screwed to the rod, render the knee move- 
ment noiseless and capable of being regulated by the wearer. 




co 



No. 121. No. 122. 

The spiral spring H inserted in cylinder I, with the piston G- 
received in its upper part, affords a powerful spring and assists the 
knee in its movements. This spring can be weakened or strength- 
ened by the wearer. 

This knee arrangement is similar in its action to that described 
on page 25, and possesses the same advantages. This method of 
constructing a knee-bearing leg secures great strength and excel- 
lent knee movement ; it has one disadvantage. On account of the 
mechanism of the knee being placed below the stump, the thigh is 
elongated from two to three inches. 



36 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

Most wearers do not object to this, as it is scarcely noticeable, and 
the advantage of its durability more than compensates that of 
appearance, which at the best is but critical ; when, however, the 
additional length of thigh is objected to, and the wearer is willing 
to sacrifice some of the strength, side joints can be used instead of 
the bolt ; as in Cut No. 121. The center of movement of the joint 
in this style of leg is placed above the plane of the lower extremity 
of the knee of the stump ; this admits of trimming off the end of 
socket to very near the knee of the stump, and to about the length 
of the natural thigh. The mechanism of the knee is fully explained 
in Cut 124. 

Knee-bearing artificial legs are very comfortable to wear, and 
with persons who take pride in operating their artificials, their 
movements become quite natural and the results are very flattering. 

It can not be expected that the knee movement is as sure and 
natural as when the stump from the knee down is utilized in con- 
trolling the artificial knee movement as in No. 123. 

The price of either No. 118 or 121 style, complete, with any 
style of suspender, each $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 

Cut No. 122 represents a leg calculated for an amputation a short 
distance below the knee, with stump extended and anchylosed. 

The thigh socket is made of wood and leather ; it is excava- 
ted to receive the thigh of the stump comfortably and to hold 
it firmly. 

All the weight of the wearer is carried on this socket by com- 
pression and by the top edge coming in contact with the ischium. 

The stump from knee down does not touch any part of the leg. 

When sitting the knee of the artificial leg bends naturally ; but 
the stump, being stiff and unyielding, protrudes beyond the leg. 

An auxiliary spring is attached to the front of the leg to assist 
the operations of the knee. 

Price, complete with suspender, each, $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



87 



LEGS FOR BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATIONS. 

Any leg designed for an amputation that has been made between 
the knee and ankle, and the stump from the knee down used in 
controlling the knee movements of the artificial leg, is included in 
this class. 

Any stump with half or more movement of the knee, and with 
projection when bent at right angles of one and a half inches or 
more, measured from the popliteal space to the end, can be properly 
fitted with a leg of this class. 





¥ + 



No. 123. 



fb$! /v. k. -;::: 

No. 124. 



Cut No. 123 represents a leg for amputation below the knee as 
above described. The leg from the knee to the rubber foot is made 
of tough kiln-dried willow wood hollowed to receive the stump 
properly and comfortably ; it is then dressed down on the outside 
to as near the shape and size of the natural leg as possible ; the leg 
is then covered with parchment or buckskin to give it strength. 
The thigh section is made of strong oak-tan russet leather covered 
with soft buckskin. The knee joints are made of steel of sufficient 



38 a. A. MARKS, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK, CITY. 

strength to stand the wear of years. The cut represents the leg with 
considerable pressure on the heel to show the compressibility of the 
rubber. The interior of the leg both above and below the knee 
has the contours of the stump. The stump is inserted and laced 
about the thigh sufficiently tight to hold it firmly in place. 

Weight is carried in part on the thigh and on the anterior, 
interior, and posterior surfaces of the stump just below the knee. 

In cases of hyperesthesia or extreme sensitiveness about the 
stump the weight is carried entirely on the thigh. 

It is rarely the case that pressure can be applied to the extremity 
of any stump in which amputation has been made in the shaft of 
the bone, unless the tissues are all well preserved and the end of 
the tibia provided with a good natural non-adherent cushion ; under 
these conditions only can weight be taken on the end with impu- 
nity ; when such favorable conditions exist advantage can be 
derived from bearing on the end ; we then place a soft pad in the 
leg. This pad can be increased, diminished, or withdrawn by the 
wearer as he finds advisable. 

Cut No. 124 represents the leg disjointed at the knee with all 
the parts exposed. The upper joints fit the slots of the lower 
joints ; a bolt passes through each, and held in place by a screw. 
The strap extending from the thigh piece downward is termed the 
check strap and is applied to the leg for the purposes of checking 
the movement of the knee, and avoiding the metallic sound which 
would result if the stops in the joints were alone depended on. 
This strap is secured firmly to the thigh piece at the upper end, 
and screwed to the calf of the leg at the lower end. This strap 
can be shortened or lengthened as may be desired. 

We have said that an amputation below the knee with knee move- 
ment of one-half or more should be supplied with a leg of this 
class. 

The object in view being to take advantage of the amount of 
movement that exists, with the intention of restoring full movement 
by the influence of the artificial leg. For contraction of not greater 
than one-quarter, an ordinary leg of this class will usually perform 
the work of restoration ; but for contraction of a greater degree it 
is necessary to make some modifications. 

Cut No. 125 represents a leg especially designed for such 
purpose. 

The leg is constructed so as to receive the stump in the position 
of its greatest extension ; the stump and thigh are firmly held in 
place by lacing ; the shelf on which the stump rests is capable of 
being inclined at different angles ; by changing the angle from 
time to time a gentle and increasing tension is exerted on the ten- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



39 



dons, which causes them ultimately to relax, and thus restore 
full movement. 

Price for No. 123 or 125 complete with suspender, each, 
$100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 





No. 125. 



No. 126. 



Cut No. 126 represents an artificial leg for amputation below 
the knee without thigh support. Such can only be worn with long 
and well-cushioned stumps. If the irregularities of the stump will 
not hold the leg sufficiently secure, straps are attached, to either 
pass around the thigh or pass over the shoulder, or both, as may be 
desired. 

Price complete, each, $65.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 

Notwithstanding some persons wear legs without thigh support 
and strongly advocate their use. We are not prepared to favor 
them only in exceptional cases ; the danger of straining the knee 
or injuring the stump by side strains and contractile forces makes 
it more prudent to use the thigh support as represented in Cut 
No. 123. 



40 



A, A. MAKES, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 



OUR NEW KNEE-JOINTS. 

The problem of constructing side knee-joints that will admit of 
the bearings being renewed as they become worn has received our 
attention. 

The joints illustrated in cut 402 furnish the most satisfactory 
solution to that problem that we know of. These joints are of 
recent invention and are protected by United States Letters patent. 

These joints consist of 
the following parts : up- 
per section, which is con- 
nected with the thigh 
piece of the artificial leg, 
lower section which is at- 
tached to the lower part of 
the leg, screw (a), bolt (£>), 
outer bushing (c), inner 
bushing (d). A represents 
the joint with all its parts 
together as in use. ^rep- 
resents the joint with 
screw and bolt removed. 
C represents the joint 
with all its parts separat- 
ed. D represents a sec- 
tional view of the joint, 
showing the manner in 
which the upper and lower 
sections are connected, 
the dispositions of the 
bushings, the bolt and the 
screw. The bushings (c) 
and (d) fit one in the 
other and both are re- 
ceived in the upper joint 

as shown in cut B. The lug (e) is received into a recess in the 
joint and held immovably in place. The interior lug (f) is re- 
ceived into a groove on the bolt which prevents it from moving. 
When the joint is together and in operation, the bushings (c) (d ) 
work in each other and receive all the wear. When they have 
become worn, they can easily be taken out and new ones put in by 
the wearer of the leg. These bushings can be kept on hand or can 
be obtained from us at any time. 




No. 402. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 41 



LEGS FOR AMPUTATIONS IN OR BELOW ANKLE- 
JOINTS. 

With aluminum sockets and rubber feet attached. 

Amputations known as Symes', Pirogoff's, Chopart's, Lisfranc's, 
Hey's, etc., are performed with the purpose of bearing weight on 
the ends or remaining plantar surfaces, and with rare exceptions such 
stumps are capable of doing so. The construction of artificial feet 
for this class of amputations has perplexed the maker more than any 
other. The limited distance from the end of the stump to the floor 
debarred the possibility of making an artificial foot light, neat, 
durable, and helpful, until the rubber foot and natural crook, and 
better still the aluminum socket, solved the problem. Most manu- 
facturers who pretend to treat this class of amputations construct 
a very frail appliance, which merely restores the foot in appearance, 
but affords no assistance whatever in walking. A person must be 
able to raise his entire weight on the ball of his foot and elevate 
the heel in order to walk naturally, easily, quickly, and helpfully; 
if the artificial foot has an ankle-joint that will not enable him to 
rise on the ball it becomes a worthless appendage, hindering in all 
its operations ; this difficulty is an insurmountable one to all ad- 
herents of the ankle-joint. In order to make an ankle-joint suffi- 
ciently resistant about the ankle to oppose so much strain, the 
attaching contrivances must extend up the sides of the stump, and 
in doing this much objectionable weight and bulkiness will be 
added to the ankle ; all the attaching parts would furthermore be 
insecure and unreliable, as they would be contiguous with the stump, 
and consequently affected by the exudations of the stump. 

Our latest method of constructing this class of leg consists in 
utilizing aluminum in the construction of the sockets. 

During the past three years we have devoted considerable at- 
tention to the study of aluminum, with the view of utilizing the 
metal in the construction of artificial legs and arms and apparatus 
for deformed feet and legs. Experiments were entered into ex- 
tensively, which brought such favorable results that we felt justified 
in applying for letters patent, which were granted to us by the 
United States Patent Office, under date of March 8, 1892. 

The characteristics of aluminum are its low specific gravity, its 
great comparative strength, and its non-corrosibility. Its weight 
is the least of all the metals ; it is one quarter that of silver ; its 
strength is much greater than wood and is comparable with copper; 
it will not rust or corrode when exposed to fresh water or to a moist 
atmosphere. 

We desire to have our readers understand this metal and not be 



42 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



deceived by statements that are made by ignorant persons. The 
statement that aluminum is lighter than cork or wood, and stronger 
than steel, is far from the truth. Weight and strength are com- 
bined in desirable proportions, but not in such proportions as above 
implied. 

By the use of aluminum we are able to produce artificial legs for 
ankle and partial foot amputations that are thoroughly comfort- 
able, absolutely durable, serviceable, and practically waterproof. 
The greatest advantage, however, is that of making legs for the 
above named amputations that are neat in appearance and have 
small diameters about the ankles ; by using aluminum, the socket 
or case that surrounds the stump can be made much thinner 
than wood, and still have the requisite strength, thus the objec- 
tionable, uncomely, club-foot appearance about the ankles, that 





No. 128. 



No. 366. 



all artificial legs for ankle or partial foot amputations heretofore 
made have, is practically obviated. 

The socket and core of foot are cast integrally and of a suitable 
shape to admit of pressure and weight being applied at advanta- 
geous places. A rubber foot is permanently attached to the core, 
thus the spring in the heel and the ball of the foot, that have given 
the limbs of our make such favor, is obtained. Ankle-joints are 
not required ; the rubber foot supplies all the motion necessary for 
safe, helpful, and natural walking. The advantages of the rubber 
foot with non-articulated ankle are fully presented in the front part 
of this book, which should be read by all who are interested in the 
subject. 

Cut No. 128 represents a leg for an amputation in or below the 
ankle known as Symes' and Pirogoff's, leaving a stump provided 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



43 



with a good flap and capable of bearing the entire weight on the 
end. The socket is cast from aluminum and encases the back half 
of leg and stump ; the front is composed of flexible leather adjust- 
able by lacing or buckles and straps as may be preferred. 

Price $50.00 each. Measurements required are called for on 
page 60. 

Cut No. 129 presents a typical Symes amputation ; the flap is 
brought to the front, the cicatrix is anterior and lateral ; the end 





No. 129. 



No. 130. 



of this stump is as capable of bearing weight as the heel of the 
companion foot. The extremities of the stumps of these am- 
putations are usually bulbous and considerably larger than just 
above ; this condition is fortunate, as it affords a means of holding 
the feet without resorting to thigh support. 

Cut No. 130 presents the same case with artificial foot, style 
No. 128, applied and ready to be dressed with stocking and shoe. 

Cut No. 366 represents a leg with annular top for a similar 
amputation. This leg is designed for a stump that will not admit 
of weight being applied to the end. The annular top encases the 
leg immediately below the knee and takes the weight at that part. 

Price $50.00 each. Measurements called for on page 60. 

Cuts Nos. 132 and 367 represent legs with aluminum sockets 
and rubber feet suitable for Symes' or Pirogoff's amputations. 
The socket of either encases the front half of the stump and leg ; 
a leather sheath secured to the foot a little above the heel encases 
both the rear of the stump and the aluminum socket, as in cut No. 
368. The sheath is adjustable by lacings or straps as may be pre- 
ferred. This style of leg is often preferred to the No. 128 style, 
as it protects the shin bone from contact with the leather, and can 
be made lighter on account of the metal socket being placed nearer 



44 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



the fore part of foot, consequently the socket will not be subjected 
to as much strain as when placed rearly. This style of leg presents 
a smoother and more symmetrically arched instep and ankle than 
No. 128. Cut No. 132 is calculated for a Symes' or Pirogoff's stump 




No. 132. 



No. 367. 



No. 368. 



that can bear weight on the end. Cut No. 367 is calculated for a 
similar stump that cannot bear weight on the end. Cut No. 368 
represents the aluminum leg with leather sheath laced in its proper 
place. 

Price $50.00 each. Measurements re- 
quired are called for on page 60. 

Cut No. 135 represents an aluminum 
leg with rubber foot designed for a partial 





No. 135. 



No. 136. 



foot amputation, such as Chopart's, Hey's, Lisfranc's, etc. Its 
general construction is similar to that of No. 132, except that it 
admits of the stump being placed as near the bottom of the foot 
as may be proper. The thickness of metal under the stump need 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, SEW YORK CITY. 



45 



not be over one-eighth of an inch. If the stump is such as to 
require splint on the rear, so as to counteract any tendency of the 
tendo-achilles to contract and draw the heel upward, a condition 
that exists sometimes, the required splint can be placed in the 
leather sheath, or the artificial leg can be constructed on the 
plan of No. 128. If the plantar surface of the stump will not* 
endure the weight of the wearer, the leg can be provided with 
an annular top similar to No. 367. 

Price 850.00 each. Measurements required are called for on p. 60. 

Cut No. 369 represents a No. 135 leg, also the stump it is to 
accommodate. Cut No. 370 represents the leg applied, covered 
with stocking and shoe, and Cut No. 371 represents the wearer as 




No. 369. JSTo. 370. No. 371. 

he appears in the daily pursuits of life, with his misfortune per- 
fectly concealed, and his disability practically removed. Any of 
the above legs can have knee-joints and thigh pieces applied if 
desired, as represented in Cuts Nos. 375 and 376. 

Cut No. 137 represents double amputations at the ankle-joints. 
The extremities of the stumps sloughed in healing and left the sur- 
faces of the bones poorly protected, making it impossible to bear 
any weight on the extremities. Style No. 375 legs were applied 
to this case. 

Cut No. 138 represents the artificial legs in position and the 
wearer ready for walking. Most of the weight in this case was 
carried on the thigh. 

Price of each of these, complete, $ioo.oo, with sus- 
penders if necessary. 

Measures required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



46 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



There are many appliances made calculated to be worn on feet 
amputations, but unless they are so constructed as to hold the 
cicatrix free from contact, and at the same time capable of being 
held sufficiently firm to the remaining stumps as to 
enable the wearers to rise on the toes, they are prac- 
tically worthless ; it is impossible to treat any tarsal 
or metatarsal amputation and give the wearer any 
help with an appliance that does not extend well up 
on the leg. A simple leather inclosure laced about 



No. 375. 




NcT. 376. 



the ankle and instep, with toes to complete the foot, serves only 
as a filling for the shoe and does not in the least aid in walking. 

WATERPROOF LEGS. 

Many wearers of artificial legs follow vocations that require them 
to stand or walk in water for a considerable length of time, and in 
consequence have been obliged to use peg legs, as there has never 
been an artificial leg made that would effectually resist this de- 
structive element. Joints, springs, and cords in the ankle would 
rust, break, or stretch, and all the glued parts would loosen and 
become detached. Our endeavor has been to construct a leg that 
would meet this want. 

Cut No. 127 is a sectional view of our recently invented water- 
proof leg. The core in the foot and the body of the leg are cut 
from one piece of wood, with the grain in the foot at about right 
angles to the grain in the leg ; this is done to give the leg strength. 
The rubber foot is secured to this core in the usual manner. It 
will be seen that there are no glued or attached parts whatever to 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



47 



be affected by water or perspiration. This leg is peculiarly suit- 
able for long stumps, as exudations from the stump will not weaken 





No. 137. 



No. 138. 



or destroy it. This natural crook leg is secured by U. S. Letters 
Patent. 

The same principle can be used for leg for any point of amputation. 

ARTIFICIAL TOES. 

The amputation of the toes, Cut 140, usually leaves a sensitive 
surface with an irritable cicatrix, which, if allowed to come in con- 
tact with wood, cork, or even the sole of the 
shoe, is in danger of becoming excoriated 
and troublesome. 

Cut No. 139 is calculated to meet this 
difficulty. A hard wood sole, extending back 
to the heel, is formed to receive the bottom of 





No. 127. 



No. 139. 



No. 140. 



the mutilated foot and fitted to protect all the tender points. It is 
strapped firmly in place and held free from the cicatrix. 
Price each $25.00. 



48 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



PEG LEGS. 

We are prepared to make peg legs for those who insist upon 
having them. 

We do not advise the use of the peg leg, as it so poorly replaces 
the lost member, and besides, its use has a tendency to impair 
the movements of the stump. 

Peg legs here illustrated are made of tough wood, well finished, 
with or without knee-joints, as may be required, and with rubber 
bottoms, 




No. 141. 



No. 142. 



Cut No. 141 represents a peg leg for amputation above the knee; 
it has a knee-joint and will bend in walking or sitting. 

Price without suspenders, well finished, $50.00, 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65 t 

Cut No. 142 represents a peg leg for amputation above the knee. 
It is straight and without knee movement. 

Price, without suspenders, well finished, $30.00. 

Price, without suspenders, no covering, finished on wood, $20.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



49 



Cut No. 143 represents a peg leg for a knee-bearing stump. 




No. 143. 




No. 144. No. 145. 

Price, without suspenders, well finished, $50.00. 
Measurements reouired are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



50 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 



Cut No. 144 represents a peg leg for amputation below the knee, 
with side joints and thigh piece. 

Price, without suspenders, well finished, $50.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 

Cut No. 145 represents the cheapest form of peg leg, to be worn 
outside the clothing ; it is made of strong tough wood with cush- 
ioned bearing for the knee to rest upon. 

Price each, complete, $15.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 



LEGS, APPARATUS AND EXTENSIONS FOR SHORTENED 
LEGS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. 




No. 146. 



No. 147. 



Cut No. 146 represents a case of malformation. The deformed 
member being a leg in miniature, with all the bones and 
articulations of a natural leg, but so much dwarfed and dis- 
torted as to be of no possible avail except in the control of an arti- 
ficial leg. The length of the deformed leg from the perinaeum 
to the most distant point did not exceed ten inches. 

Cut No. 147 represents the artificial leg constructed for the 
case ; the socket received and held the deformed limb in place ; 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



51 



beneath was placed the knee movement, which operated the same as 
No. 108 leg. A rubber foot at the required distance completed 
the structure and supplied the deficiency in all its demands. 
The wearer was delighted with the results, and has now worn 
the same leg for at least a dozen years, and with it is able to 
conceal his deformity and walk naturally and comfortably. 

Price complete, with choice of suspenders, $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Plaster 
cast also required. 





No. 148. 



No. 149. 



Cut No. 148 represents a leg constructed for a club foot with 
shortened leg, caused by retarded growth in childhood ; the short- 
ness measured about eight inches ; knee-joint slightly weak, and 
entire leg atrophied. The leg was made to take weight on the 
bottom of the deformed foot ; the side joints and thigh piece 
strengthened the knee. The leg when applied dressed neatly and 
enabled the wearer to walk with comfort and naturalness with- 
out the aid of crutch or cane. We have made a pair of similar 
legs for a man who had both of his legs deformed, and by the 
use of the artificials was restored to his proportionate height and 
appearance, and was enabled to walk perfectly naturally 

Price complete, each, $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. Plaster 
cast also required. 



52 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY 



Cut No. 149 represents a leg constructed for a woman ; her case 
was the result of hip disease in childhood. From retarded growth 
and displacement of the hip joint her leg became ten inches 
shorter than the companion leg ; this deficiency was shared by 
the thigh and lower leg equally. The artificial leg received the 
affected leg and was under perfect control by it ; with this leg 
the wearer was enabled to lay aside her crutches, which she had 
depended on for over thirty years. In a very brief time she was 
walking as naturally as any one, and with that comfort and relief 
she had never allowed herself the hope of enjoying. 

Price complete, each, $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 




No. 150. 



No. 151. 



Cut No. 150 represents a leg similar to the above. The defi- 
ciency in length of the affected leg amounts to but four inches. 
These legs can be made for cases where the deficiency in length is 
but a fraction. 

Price complete, each, $100.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 60 to 65. 

In cases where there is no weakness of the knee joint and the 
knee can be depended on in operating the artificial leg it is not 
necessary to use side knee joints or thigh piece. Cut No. 151 
represents a leg suitable for such a case. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



53 



The natural foot rests on a shelf ; beneath it is a rubber foot at 
the required distance to extend to the ground. This leg is only 
suitable for a woman ; her dresses will conceal the projecting 
upper foot ; but for a man the appearance is objectionable ; in 





No. 152. 



No. 153. 



such cases we fit the leg to receive the foot of the short leg 
at a greater angle, as in Cut No. 152 ; the angle of the foot 
is as great as it is possible to have it and not torture the wearer. 
The weight is taken mostly on the heel and sole of the encased 
foot. 

The rigidity of the ankle in the artificial leg secures perfect 
safety to weak ankles ; the rubber foot supplies all the movement 
necessary. 

This leg will dress very neatly and will enable the wearer to walk 
naturally, comfortably, and with absolute safety. 

Price of Xo. 151 or 152, each, $50.00. 

Measurements required are explained on page 65. 

Cut Xo. 153 represents an artificial leg constructed for the pur- 
pose of extending a shortened leg, the results of anchylosis of the knee 
in a flexed position, as well as for utilizing the affected leg in walking. 



54 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



The affected leg is received in the artificial leg from the rear ; 
the bottom of the foot resting on a surface prepared for it ; most of 
the weight is taken on this surface. A rubber foot beneath the 
natural foot, placed at the required distance, completes the leg. The 
rigidity of the natural knee renders it unnecessary to extend the 
artificial leg above the knee. This leg enables the wearer to walk 
without limping and without the aid of a 
cane. 

Price, each, $50.00. Measurements re- 
quired are explained on page 65. 

Cut No. 154 represents an artificial leg 
constructed for a malformation. The natural 
leg was perfectly formed in every respect, 
with the exception of the absence of the foot, 
from knee down it was six inches shorter in 
length than the companion leg. The appear- 
ance of the stump was that of an ankle- 
joint amputation. 

The artificial leg supplied the deficiency 
and restored the wearer in every respect. 

Price, each, $50.00. Measurements re- 
quired are explained on page 65. 
Cut No. 155 represents a child with the right leg malformed ; 
the thigh and knee were normal, but from the knee down the leg 
gradually tapered, and at the extremity a single protuberance 
similar to a toe pointed horizontally and inwardly. 




No. 154. 





No. 155. No. 156. 

Cut No. 156 represents the boy with leg applied and dressed. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



55 



Cut No. 157 represents (on an enlarged scale) the artificial leg 
constructed for the case ; the protuberance referred to was slightly 
displaced and received into a comfortable pocket. The leg from 
knee down was encased. 

When applied the lad was able to walk and run so naturally that 
detection was impossible. 

Price, each, $50.00. Measurements required are explained on 
page 65, in addition to which a plaster cast is required. 





No. 157. 



No. 158. 



Cut No. 158 represents an apparatus for exsection of the knee- 
joint, in cases where union of the bones have failed. This apparatus 
is also advantageous for weakness in the knee or loss of patella. 

Price, each, $50.00. For measurements required see page 65. 

Legs that have been dwarfed from hip-joint or other affections 
have until quite recently been treated by thick cork soles or iron 
frames attached to the bottoms of the shoes ; these methods are 
objected to, as they afford insufficient support, are unwieldy, uncom- 
fortable, and instead of concealing the deficiency make an exhibition 
of it. The apparatus herein described are calculated to overcome 
these objections in the greatest possible degree and render locomo- 
tion sure, natural, and more of a pleasure than a torture. 



56 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Cut No. 159 represents a leg deficient in length only, caused by 
arrested development or displacement of the hip. Ankle movement 
full and under perfect control ; the amount of shortness, measured 
from the heel to the floor less than four inches. 

It is an ordinary case and often met with. 




No. 163. 



No. 162. 

Cut No. 160 represents a suitable extension. The body of which 
is of light wood, toes of rubber ; the bearing surface has a shape to 
receive comfortably the sole of the foot of the shortened leg; it is 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



57 



placed in a shoe; (Cut 161) made expressly for it, of strong leather 
with high top to come well up on the leg ; when the foot is placed 
in position, the shoe is laced tightly, as in Cut 162. 

Persons with these appliances walk naturally and comfortably, and 
after a very brief experience become very expert in their use. Cut 
163 represents the same dressed. 





No. 164. 



No. 165. 



No. 166. 



Cut No. 164 represents a similar extension to be applied to a leg 
that is short, atrophied, and partially or totally anchylosed in the 
ankle-joint, as in Cut 165. The subject walks on the ball of the foot ; 
the rigidity of the natural ankle renders lateral movement impossible. 
If in either of these cases the shoe insufficiently secures the foot to 
the extension, an additional strap can be fastened to the extension, 
and pass around the instep of the foot, and be laced securely in place. 

If this auxiliary strap can be dispensed with, it is desirable to do 
so. The weight in either of these cases can be taken on the heel or 
ball of the foot or both, as may be found most comfortable by the 
wearer. 

Price, each, with shoe and last, 830.00 ; without shoe and last, 
$20.00. For measurements required see page 65. 

If there is any lateral weakness in the ankle-joint, steel joints are 
required on the sides of the extension to give security to the ankle 
movement. 

Cut No. 166 represents an apparatus constructed with ankle 
braces. The point of movement is coincident with the ankle move- 
ment of the foot. 

Price, each, with shoe and last, $30.00 ; without shoe and last, 
$20.00. For measurements required see page 65. 



■58 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

If the shortness of the deficient leg is so great that more anterior- 
posterior strain is brought on the ankle-joint than the joint is capa- 
ble of controlling, it is then necessary to encase the heel, ankle and 
part of the leg, as in Cuts 151-152, thus secure perfect rigidity to 
the ankle. 




No. 167. 



Cut No. 167 represents a double shoe, calculated to be worn by a 
woman ; it is rarely made, only in cases where very strong ankle 
movement is retained or the ankle anchylosed with the foot at 
right angles to the shaft of the leg. The foot of the shortened 
leg enters the upper shoe and rests flat on a wooden sole ; it is 
there buttoned or laced securely ; beneath this, and at the required 
distance from it, a rubber foot is secured firmly. 

This rubber foot is dressed by an ordinary shoe, a mate to the 
one worn on the opposite foot. It will be seen readily that this 
foot is only desirable for women, as with them it can be concealed 
by their long dresses. 

Price, each, with shoe and last, $50.00; without shoe and last, 
$40.00. For measurements required see page 65. 

If in any of the above cases there exists a weakness in the knee- 
joint, it will be necessary to extend the apparatus above the knee, 
with side joints to work in harmony with the knee, as in Cuts 
149-150. 

These side-braces support the knee and prevent any side strain ; 
they can be made to fit sufficiently tight to compress the thigh 
enough to take all, or a part of the weight on the thigh, thus relieving 
the lower leg of its burden, — an important provision for cases of 
fracture or diseased leg. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



Cut No. 372 represents a front view of an aluminum leg and rub- 
ber foot, designed for a deformed leg and foot as represented in 
Fig. 373. Cut No. 374 represents a side view of the same. The 
use of aluminum in the construction of legs and apparatus for de- 
formed legs and feet is especially desirable, as it supplies the needed 
support, restores to the man his locomotive powers, and does not 
add to the disfigurement of the affected leg. 




No. 372. 



No. 373. 



No. 374. 



OF 



RUBBER FEET ATTACHED TO ARTIFICIAL LEGS 
OTHER MANUFACTURE. 

It has been shown that artificial legs with ankle-joint feet are 
more or less troublesome on account of their frequent need of repairs, 
as well as their uncertain movements, disagreeable noise, and 
unnatural " flop " in walking. We are aware that there are many 
who possess legs of this description, and who would gladly rid 
themselves of the annoyance, if it did not entail considerable loss 
on their part. To such we desire to say that if the legs in other 
respects than the feet are good, and the fittings comfortable, it will 
be to their interest to have the ankle-joint feet removed and rub- 
ber feet put in their place. 

We have done this to a good many legs, and have invariably 
reclaimed them, and in most cases made them much better than 
they were originally. 

Our charge for removing an ankle-joint foot of any style or 
manufacture, and replacing by a rubber foot, is in each case $20.00. 

The success of the rubber foot depends in a great measure upon 
the manner and the position in which it is applied to the leg. Con- 
siderable experience is required to teach one the most advantageous 
conditions to be combined in this respect ; therefore, rather than 
hazard the chance of a failure, we shall decline to sell the foot 
separately and shall insist upon applying every foot to the leg our- 
selves. 



60 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 



DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING MEASUREMENTS FOR ONE 
OR A PAIR OF ARTIFICIAL LEGS OF THE FOLLOW- 
ING NUMBERS: 108, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 
123, 125, 126, 128, 132, 135, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 
148, 149, 150. 

Place a large sheet of paper on a smooth floor or table ; divest 
both leg and stump of clothing ; be seated on this paper with both 
limbs extended ; hold a long pencil against the bare person and 
perpendicular to the plane of the paper ; begin at about the hip- 
joint and carry the pencil down the exterior of the stump, around 
the end, up the interior to the perinaeum, down the interior of 
leg, around the heel, up the exterior to the opposite hip-joint ; when 
passing around the heel endeavor to hold the foot in a position 
approximately at right angles to the leg, or in other words, so that 
the sole will be vertical. 

If this drawing is properly taken it will resemble Cut No. 168. 






No. 168. 



No. 170. 



No. 169. 

If the knee is contracted it will be impossible to have the poste- 
rior part rest on the paper when the patient is in a sitting posture ; 
by lying down, with back on floor, in all probability the entire stump 
will be able to rest on its posterior surface. 

Turn to and lie on the amputated side, with the exterior of 
stump resting on the paper with stump extended as much as possi- 
ble ; in this position draw a pencil from the abdomen down the 
anterior of stump, around the end, up the posterior to the body. If 
the leg is amputated below the knee, flex the stump as near right 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 61 



angles as possible and take side profile of stump, thus showing the 
stump from body to end in two positions, as near straight as 
possible for one position, and flexed to about right angles for the 
other. 

This drawing should resemble cut Xo. 169. 

Turn to the opposite side and rest the sound leg on the paper with 
the knee in a position flexed to about right angles and the sole of the 
foot on a line parallel with the thigh ; draw the pencil around the 
entire leg while in this position. This drawing, if properly taken, 
will resemble cut No. 170. 

Be seated and place the foot on the paper and 
mark entirely around it ; it should resemble cut 171. 

Stand erect, perfectly plumb, supported with crutches ^'°- 171 - 
or canes, and have some one take the following measurements of 
the sound leg. 

With callipers measure the interior-exterior, or lateral diameter 
of each knee at articulation ; measure the distance from the peringeum 
to the floor, from the perinseum to the end of stump, and from the 
end of stump to the floor. Measure the circumferences of the stump 
beginning on a plane with the perinaBum and repeating at intervals 
of about every two inches to the extreme end. Measure corres- 
ponding circumferences of the sound leg as far down as the knee. 
Measure circumference of leg just below the patella ; circumfer- 
ences of calf, ankle, heel-and-instep, instep, toe-joints, and length 
of foot ; be seated on a chair of proper height to have the leg 
bent at the knee to about right angles. Measure the distance from 
upper edge of patella to the floor ; the distance from the popliteal 
space to the floor. If the leg is amputated below the knee measure 
the distance from popliteal space of amputated leg to end of stump. 

The following engravings are explanatory of the foregoing in- 
structions ; they are placed here as a guide for those who may 
regard the above as obscure. If the measurements have been taken 
according to above instructions, they should compare with those 
taken by the following, this should be done as a test to see that 
they are properly taken, and no omissions made. 



62 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



No. 172. 



MEASUREMENTS OF SOUND LEG. 

Length from body, or perinaeum, to floor A O 1 

Circumference around leg, close to body A 

" 2 inches from body B 

" 4 " " C 

" 6 " " D 

" 8 " " E 

" 10 " " F 

Lateral diameter through center of knee .... G 
That is the distance through the joint from the 

anterior to the exterior. 

Circumference just below knee pan H 

calf of leg r 

" smallest part of ankle J 

" around heel and instep K 

" " instep L 

" foot at toe-joints M 

Length of foot N 




Be seated and take the following measure- 
ments, with the aid of a carpenter's square. 
Length from top of knee to floor (sound leg 

bent sitting, see cut No. 173) WW 

Length from popliteal space to floor (back 

side on line XX, measured when leg is 

bent at right angles, as in cut 173) ... . XX 



Diagrams of both sound leg and stump similar to Cuts Nos. 168,, 
169, 170 and 171 should accompany these measurements. 



A. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



63 



IF THE AMPUTATION IS ABOVE 
KNEE or in the knee-joint, give in addition to 
the foregoing measurements of sound leg, the 
measurements called for as follows : 

Length from body to end of stump. . . A P 
Circum. around stump, close to body. . A 
2 inches below B 



4 " " 

6 " " 

8 " " 

10 " " 

Length from the end of stump to the 
floor 



C 
D 
E 
F 

QQ 




p q; 



a 
No. 174. 



IF THE STUMP IS A KNEE-BEARING, 

that is, contracted or too short to be used, to 
operate the leg, give the following measurements 
of the stump in addition to those (cut 172) of 
sound leg. 

Length from body to support of knee . A P 
Circum. around stump, close to body . . A 

" 2 inches from body B 

" 4 " " C 

6 " " D 

" 8 " " E 

Circumference at the smallest place 

above the knee F 

Circumference around stump S S 

The distance the end of stump projects 

back of the thigh U 

Lateral diameter of knee joint G 

Length from knee to floor P O 

Length from upper end of knee-pan to 
end of stump RR 

NOTE. 
Give the " length from knee to floor (P O) " 
with great accuracy. 






No. 17-5. 



64 



A. A. MAHKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



L-fi-J 



IF THE AMPUTATION IS BELOW THE 
KNEE, and the joint can be used to operate the 
artificial leg, give the following measurements in 
addition to those (cut 172) of sound leg. 

Length from body to end of stump AT 

Circum. around stump, close to body. ... A 
" 2 inches below B 

n 4 a u p 

6 " " D 

" 8 " " E 

Circumference at the smallest place above 



the knee 



Lateral diameter through center of 
knee 



G 



u 


4 


a 


a 


ct 


6 


a 


u 


a 


8 


il 


u 


a 


10 


if 


a 


a 


19 


u 


a 



Circumference at the lower edge of knee 

pan O 

Circumference 2 inches below H 

I 

J 

K 

L 

M 

Length of stump below knee, measured from 
back of knee (when bent at right angles) to 
end 

Distance from end of stump to floor T 

If both legs are amputated either above or below the knees, give 
profiles and drawings of both stumps as directed on page 60, together 
with lateral diameters of each knee and circumferences from body to 
end, at intervals of two inches. If the patient is desirous of being 
elevated to a particular height, state the height desired and give 
the length from the end of stump to the top of head ; measured 
while lying on the floor with stumps extended. Give the size 
of shoes desired to be worn on the feet, unless the patient is willing 
to leave that matter to our judgment. 

If the leg has been amputated in any of the articulations, or below 
the ankle articulation, a plaster cast of stump taken from the end 
upwards eight or ten inches will be of great help. If there 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



65 



are any tender spots or peculiarities on either leg or stump, be care- 
ful to note them. Answer the following questions in all cases : 

Name of patient ? 

Post-office address ? 

Occupation ? 

Age? 

Weight ? 

Cause of amputation ? 

When amputated ? 

Which leg amputated, right or left ? 

Has the patient worn an artificial limb ? 

Whose make ? How long ? 

Name of party ordering leg ? 

Post-office address of same ? 

MEASUREMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE MANUFACTURE 
OF APPLIANCES OF THE FOLLOWING NOS.: 139, 

151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 164, 166 and 167. 

It is desirable to have the wearer present for the fitting and 
adjusting of appliances of the above Nos. In cases where this 
is inexpedient, we will do all we can to reach good results by 
fitting from measurements, profiles and casts. The measurements 
and profiles required are as follows : Side and front views of both 
legs, the sound leg in a standing position and the affected leg held 
in a position in which the inclination of the foot is the same as 
intended to be when the appliance is worn. 

These profiles should be taken by placing the leg against a 
piece of paper which has been tacked to the wall or some verti- 
cal surface, then marking around it with long pencil held at right 
angles to the wall. The patient is supposed to be standing erect 
on his unaffected leg with the foot of the affected leg resting on 
books or surface elevated and inclined to the desired height and angle. 
In addition give profiles of the bottoms of both feet. Measure 
the distance from the heel of the affected leg to the floor, also 
from the ball of the same foot to the floor ; then give circum- 
ferences of both legs separately, from the toes upward at intervals 
of about two inches, extending as far up as it is desired to have 
apparatus extend. If certain irregularities in the affected leg are 
not describable, a plaster cast carefully taken with the foot in 
the position in which it is to be worn, will be required. The 
most desirable angle at which the foot should be placed is the 
most comfortable one that will bring the toes the nearest the 
floor. Supply answers to the questions at the top of this page. 



66 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 



SUSPENDERS. 



The methods of suspension for any of the artificial legs thus far 
described are numerous, and each method seems to possess some 
advantage peculiarly adapted to the individual wearing it. Persons 
who have become inured to some peculiar method, and who have 
found that method to be satisfactory in every 
respect, are not advised to make a change ; by 
describing definitely just the kind of a suspender 
they are accustomed to, and by making their 
request known, they will find us willing to make 
such for them and apply them to a new leg 
without additional charge. When we are not 
instructed in this matter, we use our own judg- 
ment and apply suspenders to legs that appear 
to us to be most suitable. 

As the result of much thought on the subject, 
aided by the kindly suggestions of our patrons, 
we take pleasure in presenting the following 
devices and commend them as comfortable and 
secure. 

Cut No. 177 represents our new style, suitable 
for amputation above the knee. The shoulder 
straps are of two-inch non-elastic webbing. 
After passing over the shoulders, one strap 
passes through a loop, E, which is attached to 
the other shoulder strap ; this has the effect 
of holding the straps in place, and prevents 
the sliding from the shoulders, so bitterly com- 
plained of by wearers of the old style. 

The buckles at A (explained hereafter) receive 
and clamp the shoulder straps at any place to 
suit the wearer ; the snaps at the lower ends 
of the buckles receive the strong loops B, to 
which are attached leather straps ; these straps 
pass down the sides of the leg under guides to 
keep them in place, then through the pulleys D, 
which are secured to both sides of the artificial leg just above the 
knee, then passing up the back of the leg through other guides 
they attach to snaps on the back ends of the suspenders. The 
suspenders once attached to the clamp buckles always remain so, 
for in removing the leg from the body the leather straps are un- 
snapped, front and back, at B ; the buckles are not disturbed in 



No. 177. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



67 



removing the shoulder straps from the shoulders ; one strap slips 
from the loop E, and then both are readily removed from the 
person. 





No. 178. 



No. 179. 



The above cuts represent front and back views of a pair of these 
suspenders applied to a leg and the wearer ; they show the relative 
position of the rollers, the effect of the front loop and back cross- 
piece. All the elasticity required for good results is obtained in 
the piece of elastic webbing extending from back cross-piece to 
the snaps. 

The action of the suspender is illustrated in a side view of the 
patient while walking. It will be seen that the leather straps move 
on the rollers very easily, and thus compensate the back and front 
pull without occasioning any movement of the straps on the 
shoulders. When sitting, the same effect is obtained ; instead of 
the suspenders being slack in front and uncomfortably tight on the 
back, as in the old style, the rollers admit of a uniform pull, both 
front and back,, as seen in the following page. 



68 



A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 




No. 180. 



No. 181. 



When lying down a comfortable effect likewise results; the wearer 
has not his undergarments pulled out of place. He can throw himself 
down in an easy position and enjoy a refreshing sleep. Price per 
pair complete $4.00. Measurements required, distance from top of 
leg on back over one shoulder to top of leg in front. 




No. 182. 



Cut No. 183 represents our new buckle, made of strong rolled 
brass, nickel-plated, capable of receiving and holding firmly two- 
inch elastic or non-elastic webbing. The webbing is held by a 
toothed clamp which does not pierce the web to tear or wear it. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



69 



This buckle as shown in the cut has a spring snap which holds 
the loop securely and can only be released by pressing on the 
spring. 




No. 183. 
Price each 25 cents. 

The rollers used with this Suspender, represented in cut No. 184, 

are made of strong brass with durable pulleys ; they are secured to 

the sides of the socket of the leg by ordinary screws. The pulleys 

are absolutely noiseless while in action and will last many years. 

Price each 25 cts. 





No. 184. No. 185. 

€ut No. 185 represents our old style of suspenders ; they do not 



70 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



possess the advantages of the roller suspender, notwithstanding they 
have many admirers. 

The shoulder straps are of fine elastic webbing, two inches wide. 
The front straps, of two-inch non-elastic web, pass through a link 
and are buckled as represented. The suspenders are attached to the 
leg by means of screws holding the leather tags ; the webbing is. 
fastened to these tags by plated steel Ds which admit of a direct, 
pull, thus avoiding wear on one edge of the webbing. 

Price per pair, $3.00. Measurement required; the same as No. 177. 




m\ 



No. 186. 



No. 187. 



Cut No. 186 represents a belt and suspender combined. 

The shoulder straps and waistband are of non-elastic webbing ;. 
straps attached to leg are of 1}4 or 2 inch elastic webbing; they 
admit of all the elasticity necessary; are very neat, comfortable, and 
durable. 

Price $5.00. Measurements required are the same as for No, 177,. 
in addition to the circumference of the body about the waist. 

Cut No. 187 represents suspender for leg for amputation below the 
knee, and knee-bearing legs where but one shoulder strap is required. 
The shoulder-strap is of two-inch elastic webbing. 

The front end is buckled to our new clamp buckle, snapped to a* 
metal D fastened to the front upper edge of thigh piece ; the 
back end of shoulder strap is attached to a spring snap, to which 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



n 



is secured a D, fastened to the back part of the thigh piece. This 
suspender can be adjusted by the buckle once for all time. On 
removing the leg the suspender can be unsnapped hoUi front and 
back, thus simplifying the process of taking off and putting on. 
This suspender, passing over the opposite shoulder, does not have a 
tendency to slip from the shoulder, except in cases where the 
wearer has round shoulders. In such cases a piece of webbing 
should be attached to the back part of shoulder strap, and pass 
laterally across the back, around the body, under the opposite arm, 
.and buckled to the front strap. Price Si. 50. 






No. 189. 



No. 349. 



Cut No. 188 represents the old style of suspender for a leg for 
amputation below the knee. It is similar in material and pattern 
to No. 185 Suspender, except that it is to go over but one shoulder 
and adjusted to thigh piece by means of screw buttons which admit 
of direct pull. Price, each, without screw buttons, 81.50. Measures 
required same as No. 177. Screw Buttons for suspenders No. 188, 
made of brass, nickel plated, represented by cut 189, per pair, 
50 cents. 

Cut No. 349 represents a double suspender to be applied to leg 
for amputation below the knee and for knee-bearing legs. The 
back of the suspender is made of two-inch elastic webbing. The 
shoulder straps of 1J inch non-elastic webbing. The connection is 
made on the rear of the thigh piece by means of a snap and D, and 
on the front of the thigh by means of clamp buckles which likewise 
•snap into D's placed on the front of the thigh. Price 82.00 each. 



12 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



SUSPENDERS FOR WOMEN. 



Cut No. 190 represents our roller suspender especially designed 
for a woman with amputation above the knee. It is provided with 
a broad yoke fitting the hips neatly. 

This yoke makes an excellent supporter for the leg. The leg 
and shoulder straps are attached to the yoke, and are adjusted by 
buckles ; when women are broad about the hips, the entire weight 
can be safely carried on the yoke, the shoulder straps loosened or 
dispensed with. The movement of the straps on the rollers secures 
all the advantages possessed by style No. 177. 

The yoke secures the leg so firmly to the person that the appar- 
ent weight of the leg is reduced materially. 




No. 190. 



No. 192. 



Price $5.00. In ordering give waist-measurement, or, better still,, 
out a paper pattern to fit the waist and hips ; give measurement 
from top of leg on back, over the shoulder, to top of leg in front. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 73 

Cut No. 191 represents a joke suspender ; calculated for a woman 
wearing a knee-bearing leg or a leg for amputation below the knee ; 
it is similar to style No. 190, except in its connections with the leg, 
which the illustration clearly presents. 

Price $3.00. Measurements required same as No. 190. 

Style 192 is similar to above, except that shoulder straps are dis- 
pensed with. 

Price $2.00. Waist pattern only required. 

SUSPENDERS FOR DOUBLE AMPUTATIONS. 

Any of the suspenders described can be so modified as to be 
suitable for double amputations. 

Price, style No. 177 modified for double amputations, $5.00. 

" style No. 187 modified for double amputations, $3.00. 

style No. 190 modified for double amputations, $7.00. 

style No. 191 modified for double amputations, $4.00. 

"' style No. 192 modified for double amputations, $3.00. 

In ordering suspenders for artificial legs, designate the style by 

the number. 

Persons ordering artificial legs are entitled to any style of sus- 
penders without additional charge. 



V4 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



ARTIFICIAL ARMS. 

A German knight of the 16th century by the name of Goetz von 
Berlichingen is credited with having possessed an artificial hand 
which enabled him to engage in battle, and assisted him in many 
deeds of valor. The hand was of iron, of enormous weight, attached 
to his armor and operated by some ingenious mechanism which for 
its initial power, depended on the exertions of the opposite hand. 
It had a grasping power at such intervals as when the companion 
hand released certain springs after having placed the object to be 
held within its clutch. This hand may be regarded as the first 
artificial hand of which we have any authentic knowledge. Pliny, 
however, speaks of M. Sergius, 167 B. C, as having made and worn 
an artificial hand with which he was enabled to render heroic ser- 
vice. B. A. Watson, M. D., in his " Treatise on Amputations 
and Their Complications," quotes the original Latin : " M. 
Sergio ut equidem arbitror, nemo quemquam hominum jure praetu- 
lerit, licet pronepos Catilina gratiam nomini deroget. Secundo 
stipendio dextram manum perdidit, .... dextram sibi fer- 
ream fecit, eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione exemit." 

This put in our vernacular reads thus : " I suppose every one 
would admit that M. Sergius, the great grandson of Cataline, had 
not diminished the fame of his name since he lost his right hand in 
his second campaign. . . . He made himself an iron right hand, 
and, with this fastened on, having fought a battle, he released Cre- 
mona from siege." 

Pliny says : " He prostrated Placentia and took twelve of the 
enemy's camps in Gaul ; all this appears from the speech which he 
made on his prsetorship when his colleagues wished to shut him 
out of the sacred rites as a mutilated man." (C. Plinii, Hist. Nat. 
28, 104-106) 

Unfortunately Pliny fails to describe the mechanism of that 
hand ; but from the fact that his colleagues interposed his 
misfortune as a sufficient reason for his preclusion, we feel justi- 
fied in concluding that the iron hand which he wore was of little or 
no value, aside from that for which it was especially designed, viz., 
the holding of the reins of his horse or assisting in guarding his 
person by a shield. The hand of Goetz von Berlichingen was in all 
probability patterned after that of M. Sergius, as it was designed for 
the same purpose. 



A. A, MASKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 75 



Passing to more modern times, we learn of but little advance in 
this line. The mind of man has indeed devoted an abundance of 
thought to the development of this branch of prosthesis. We do 
not hesitate in saying that as much attention in the aggregate has 
been given to this subject as to that of any branch of invention, 
the steam engine and electricity not excepted. Pare, Lorrain, 
Sebastian, Wilson, DeGrafe, and a host of others have struggled 
with the subject and wrought ingenious contrivances which have 
merited much admiratioD, more for their mechanical arrangement 
than for their utility. 

If we give a thought to the mechanism of the natural arm and 
hand and study its peculiar arrangement we will readily see why 
so little has been accomplished by the minds of the past and what 
a gloomy future portends those who are now struggling with the 
subject. 

The anatomy of the human hand. What a marvel of mechan- 
ism, what a combination of movements^ and what control man has 
over them ! Each finger has its three joints, with every joint under 
control. 

The hand has its wrist, enabling it to conform to any angle. 

The forearm has the ulna and the radius, controlling the hand. 

Withal, the marvelous strength each finger and joint commands, 
all operated by sinews and muscles. The parts of this wonderful 
machine are hinged together with such nicety that the engraver is 
enabled to etch the finest plate, or the brawny smith to wield the 
heaviest sledge. Think you that the hand alone does this variety 
of work, operates voluntarily by an intelligence of its own ? 

Sever the brachial nerve, and you will have a member as dead 
and limpsy as an old rag or an empty coat-sleeve. 

Remove the arm from the body and irritate the nerves or con- 
tract the muscles, and you will have a motion as awkward and spas- 
modic as you may observe in an artificial arm with jointed fingers. 

Hence, all the dexterous movements Ave observe in the normal 
hand depend upon some power outside of itself, and that power is 
the mind. If we look a little deeper in the physiology of the natural 
arm and hand we will observe that nature has made a curious pro- 
vision for one of its failings, that of attrition, and were it not for the 
provision of cushions and lubricating sacs the joints of the arm and 
hand would soon become loose and rattle as badly as worn-out gudg- 
eons. Every drop of blood that flows through the avenues of the arm 
carries with it fresh material to replace this waste. From the first 
beat of the heart of the child, until the being ceases to be, this 
human repair shop is in active operation and knows no rest. 

This cursory glance at the natural arm will fix in our minds the 



?6 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

following facts: That the hand is a delicate piece of mechanism of 
great strength ; that it is in concert with and operated by the will ; 
that it suffers wear, but is constantly undergoing repairs by the 
action of the circulatory system. With these facts well impressed, 
we will do well to make a comparison with the artificial arm. 
What a disparity. It cannot have intimate relations with the 
mind, nor with the heart. If the joints of the fingers are made 
strong enough to withstand a small proportion of the strain of the 
natural hand, it must necessarily be made too heavy for endurance. 

If the springs are made stiff enough to have a grasping power of 
a pound, the exertion to operate them is fatiguing and renders them 
impracticable. These arguments are presented for the purpose of 
assisting the reader in thinking for himself and drawing proper con- 
clusions as to the possibilities of artificial arms when compared 
with the natural, and it is hoped that they will serve to make even 
the credulous suspicious of the advertisements of those manufacturers 
w r ho promise to " restore the appearance in full and one-half the 
usefulness of the natural arm and hand." 

The disposition of all conscientious manufacturers has been to 
produce a hand that would approximate the natural to the greatest 
possible practical degree. Some have elaborated the ideas of their 
prototypes; others have ignored the earlier makers and formulated 
ideas of their own ; but when simmered down to actual serviceability 
we all stand but little in advance of our predecessors ; finger move- 
ments controlled by intricate mechanism avail little because of the 
impossibility of controlling their movements by the mind in order 
to give them delicate manipulation. Any manufacturer of ordinary 
ingenuity can make a hand that will hold firmly the reins of a horse 
in driving or that will carry a valise of some weight ; but if that 
hand is applied to other more or less delicate purposes its grasp will 
be either inadequate or too violent and unsuited for the purpose. 

In the beginning of our endeavors we naturally fell into the rut 
of our competitors and made a hand with much complication. 

By taxing the remaining arm we could cause the artificial hand to 
assume various positions, the fingers to flex and extend ; but it did 
not take us long to learn that it was like the arm of the German 
knight — an article more to be admired for its complication than for 
general utility. Until man becomes capable of duplicating nature 
and harmonizing the artificial member with the nervous system, in 
short, giving it life, he will fail in supplying the loss in all its 
detail. Machinery will not accomplish it, and the more compli- 
cation used the more distantly he approaches the most useful sub- 
stitute. 

After laboring hard in this work and expending much time and 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



77 



thought in its development, and having passed through the most 
trying and varied experience, we have come to the conclusion that 
the rubber hand herein represented is the most simple, practical, 
durable, and useful the market affords. 

In 1863 the rubber hand was invented; it was attached to the 
forearm by means of a spindle held in position by a set screw, 
easily detached and replaced by a hook, fork, knife, or brush. 

The fingers were of soft elastic rubber molded to a graceful shape 
and yielding to pressure. Its advantages were its naturalness in 
appearance and to the touch, and its great durability. 

It might fall or strike anything without breaking or impairing. 
These advantages commended it to favor, and many of them 
were made. In the course of time an improvement was suggested 
— that of making the fingers ductile. By the assistance of the 
opposite hand, or by pressing the hand against any resistant surface, 
the fingers might be placed in any desired position, each' one giving 
the hand a new appearance; thus obviating the monotony of the 
old style, and making the hand more available for light purposes. 
The fingers, when bent, are capable of holding a valise or package 
of considerable weight, or holding the reins of a horse in driving. 
This feature is secured by letters patent issued by the United States. 




No. 193. 

Cut No. 193 represents the rubber hand with ductile fingers ; the 
dotted lines indicate some of the many positions in which the 
fingers can be placed, through the agency of the opposite hand or 
the opposition of resistant objects. 




No. 194. 



Cut No. 194 represents the hand and part of the forearm detached. 



78 



A. A. MAKES, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 



The spindle D is received in the catch E and held securely, admit- 
ting of slight rotary motion ; pressure applied to the button C wilt 
release the hand, which can be laid aside, and a hook, knife, fork, 
brush, or any implement placed in its stead ; by using these imple- 
ments in the forearm they are brought nearer to the stump and 
consequently are under greater control. In this manner they will 
accomplish more dexterously the work of feeding with the knife or 
fork, washing with the brush, or operating with the hook. 

If, however, the wearer desires to have the hand in place while 
performing these services, he can do so by using the attachment, 
in the palm, which is capable of holding, by a self-acting spring, 
any of the implements mentioned ; by pressing on button A the 
implements can be released. 

The wrist clamp contrivance is ingenious and practical, but on 
account of the great strain it must necessarily resist in the perform- 
ance of heavy work it is required to be made strong and conse- 
quently heavy. In all cases where the stump is short and weak, or 
the wearer does not wish to use the arm in heavy labor, by attach- 
ing the rubber hand permanently to the forearm, and dispensing 
with the wrist clamp, depending entirely on the palm thimble for 
the holding of implements, the weight of the arm can be materially 
lessened. It may be well to say that any of these implements in 
the palm of the hand are under good control and can be used to very 
great advantage. 

BALL AND SOCKET WRIST JOINT. 

We are able to attach the hand to the forearm by a ball and 
socket wrist joint, thus giving the hand the ability of being placed 
at any angle ; we do not, as a general thing, regard this of sufficient 
advantage to offset the additional weight, consequently we place 
this joint in the wrist only when advised. 

NATURAL COLOR. 

The hand is always gloved in order to present at all times the most 
natural appearance. We are frequently asked why we do not give 
the hand a natural color and avoid the necessity of wearing gloves. 
If one will consider for a few moments the peculiarities and imper- 
manency of the natural shade, he will not press the question. To 
be sure, we can paint the hand any shade that may be desired ; in 
fact the wearer can do that himself at any time, and in any manner 
to suit his taste, purpose, or complexion ; but a hand painted in the 
morning so as to match the opposite or natural hand with the most 
artistic and critical nicety will look very different to it in the after- 
noon after the natural hand has gone through some of the daily 
changes due to work, condition, temperament, or any of the many 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



79 



causes which are constantly changing the hues of the human com- 
plexion. 

Hence it is desirable to cover the hand with a glove which can be 
slipped on or off very readily by the wearer. 

ARMS FOR SHOULDER JOINT AMPUTATIONS. 

For amputations in the shoulder joint an artificial arm serves 
its least utility. A sheath fitted to the shoulder, held to place by 
straps, secures the artificial arm. The arm, from the shoulder down, 
is similar to that represented in cut No. 195. 

Price and measurements required are the same as for No. 195. 

ARMS FOR ABOVE ELBOW AMPUTATIONS. 




No. 195. 



Cut No. 195 represents an arm for amputation at any point above 
the elbow joint. The arm is made of wood, excavated to make it light, 
and covered with parchment to make it strong ; the hand is of 
rubber, either permanently attached at the wrist or held in place by 




No. 196. 



wrist clamp or ball and socket joint, as may be desired by the 
wearer. The elbow joint is capable of flexion and extension, operated 
by a strap so arranged that a movement of the stump and shoulder 



80 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

will pull the forearm up to the desired angle. This can only be 
done, however, on long and strong stumps. When the forearm is 
brought to about right angles with the upper arm, either by the 
agency of the stump or by a sudden movement given to it, a lock 
attachment in the interior of the forearm holds the forearm in 
position as in cut No. 196. 

When held in this position the wearer can carry a shawl, coat, or 
any loose article on the forearm ; thus presenting a very natural 
appearance when walking. By pressing on the button on the 
under-side of the forearm the lock can be released and the arm 
allowed to extend. The hook in the wrist or palm of hand will hold 
securely any article that may be placed in it. 

Price for one arm, with or without wrist motion, with Hook, 
Knife, Fork, Brush, 1 pair kid gloves and suspenders, $75.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 89 and 90. 

ARMS FOR ELBOW JOINT AMPUTATIONS. 




No. 197. 

Cut No. 19V represents an arm for amputation in the elbow joint, 
with the end of the stump larger than above. The upper arm is of 
wood and leather ; the lacing will secure the stump in place and 
hold the stump in a comfortable position. From the elbow down 
the arm is made similar to No. 196. 

Prices and measurements required same as No. 196. 

ARMS FOR BELOW ELBOW AMPUTATIONS. 

Cut No. 198 represents an arm for amputation below the elbow, 
and very close to the joint, so as to leave but a short stump that can 
be depended on for operating the forearm. The forearm is fitted 
to receive the stump ; steel joints, extending upward on either side 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 



81 



with leather socket attached, hold the stump firmly in place ; 
shoulder straps assist in holding the arm to the person and relieve 




No. 198. 

the stump of some of its work. The hand in such cases is usually 
permanently fastened to the forearm. 

Price for one arm, with or without wrist motion, witli Hook, 
Knife, Fork, Brush, gloves and suspenders, $50.00. 

Measurements required are explained on pages 89 and 90. 




No. 199. 

Cut No. 199 represents an arm for amputation below the elbow, 
with stump of sufficient length to give control over its movements. 



82 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

The forearm is fitted to the stump and held in place by the upper 
socket. The forearm and the upper arm are connected by adjust- 
able leather straps ; these are preferred to steel joints, as they admit 
of rotation of forearm and are more durable than steel joints ; they 
do not wear or rattle, require no oil, and are less liable to break from 
strain or concussion. In short stumps, however, the steel joints are 
necessary in order to hold the socket to the stump rigidly. In 
long stumps the stump itself can be relied upon for the necessary 
security. 

Shoulder straps are applied to assist the arm in lifting heavy arti- 
cles. The forearm is carved out of wood and covered with parch- 
ment. The forearm can be made of strong leather instead of wood, 
but we prefer wood, as that material is lighter and not so likely to 
be made offensive by absorption of perspiration from the stump. 
Wood when covered with parchment is sufficiently strong for all 
practical purposes and is not in danger of collapsing. 

Notwithstanding, we are not arbitrary in this matter and will 
yield to the choice of the ordering party. 

Price same as No. 1! 




No. 200. 

Cut No. 200 represents the same, with hand dressed holding a 
pen in the act of writing. 

This has been regarded as a wonderful accomplishment, when 
really it is less difficult than many services the hand is capable of 
performing. 

Price and measurements required same as No. 198. 




No. 201. 
Cut No. 201 represents an artificial forearm without the upper 
arm attachment. The arm is held on the stump by straps attached 
to the socket, passing over the shoulder and around the body. 
For persons who wear arms for appearance only and have good 
length of stump below the elbow this method of attachment is 
ample and will serve the purpose well. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



83 



Price for one arm, with wrist attachment, suspender, hook, knife, 
fork, brush, and gloves, $35.00. Without wrist attachment, with 
suspender, hook, knife, fork, brush, and glove, $30.00. Measure- 
ments required are explained on pages 89-90. 
Aluminum sockets for artificial arms, see page 436. 

ARMS FOR WRIST JOINT AMPUTATIONS. 




No. 202. 



Cut No. 202 represents a wrist joint amputation. These ampu- 
tations may be divided into two classes : the first in which the 
osseous processes of the ulna and radius in the region of the wrist 
are retained, presenting a flattened appearance to the stump, with 
the greater diameter some larger than above it ; second class 
includes those in which these processes have disappeared, leaving 
the end of the stump round and smaller than above. 




No. 203. 



Cut No. 203 represents an artificial forearm suitable for the first 
class ; the stump is encased by a leather sheath which is adjusted 
and secured by lacing. The processes which distinguish this class 
afford the means of securing the artificial forearm ; if these pro- 
cesses are prominent the arm will be sufficiently secured to enable the 
wearer to pull and lift heavy objects. The knife, fork, hook, and 
brush are held in the palm. 

Price for one arm, with implements complete, $30.00. Measure- 
ments necessary are explained on pages 89-90. 

If the processes about the end or wrist are insufficiently prom- 
inent or are painful to the touch it will not be possible to depend 
on them for security. 



84 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



Cut No. 204 represents an arm for such cases ; the stump is 
encased and laced as tightly as can be endured. The pressure is 




No. 204. 

taken from the wrist and carried to the upper arm and shoulders 
as represented. 

Price for one arm, with suspenders and implements complete, 
$50.00. Measurements necessary are explained on pages 89-90. 

In either of these cases it will not be possible to use the remov- 
able hand unless the wearer is willing to allow the arm to be one 
inch longer than the opposite or sound arm, the wrist catch requir- 
ing one inch of room. On account of this we attach the hand per- 
manently to the forearm and depend on the palm thimble for a 
means of holding the eating, toilet and laboring implements. The 
second class of wrist joint amputations, viz., those in which the ends 
of the stumps are round and smaller than above, are furnished with 
No. 199 arms and regarded the same as an amputation below the 
elbow, except that the hand is permanently attached to the forearm, 
for the same reasons assigned to the first class. 




No. 205. 



Cut No. 205 represents an arm for amputation below the elbow 
with hook inserted in wrist ; this arrangement secures more utility 
for the laboring man than any other we know of. If the ordering 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



85 



party desires any .of the foregoing arms without a hand there will 
be a reduction in the price of $10.00 for each arm. 




Cuts Nos. 206, 207 represent an apparatus calculated to assist a 
stump amputated in the metacarpals to grasp and hold articles. 

We made a pair of these for a man in New York State, some 
fifteen years ago ; the utility he derived from them was very grati- 



••• :S;;;:; «;;'S:::; ; :;^ : ;:;:ri:| 




No. 207. 



fying ; he was able to hold a knife and fork and feed himself. He 
could grasp almost any farming implement and hold it to advantage. 
Price each $25.00. 

ALUMINUM SOCKETS FOR ARTIFICIAL ARMS. 

Sockets made of aluminum are preferable to those made of wood 
in cases where the arms are made for hard-working persons or for 
those who find it necessary to expose their artificial arms to water. 
These arms can be made much stronger, more durable — and still be 
neat in appearance — than if wood were employed. Aluminum 
socket arms, however, are slightly heavier than those made of wood ; 
but the additional strength that they possess makes them more 
desirable in cases where artificial arms are subjected to unusual 
strains and moisture. The prices are the same as when made of wood. 

An order for any of the artificial arms herein described will 
cover without extra charge the following 

ACCESSORIES. 

Necessary suspenders attached, sock for stump, knife, fork, hook, 
brush, pair of kid gloves (except when the arm is ordered without 
a hand), also boxing and delivering to express or freight office in 
New York City when desired. 



86 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW 10RK CITY. 



PARTS OF HANDS. 




No. 208. 



No 209. 



No. 210. 



Cuts Nos. 208 and 209 represent amputations of the fingers and 
thumb. 

Cut No. 210 represents a rubber hand for the same ; the socket 
extends above the wrist and is held in place by lacing. 

The fingers are either ductile, rigid, or flexible according to the 
purposes for which the hand is to be used. If the wearer wishes to 
lift considerably, it will be desirable to have the fingers cast in the 
shape of hooks, and made strong and rigid by a steel skeleton. If 
the purposes for which the hand is wanted are for appearance and 
to serve for light work as well, the ductile fingers will be more 
desirable, and if the hand is for appearance only, and the party 
wants the rubber hand to be made of the minimum weight, the 
spongy, flexible fingers will meet his wishes. 

As these hands and sections of hands have to be modeled 
and molded expressly, they are quite expensive, costing from $30.00 
to $100.00 each, according to the difficulties in the case. Duplicates, 
however, can be had at any subsequent time for the nominal price 
of $15.00 each. 

Plaster casts of both the sound hand and stump, taken well up 
on the forearm, are required in order to model and fit properly. 





No. 211. 



No. 212. 



Cut No. 211 represents an amputation of the fingers through the 
metacarpals, thumb remaining. 

Cut No. 212 represents a rubber hand for the same. It is 
attached and held as described in No. 210 ; the prices and required 
casts are the same as described for No. 210. 

Single fingers or thumbs are made of rubber to fit on the stump, 
and held in place by the glove or a leather sheath, as may be 
desired. Price each $15.00. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



APPARATUS FOR MALFORMATIONS, DISTORTIONS 
AND EXSECTIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. 

We are constantly called upon to make artificial arms and appa- 
ratus for malformations, distortions, and a great variety of affec- 
tions. An exsection of a part of the humerus, or the ulna and 
radius, or of the elbow joint, can be benefited by an apparatus as 
represented in Cut No. 213. 




No. 213. 

The arm is encased in a manner to give the affected section the 
necessary firmness to enable the muscles and tendons to act and 
control the lower sections of the arms. 

Price $40.00. Measurements required are explained on pages 
89-90. 





No. 214. No. 215. 

Cut No. 214 represents an arm distorted by a burn in childhood ; 
the elbow joint fixed ; the stump terminated in a bulbous end. 

Cut No. 215 represents the arm in which the stump was secured. 
With this arm the wearer found much comfort ; was able to con- 
ceal her loss and perform many services. 

Price complete $30.00. Measurements required are explained on 
pages 89-90. In addition a plaster cast of stump required. 

RUBBER HANDS APPLIED TO ARTIFICIAL ARMS OF 
OTHER MANUFACTURE. 

Rubber hands can be applied to arms of any method of construc- 
tion at an expense of $20.00 for each hand, including all the imple- 
ments. 

We will not hesitate to sell the hand separate and allow the 
wearer to apply it himself. 



88 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



SUSPENDERS FOR ARTIFICIAL ARMS. 





No. 216. 



No. 217. 



Cut No. 216 represents a suspender for an artificial arm, for any 
point of amputation. It consists of a shoulder-plate made of stout 
leather, to which is attached a one-inch non-elastic Aveb strap pass- 
ing around the body immediately under the arm and buckling to 
the plate in front. The straps connecting the shoulder-plate with 
the artificial arm are of leather, adjusted by buckling ; if it is desired, 
these straps can be replaced by a lacing, as in cut No. 21V, which 
makes the adjustment neater though not stronger. 

Price for either, $2.00. 

A COMBINED KNIFE AND FORK FOR PERSONS HAY- 
ING THE USE OF BUT ONE HAND. 

Patented March 30th, 1886. 





No. 217.— The knife folded as carried in No. 218.— Knife partly opened, showing 

the pocket. the manner in which it is done. 




No. 219. — Knife open in position for No. 220. — Knife inverted and fork brought 
cutting. into position. 



The above engravings represent our new device for the conve- 
nience of those who have either temporarily or permanently lost 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



89 



the use of one of their hands, and who do not use an artificial hand 
in eating. It consists of a knife and fork combined, capable of 
being folded and carried in the pocket. The knife blade is of a 
•crescent shape which, by a rolling movement and a slight pressure 
given to it by the wrist, will cut meat or any article of food, with- 
out danger of sliding from the plate. By rotation of the wrist the 
fork can be brought into position and the morsels conveniently car- 
ried from the plate to the mouth, all accomplished by but one hand, 
with little exertion, and without attracting attention. The knife 
blade, in either the opened or closed position, is firmly secured by a 
locking arrangement which is under the control of the thumb ; thus 
the danger of closing on the fingers when in use, or of opening or 
cutting or piercing the clothing when carried in the pocket, is obvi- 
ated. This contrivance is without springs or complication, is 
simple and effective. 

The blade and handle are made of fine steel and heavily nickel 
plated. The knife can be immersed in hot or cold water for cleans- 
ing, without danger of cracking or rusting. 

Sent by mail on receipt of $2.00. 



DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING MEASUREMENTS 
PROFILES FOR ONE OR A PAIR OF 
ARTIFICIAL ARMS. 



AND 



Place a large sheet of paper on a table ; undress both arm and 
stump ; extend them on the paper about parallel with each other. 
Have fingers spread, palm flat on paper, with chest close against 
the edge of paper ; hold a long pencil close to bare person and 
perpendicular to plane of paper ; cany the pencil from the shoulder 
around each arm and stump to the chest, giving profiles of entire 




No. 221. 



length, including fingers. This, if properly taken, will resemble cut 
No. 221. 



90 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Bend the arm to about right angles at elbow and mark around 
it in that position as in cut No. 222. Measure the length from 
point of shoulder to point of elbow, also length from armpit to 
bend of elbow, as indicated by the dotted lines in cut No. 222. 




No. 223. 



No. 222. 

If amputation is below the elbow, flex the stump at elbow to 
about right angles and mark around it, as in cut No. 223. 

Take circumferences of each arm and stump separately, begin- 
ning on a line with the chest, and at intervals of about every two 
inches, continue as far down as the wrist of arm and extreme end of 
stump. Take circumference of hand midway between wrist and 
base of fingers ; take circumference of hand under the thumb 
around the base of fingers. 

These measuring places are represented in cut No. 221 by the 
dotted lines. If the amputation has been at any of the articulations 
or in any part of the hand, a plaster cast will be required of the stump 
from end up to the next joint. If there are any peculiarities or 
sensitive points note them. Answer the following questions : 

Name of patient ? 

Post-office address ? 

Occupation ? 

Age? 

Weight ? 

Cause of amputation ? 

When amputated? 

Which arm amputated, right or left ? 

Has the patient worn an artificial arm ? 

Whose make ? How long ? 

Name of party ordering arm ? 

Post-office address ? 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



91 



HOW TO TAKE A PLASTER CAST. 

Plaster casts are only required of stumps or deformed limbs on 
which there are irregularities or protuberances that cannot be 
located or portrayed on diagrams, or that cannot be definitely 
described. Usually amputations in the articulations, elbow, wrist, 
knee, or ankle, or amputations in the feet or hands, leave stumps 
that can be fitted more exactly by plaster casts than by diagrams; 
if the patient is to be present at the fitting, it will not be necessary 
to provide casts. 

As an illustration of a simple method of taking what is usually 
considered a difficult cast, we will illustrate the process of taking a 




No. 359. 



No. 360. 



cast of the leg and stump of an amputation that has been made in 
the instep. 

Procure about six quarts of finely ground, quick-setting plaster 
of paris. Prepare the stump by removing all coverings and by 
shaving off the hair. Rub a small amount of vaseline, lard, or any 
greasy substance on the leg and stump. Pass a string around the 
stump and hold the ends above the knee as in cut No. 359. 

Put about two quarts of plaster in a basin, add about one quart 
of water to it, and mix thoroughly (the plaster in this condition 
should have the consistency of mason's mortar), spread the plaster 
along the string so as to make it stick to the sides of the leg as in 
cut No. 360. 

Now work quickly and spread the plaster all over the leg and 
stump ; if the amount of plaster ready mixed is not sufficient, mix 



92 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



up some more as quickly as possible, and continue spreading it on 
the leg until the leg from the knee to and around the end of the 
stump has a covering of at least one-half inch in thickness. When 




No. 361 



No. 362. 



the plaster has become slightly hard, pull the ends of the string 
downward so as to cut the plaster on both sides as in cut No. 361. 
In this manner cut the plaster its entire 
length and around the end ; when this is 
done let the plaster remain until it has 
become very hard, when the plaster can be 
taken from the leg in two parts as in cut 
No. 362. 

These two parts should be thoroughly 
oiled on the insides, then put them together 
as they fit. If the plaster has broken, the 
pieces can be carefully put together and 
the entire shell wrapped with cord. This will 
form a matrix or mold. Spread a little slake 
plaster on the seams and cracks so as to 
seal the mold. Now mix up two or three 
quarts of plaster; this time make it quite 
thin, about the consistency of molasses, two 
quarts of plaster to three pints of water. 
Fill the mold with this slake plaster as in 
cut No. 363 ; after the mold has been filled, 
lay it aside for two or three hours. When 
the plaster has become very hard, the shell or mold can be carefully 
pried or broken off and a cast or a facsimile of the leg and stump 
will be obtained. 




No. 363. 



A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 93 



ARTIFICIAL LIMBS MADE AND FITTED FROM MEAS- 
UREMENTS WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF 
THE PATIENT. 

We claim to be the originators of this very convenient and impor- 
tant feature. At a very early date, after we had had the experi- 
ence of fitting the person in several hundred cases, we turned our 
attention to the feature of fitting from measures, chiefly for the 
accommodation of those residing at a distance and to whom travel- 
ing would be inconvenient. We collected all the data we had 
accumulated, and made ourselves thoroughly acquainted with the 
anatomv of the extremities, and from them established certain inva- 
riable rules which, governed by carefully taken measurements and 
profiles, established a system by which fitting from measurements 
became a matter of certainty. This is an achievement for which 
we claim some consideration. Our competitors viewed our efforts 
with derision and characterized our motives as ulterior. We are 
glad, however, to say that results have justified us in our endeavors, 
and the system which we inaugurated has been a boon to thousands. 

It could hardly be expected that persons living in foreign countries, 
or in our own distant States and Territories, would willingly subject 
themselves to the fatigue of a wearisome journey in order to get an 
artificial limb. Such journeys not only incur expense but great sac- 
rifice of time, accompanied with more or less inconvenience. When 
these facts are taken into consideration the cripple is disposed to 
forego the purchase of a good leg and buy some make-shift 
obtainable near at hand, or else resign himself to crutches the 
remainder of his life. 

Our patronage extends throughout the entire world ; within the 
past few years we have shipped to the following foreign countries : 
Canada, British Columbia, NeAvfoundland, England, Ireland, Scot- 
land, Germany, France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Spain, Portu- 
gal, Italy, Turkey, Japan, U. S. of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, 
Buenos Ayres, Patagonia, Brazil, British Guiana, Venezuela, Guade- 
loupe, Mexico, San Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, 
Santa Domingo, Porto Rico, Trinidad, St. Thomas, Cuba, Jamaica, 
Bermuda, India, New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia. With very 
rare exceptions the limbs for parties in these countries were made 
and fitted from measurements, and sent to them. The results 
which followed were flattering. For evidence of our ability to fit 
persons while they remain at home, we refer to the testimonials 



94 A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

printed in this pamphlet. Any one desiring further evidence on 
the subject can write to any of those parties and receive a written 
statement from them. It may be noticed that some of our pat- 
rons who reside within the short distance of one hundred miles 
prefer to have the fitting done by measurements, rather than spare 
the time or submit to the annoyance of coming in person. 

We are disposed to encourage fitting from measures, and in 
order to relieve the ordering party of any responsibility we assume 
all risks of fit and adaptability, the understanding being, — should a 
misfit result we will reconstruct the limb or make a new one after 
new and more accurate measurements ; this we do at our own 
expense, looking to the ordering party to pay expressages only. 

Should cases arise in which two or more attempts at fitting from 
measurements prove unsuccessful, due to peculiarities or irregulari- 
ties in the stump, incapable of intelligent communication either 
by measurements, profiles, or plaster casts, then we reserve the 
privilege of asking the presence of the patient, and will reconstruct 
the limb to his entire satisfaction. We desire it to be understood, 
however, that for our own convenience it is preferable to have 
the patient with us for fitting, and if the patient chooses to come 
we will never offer the least objection, but will promise to give 
our earliest and undivided attention immediately upon his arrival. 
Persons ordering limbs to be fitted without their presence are 
required to take great care in measuring. 

Suitable blanks, with full instructions, are always sent for that 
purpose. When errors occur, they are usually discovered by a 
thorough examination before the limb is made, and new blanks 
returned for new and more correct measures and drafts. The 
system is such that one can not well make mistakes if he will adhere 
to the directions that are plainly given upon the blank, and 
repeated in other parts of this pamphlet. 

There are some cases, where amputations are performed at the 
joints, where plaster casts are needed to insure more accuracy ; 
but all usual amputations are treated successfully from measure- 
ments only. Printed instructions are always sent with every limb, 
giving full directions for adjusting, wearing, and caring for the limb. 

CALLS MADE TO RESIDENCE. 

We will call upon any one desirous of purchasing artificial limbs, 
residing within the limits of the city, for consultation, measuring, 
fitting, or advice — free of charge ; and upon any party without the 
city limits, provided they will pay the expense of traveling and a 
reasonable amount for extra time consumed, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMES, NEW YORK CITY.. 



95 



LADY ATTENDANT. 

Ladies well acquainted with the various departments of the busi- 
ness are employed in the office to give attention to lady patients. 



BRANCHES. 

We are frequently asked if we have any branches or offices in 
other parts of the country than in New York City. 

To this question we reply, we have not. We have established 
branches, but have had unpleasant experiences with them ; conveni- 
ent as it would be for our patrons, w^e are nevertheless compelled to 
concentrate our endeavors at the headquarters ; by doing so we 
claim to be able to do a greater service to our patrons, give them a 
better article, and assure them the very best results. 

To take the place of branches our system of measurements is 
found to be sufficient and thoroughly satisfactory. 

We have agents established in many parts of the country, who 
are authorized to solicit orders, take measurements, and apply the 
limbs ; they are required to send all their orders direct to us for 
execution. 



INFORMATION FOR STRANGERS VISITING THE CITY. 

We are constantly receiving letters from persons asking for in- 
formation as to the proper course to take to reach our office, con- 
venient hotel accommodations, etc. 

In order to place this information in the hands of all desiring it, 
we will say that our office, 701 Broadway, is located near Fourth 
Street, second block above Grand Central Hotel ; less than 
two miles from Grand Central Depot, where the New York, 
New Haven & Hartford, Harlem, Hudson River, and New York 
Central railroads terminate in one immense depot. We are located 
but a trifle over one mile from nearly all the railroad, steamboat, and 
ferry landings in the city. We mention these distances because 
the rate of fare to be charged by hacks is governed by a city ordi- 
nance, thus : For conveying one or two passengers for any distance 
not exceeding two miles, $1 ; for over two and not exceeding three, 



96 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

$1.50 ; for over three miles and not exceeding four, $2. This 
makes it legitimate to charge $1 for conveyance from any of 
the railroad depots to our office. It is always best to make a 
definite bargain with the hackman before entering his hack, and 
then hold him strictly to it. The Broadway line of cars pass our 
doors. They can be reached by walking but a few blocks from any 
depot or ferry, or by taking intersecting line of cars. It is best to 
make inquiries of a policeman at the depot or landing as to the 
proper route to take — they are stationed there for the purpose of 
directing as well ^protecting strangers. 

Good hotel accommodations, with or without board, and also res- 
taurants and dining-saloons, are many and near to us, comprising 
both moderate and expensive rates. One can tarry comfortably in 
New York at from one dollar per day to any price above that they 
may choose to pay. 

It is often the case that persons upon leaving home wish to inform 
their friends how to reach them by mail or telegraph. If such com- 
munications are directed to them and to our care, with our address 
properly inscribed, the mail will come to us and will be received 
and held for them. 

Our patrons are also welcome to the accommodation of a fireproof 
safe for the depositing of valuable papers or money. All persons 
dealing with us and stopping in the city will find us centrally 
located, and are at liberty to use our premises for their head- 
quarters. 



TERMS OF PAYMENT. 

Payment is required with every order. If more convenient, one- 
half the amount can be advanced and the balance paid on comple- 
tion and delivery. Those who think it unfair for us to exact pay- 
ment in advance should bear in mind that an artificial limb is made 
to order and for but one individual ; it is not expected that it will 
'fit or can be used by any one else. 

Thus is readily seen the necessity of advance payment, or part of 
it at least, as a guarantee of good faith. The patient can rest con- 
fident that just as good a limb and just as good a fit will be secured 
as though no payment were made until the limb is delivered. 

In case any mistake or bad fit occurs we hold ourselves strictly 
responsible, and will rectify the same with willingness, whether the 
error can be placed to the carelessness of our workmen or of the 
•patient 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 97 

The proposition to place the money on deposit with some busi- 
ness man or in some bank, to be paid to us as soon as the limb is 
received and found to be satisfactory, is frequently suggested by 
correspondents. We invariably decline such terms ; a little thought 
will assure any one of the necessity of our position. 

A new artificial limb, no matter how well it is made and fitted, or 
how perfectly well adapted it may be to the case, seldom impresses 
the wearer favorably at first ; there is most always a feeling of dis- 
appointment which nothing but perseverance and practice will over- 
come ; if the arrangements in regard to payment are subject to 
these impressions the maker is pretty likely to have all his labor for 
nought, and the ordering party, by his hasty conclusion, denied what 
would ultimately prove to be a blessing. Hence it is obvious that 
some obligation on the part of the ordering party must be 
imposed that will require of him the necessary exertion to over- 
come the novelty of a new limb. Advance payment is found 
to' be the most efficacious. In view of these facts we shall 
always insist upon this method ; at the same time we obligate our- 
selves to furnish a serviceable and proper article, and will cheer- 
fully make any alteration that may be necessary to improve mat- 
ters, at no additional cost to the wearer except expressages. 

PAYMENTS ON THE INSTALLMENT PLAN. 

We are perfectly willing to allow any one any reasonable length 
of time in which to pay part of the money for their limbs, and will 
accept of small payments at periods to suit the convenience of the 
party, provided one-half the money be paid with the order and 
the balance be secured by some reliable business house, or by col- 
laterals. Under no consideration will we accept of any proposition 
that does not fully and amply secure us against any caprice or pos- 
sible injustice. We propose to deal with all sincerely and honestly, 
and place our reputation at stake in all transactions. We shall 
expect the same consideration from others. 

GUARANTEE. 

Every limb we manufacture and deliver is protected by the 
following guarantee: 

Material, workmanship, and adaptability warranted to be fault- 
less. Should any defects present themselves we obligate ourselves 
to make them good without charge, provided the limb is delivered 
to us as soon as such defects are known. This guarantee to be 
in force for a period of five years from the date of delivery of 
the limb. 



98 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOftK CITY. 



We regard this guarantee consistent and satisfactory to any 
reasonable mind. 

It is well to note that we do not agree to keep the limb in repair 
for five years irrespective of accidents, abuse, or negligence. Nor 
do we obligate ourselves to reconstruct any limb to meet changes 
that may take place in the stump. 

A written guarantee will accompany every limb when requested. 
This guarantee, printed in this treatise, will answer every purpose. 



ARTIFICIAL LIMBS SUPPLIED TO PENSIONERS OF 

THE UNITED STATES AT GOVERNMENT 

EXPENSE. 

Artificial limbs have been furnished by the Government to our 
Nation's defenders, who suffered amputations from injuries received 
while in service, ever since the year 1862. The first law provided 
but one limb for each amputation ; but, in 1870, new laws were 
enacted which*s,upplied new limbs immediately, and renewed them 
every five years thereafter. 

March 3, 1891, this law w^as amended so as to change the periods 
of issue from five to three years. The following information, taken 
from the Surgeon-General's circular, is printed for the benefit of 
those interested : 

" Every officer, or enlisted or hired man, who has lost a limb or 
the use of a limb in the military or naval service of the United 
States, is entitled to receive, once every three years, an artificial 
limb or apparatus. The period of three years is reckoned from the 
last maturity subsequent to March 3, 1888. 

" Necessary transportation to the manufactory and return, by the 
most usual and direct route, will be furnished to those desiring it 
for the purpose of having artificial limbs fitted, but will not be fur- 
nished except for this purpose." 

Sleeping-car accommodations w r ill be given upon request. 

All manufacturers of Government limbs are required to furnish 
bonds of two sureties of five thousand dollars each, for the faithful 
performance of their w r ork. 

Having satisfied this requirement, orders are (and have been for 
the past twenty years) issued upon us after a proper application has 
been made by the pensioner. The number of limbs we have made 
under these laws is in excess of the most extravagant boasting of 
any manufacturer, and as issue follows issue the applications are 
constantly on the increase. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 



99 



Blanks and instructions necessary for applying for government 
artificial limbs will be sent to pensioners who wish to apply ; also 
blanks for transportation to come and return from any part of the 
United States for the purpose of having the limb fitted. 

Plain common-sense people select plain common-sense articles. 

The uncomplicated instruments of war proved the most effectual 
and most serviceable, and the soldiers know it ; the same rule 
applies with equal force to artificial limbs. 

Our old soldier patrons need no assurance from us that they will 
be fairly dealt with, and those who have no practical knowledge of 
our limbs or of our reputation will do well to correspond with some 
whose names will be found in the pages of this pamphlet. 

Pensioners who reside at a great distance and do not care to 
travel so far, notwithstanding the fact that the Government will 
supply them with transportation, can have their Government limbs 
made from measures and sent to them, same as individuals who 
were not soldiers, and thus avoid the labor and time of a long jour- 
ney. Our system of measurements, together with long and exten- 
sive experience, insures the very best results. \Ye preserve all our 
old measurements, as well as a full record of all the limbs made, in 
a fire-proof safe, and are able to duplicate an order at any time. 

Many persons are availing themselves of our facilities and skill, 
and save their time and money by having their limbs made from 
measures. 

Every pensioner in need of an artificial limb should take advan- 
tage of the Government's generosity ; by so doing they secure the 
very best article and are protected by the Government. 

Some manufacturers endeavor to have the pensioner draw the 
money in lieu of the limb and afterwards buy the limb with the 
money. 

As an inducement to follow this plan they offer some rebate ; it 
should be understood that when this is done the manufacturer is 
relinquished of any obligation his bond has placed him under and 
the Government has no claims against him. 



100 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



AMPUTATIONS, DESIRABLE POINTS, AND THE KIND 

OF OPERATIONS MOST SUITABLE FOR THE 

USE OF ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

An amputation that has been made with favorable results for the 
use of an artificial limb will greatly simplify the problem of sup- 
plying the want. On the other hand if the amputation is made 
regardless of prothesis, the patient is likely to be encumbered with 
a stump incapable of being supplied with an artificial limb to the 
best advantage. The latter condition always provokes unpleasant 
criticism on the ability of the surgeon, and is frequently exhibited 
as an evidence of his lack of skill. 

The surgeon, therefore, can not be too careful in the choice of 
operation and the point of amputation, not only for the interest of 
his patient but as well for the protection of his reputation. 

Our contact with thousands of amputations, embracing every 
character and school, ought to place us in a position to give the 
operator a hint or two that might serve him in the prosecution of 
his good intentions. We therefore beg to offer a few suggestions. 

In the first place the surgeon should acquire some knowledge 
of artificial limbs. He should know where the points of bearing can 
be taken in every kind of amputation. He should acquaint himself 
with the changes that take place in the stump after the application 
of an artificial limb, so that he can work the stump into a condition 
that will reduce these changes to the minimum. Under these three 
heads we propose to discuss this subject. 

. 1st. The surgeon should acquire some knowledge of artificial 
limbs. This is essential because the successful use of an artificial leg 
depends in a measure upon the character of the work he has done,, 
and then, too, the surgeon is the first man the patient consults on 
the subject. If he exposes ignorance the patient is thrown in a state 
of doubt and worry over the thought that possibly ignorance on the 
subject had led the operator into errors in his management of the 
case. And if, on the other hand, to conceal his ignorance, the sur- 
geon has given the patient some wild, fanciful notions concerning 
artificial limbs, the patient, if of a chimerical disposition, will never 
be suited with the appliances of the most ingenious maker ; he will 
always be in search for some Utopian limb that will bring him to 
the realization of his expectations, encouraged by his surgeon, who- 
" knows every thing." 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



101 



Any surgeon can acquaint himself with artificial limbs sufficiently 
for all practical purposes, in a very few hours ; if he can meet a 
maker who has had considerable experience, an hour's talk with him 
will suffice ; if this is denied, the perusal of the pamphlets of expe- 
rienced makers will inform him on the subject. 

2d. He should know where the points of bearing are taken in 
every kind of amputation, so as to make the choice of amputation 
a wise one. 

An amputation through the shafts of the bones, or in other 
words any where between the articulations, leaves the end of 
the stump insufficiently protected to bear pressure ; consequently the 
weight is necessarily taken in part on the sides of the stump by 
compression, and in part by opposition of the artificial leg with the 
enlarging part of the stump. This means : for amputation in the 
thigh, that the weight is taken on the sides of the stump above the 
end and about the ischium. For amputations in the lower leg, the 




No. 225. 



weight is taken on the sides, above the end, and on the surfaces of 
the interior and anterior tuberosities of the upper section of the tibia. 
The exceptions to this rule are too rare to be mentioned. 



102 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



In disarticulations in which the articular surfaces have not been 
interfered with and the cicatricial tissues non-adherent, the entire 
weight of the wearer can be carried on the end with perfect safety 
and with great relief and comfort to the wearer. 

In amputations of the thigh it is a good rule to save all the bone 
possible; protect the bone with abundant periosteal and integu- 
mental tissue, and carry the flap well to the posterior so as to have 
the cicatrix distant from the end of the bone. 

Cut No. 225 represents an amputation above the middle of the 
thigh ; the stump is held in a horizontal position to show the mo- 
bility of the hip. The flap is well carried to the rear and the tissues 
about the end are free and yielding ; although this stump is quite 
short it can be relied upon for a great amount of work with less 
danger of irritation than if the femur were several inches longer 
and unprotected by abundant tissue ; this favorable condition may 
be attributed in whole to the disposition of the cicatrix and the non- 
adherence of the tissues. 




No. 226. 



Cut No. 226 shows an amputation above the middle of the thigh 
in which the tissues, although adherent to the bone, are supplied 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 103 

with accommodating folds, which fortunately protect the cicatrix 
from danger of laceration. 

Without this abundant tissue the stump would be an unfortunate 
one. 

Amputations in the knee joints are very favorable and are pre- 
ferred to any point above. 

An unfortunate practice exists, however, among some operators 
of trimming the condyles in knee joint amputations ; we are very 
much opposed to this, as the trimming of the condyles in most cases 
removes the possibility of bearing on the end, as any interference 
with the condyles has a tendency to remove or impair the natural 
cushions on the articular surfaces and is likely to render them 
incapable of enduring the pressure of the weight of the patient. 
If the patella can be placed in the inter-condylic space and kept 
there without danger of slipping, it will be quite desirable to do so, 
but the advantages of having the patella retained are not sufficient 
to risk any chance of subsequent displacement. The flap for this 
amputation should be anterior, so as to bring the cicatrix well up 
on the posterior of the stump. 

If this can not be done, let the flap be selected from that part of 
the leg that will admit of enough tissue to form a cushion for the 
end and allow the cicatrix to be placed well away from the end. 

We advise in all knee-joint amputations to take the weight on 
the end when it is possible to do so, and find that the best results 
follow when the wearer is able to take advantage of this condition. 

In amputations below the knee it is desirable to save all the 
length possible down to about the juncture of the middle and 
lower thirds ; between this point and the ankle-joint there can be 
no advantage in saving length of bone. In an amputation below 
the knee it is particularly desirable to have the end of the tibia 
well covered with periosteum, and the flap carried well over the 
end of the bone so as to avoid adhesion. Teale's method for the 
lower third amputation is unquestionably one that produces excel- 
lent results. The same may be said of his method for thigh 
amputations. 

The most favorable ankle joint amputation for the use of an arti- 
ficial foot is that known as S3^mes' ; this amputation leaves a stump 
that combines the greatest number of favorable conditions. In the 
Symes amputation there is no need of cutting any of the surfaces of 
the bones ; the periosteum should never be interfered with and the cica- 
trix should be located on the anterior surface, a trifle above the end. 

The end of the stump carries the weight, and the patient can be 
supplied with a leg that fills the highest possible conditions and at 
the least cost. Cut No. 129, page 42, represents a model Symes stump. 



104 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

Pirogoff's amputation takes a second place to the Symes'. There 
is but little difference between the two, but the preference seems 
to favor the Symes'. 

Chopart's, Heys', Lisfranc's, and in fact any of the numerous 
partial foot amputations should be performed when conditions do 
not demand the sacrifice of more of the human limb. Until quite 
recently our views upon all partial foot amputations were adverse ; 
we were unable to devise a strong, resistant, comely shaped artificial 
foot that would provide a phalangeal ball upon which the entire 
weight of the wearer could be elevated, and the devices of our 
competitors were far from supplying the want to a helpful degree. 
We therefore were conscientious in placing all partial foot amputa- 
tions under the ban of execration. 

The invention of the aluminum socket leg terminated by a rubber 
foot has removed every objection that we ever entertained to 
partial foot amputations. 

If in performing a partial foot amputation the surgeon has had 
occasion to sever the extensors, he should watch closely the 
disposition of the tendo-achilles. If he finds that this tendon, from 
the absence of counteracting forces, is contracting and causing the 
amputated surface of the stump to point downwards, he should lash 
the leg in a splint, or, if necessaiy, perform tenotomy, or do some- 
thing to hold the stump in its normal position. If the remaining 
planter surface of the foot is permitted or forced to keep its normal 
position, that part of the foot can be availed of for bearing the 
weight of the wearer while the artificial foot is in use. The 
amputated surface which is usually covered with cicatricial tissue 
will be protected. 

Our newly devised aluminum socket for partial foot amputations 
provides a case for the stump and the anterior longitudinal half of 
the leg. The tensile strength of aluminum admits of the shell 
being reduced in thickness to the minimum. The socket thus con- 
structed will possess sufficient rigidity and strength to answer the 
purpose without objectionably increasing the diameters about the 
stump. 

It may be well to call attention to the fact that in partial foot 
amputations the mobility of the ankle articulation cannot be utilized 
to advantage. The stump from the ankle will not admit of a firm 
grasp. The remaining bones and neurological complications of the 
foot are such as to forbid continuous or severe pressure to the 
degree required to enable the wearer to rise on the ball of the 
artificial foot by the action of the ankle joint. On account of this 
it is necessary to carry the socket of the artificial foot up nearly to 
the knee, distributing the pressure accommodatingly about the 
leg. 

All ankle or partial foot amputations can be successfully supplied 
with artificial feet at the least cost and in a way that will practically 
remove all disability. 

Amputations of the upper extremities or upper arms can be safely 
governed by one rule, — that is, to save all the length possible, with a 
preference for disarticulations for amputations above. The utility of 



A.. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 105 



an artificial hand compared with the natural is almost insignificant, 
therefore it is desirable to retain every thing possible. Exsection 
•of the ulna, radius, humerus, or of any of the articulations that will 
leave the hand or even a part of the hand in place and under mus- 
cular control, should by all means be preferred to an amputation. 
A single finger or even the metacarpals will be of more value than 
.any artificial hand ever invented. Our prayer to the surgeon is 
therefore to save every thing possible in all surgical operations in 
the upper extremities. 

3d. The changes that take place in a stump after the use of 
an artificial limb, and which in a measure can be obviated by the 
surgeon. 

The almost invariable tendency of a stump immediately after 
recovery from the amputation is to accumulate fat. This not only 
enlarges the stump but makes it flaccid. 

The effect of an artificial limb on a stump in this condition is to 
crowd out the fatty tissue and harden and solidify the stump ; this 
change is desirable, as a stump can never control an artificial limb 
to the best advantage until such a change has taken place ; but un- 
fortunately this change when brought about by the use of an arti- 
ficial limb unfits the stump for the artificial limb — as the stump 
becomes smaller the artificial limb becomes looser ; it is true the 
wearer can add coverings to his stump or place linings in the socket 
of the limb, but both of these methods are objectionable, as they 
add weight and are more or less uncomfortable ; the better way, 
however, is to have a new socket applied to the limb and fitted to 
the reduced stump. 

The surgeon in most cases has it in his power to obviate the 
occurrence of these changes, by the simple method of bandaging 
the stump tightly from the end upward and continuing in the same, 
up to the time of the application of the leg. Tight bandages will 
not admit of undue growth, and have a tendency to reduce the stump 
to small dimensions. In addition to tight bandages, frequent rub- 
bing or massage, with occasional bathing with clear water, will 
keep the stump in a healthy condition. 

The frequent movement of the joints, sufficiently violent to bring 
a tension on the tendons, will preserve full movement and check the 
tendency to either contract or anchylose. 

It will be a fortunate day when the medical and surgical institu- 
tions of the land will add to their curriculums the subject of ampu- 
tations and the treatment of stumps with view to prothesis. Up to 
the present time the practitioner has to learn from experience ; 
lie is thrown entirely on his own resources, and, being usually an 
occupied man, can ill afford the time to devote to a subject that to 



106 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

Ms mind is of little gravity. In consequence of this he is very likely 
to run into errors. 

To continue tight bandages after the stump is healed and sound, 
for the purpose of keeping the stump down to small dimensions, is 
so unnatural that his mind is slow to comprehend the importance of 
it ; and the opposite disposition is likely to prevail — that of encourag- 
ing-growth so as to have the stump assume the proportions of the 
opposite or sound leg. 

HOW SOON AFTER AMPUTATION SHOULD AN ARTI- 
FICIAL LIMB BE APPLIED ? 

Experience shows that the most suitable time to apply an arti- 
ficial limb is as soon after the healing and recovery from shock as 
possible. A little thought will convince any one of the prudence 
of this. We have already called attention to the fact that stumps 
immediately after recovery from amputation tend to grow large 
and flabby, and that the joints become enervated and the muscles 
tend to contract. To counteract these tendencies we have prescribed 
bandages, massage, and frequent vigorous movements of the joints, 
to be persisted in until the artificial limb is applied. As soon as an 
artificial limb is applied the artificial limb controls these tendencies. 

We have applied limbs to stumps within one month after amputa- 
tion with very excellent results ; this period, however, for the usual 
case is too brief. A safe rule to govern this matter is, as soon after 
healing as possible. 

Patients are frequently advised to wait until the stump becomes 
hard and tough ; this advice is an evidence of a lack of knowledge on 
the subject. Nothing but use will make the members of the human 
body hard and tough. The bottoms of our natural feet are hard 
and calloused from constant walking upon them. The hands of a 
laborer are strong and hard from the constant use he puts them 
to, while those of the unoccupied are soft, tender, and effeminate ;. 
nothing but use keeps our joints strong and flexible. Allow a sound 
and healthy arm to hang uselessly by the side for a month and the 
consequence will be that the arm will become so enervated that it 
will require a great effort even to move it. A stump hanging use- 
lessly from the body undergoes the same enervating changes ; hence 
we say, apply a leg as soon as possible after the healing and recovery 
from the shock. The following correspondence on this subject will,, 
we hope, be read with interest : 

Stephen G. Cook, M. D., 

New York City. 
Dear Sir — Your experience as a surgeon and physician, and 
more especially as United States Government Inspector of Artificial 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 107 

Limbs, purchased by the Government for the disabled soldiers, en- 
ables you to exercise a practical as well as theoretical knowledge 
upon the important question of what constitutes a proper period to 
elapse after amputation before applying an artificial limb. 

Upon this very important question surgeons differ very widely, 
and I desire to obtain your opinions for publication, and trust you 
will contribute a full expression of your views upon the subject. 

Yours very truly, 

A. A." Marks. 

REPLY. 

Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir — Your letter, asking my opinion as to the length of 
time to intervene between the amputation of a limb and the appli- 
cation of an artificial one, has been received, and in response I would 
say that I would allow just as long a time to elapse as is necessary 
for the thorough healing of the stump, and no longer. 

In my opinion there are at least three good and sufficient reasons 
why the interval should be brief, to wit : 

First. Because by disuse the muscles left by the amputation, and 
which in the future are to control the action of not only the stump 
"but also the artificial limb thereto attached, become undisciplined / 
that is to say, they lose the nice co-operation there is naturally 
between them and the will-power. 

That muscles act under the strictest discipline needs no further 
evidence than to watch the skillful movements of any trained arti- 
san and compare them with the bungling efforts of the unskilled, 
the untrained, and the undisciplined. After an amputation the 
muscles left are necessarily for a time unused, and if left too long 
lose the power of responding to and being governed by the will. 
The application of the artificial limb is the first impulse that 
arouses them from their long period of inactivity ; hence, in my 
opinion, it should be applied just as soon as practicable after the 
stump has healed. 

Second My second reason is based upon the old physiological law 
that " action increases strength." Compare the muscular develop- 
ment of the blacksmith, the boat-rower, the trained athlete and 
gymnast, with those of gentlemen of leisure and pleasure, and the 
adage needs no further proof. The muscles of an amputated limb 
not only become undisciplined, but they also become atrophied, 
shrunken, and effeminate, and the longer they are unused the more 
atrophied they become. The shrinking of the muscular tissues is 
supplemented by a deposit of adipose tissue (fat), so much so that 
sometimes when the manufacturer of artificial limbs is applied to, 
he finds, instead of a hard and firm stump, what has more the 
appearance of a mass of quivering jelly. 

Third. My third reason is applicable to the loss of a lower limb 
only, and refers to the use of crutches. Under the most favorable 
circumstances, it is a difficult task to learn to use an artificial leg 
skillfully and naturally, a task that some learn much more readily 
than others, the same difference existing between individuals in 
this respect as in learning a science or a trade. The patient who 
has learned to balance himself upon a pair of crutches, and to get 



108 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



along as rapidly and almost as easily as before he was injured is 
very apt to become both discouraged and disgusted when on the 
application of an artificial limb, he discovers he has to learn the 
art of locomotion all over again. Under such circumstances, 
unless possessed of more than the usual share of energy and deter- 
mination, he is too apt to lay the artificial limb one side for inter- 
vals too long to enable him to become speedily accustomed to its 



use. 



For these and other reasons that might be mentioned, my expe- 
rience of over twenty years as surgeon both in civil and military 
lite, as well as inspecting surgeon of artificial limbs for the United 
states Government, has led me to the conclusion that the period of 
time that should elapse between the healing of the stump and the 
application of the artificial Hmb can not be too brief. 

Yours very truly, 

S. G. Cook, M. D., 
Ill West 12th Street, New York City. 



CHILDREN. 

Children who lose one or both of their limbs before they attain 
their full growth are sometimes prevented from applying artificials 
on the ground that they will soon outgrow them. This appears at 
first glance sufficient reason, but a little reflection will show that it 
is ill advised. The child's growth and symmetrical development, 
being paramount, the use of an artificial limb is the only method 
by which the child's growth can be governed and its develop- 
ment made uniform and symmetrical. 

An artificial limb can be lengthened at any time at an expense 
not exceeding five dollars, and sometimes much less. It maybe 
well to here state that the limbs we manufacture possess a very 
important advantage over all others in this respect, on account of 
their being free from internal complications of cords and springs, 
thus saving the largest part of the expense attending the opera- 
tion of lengthening the limb to keep up with the growth of the 
patient. 

The most important point to be taken into consideration in this 
matter is, how shall we most benefit the tender sprig of childhood, 
whether by compelling him to use crutches and grow up round- 
shouldered, one-sided, or otherwise ill shaped, as frequently results 
from the long use of crutches, or at once to apply a substitute, and 
pay proper attention to the lengthening, and thereby avoid 
the unpleasant sight of a cripple, and the mortifying effect 
(to say nothing of the great inconvenience) to the patient. 
Another very important fact should be taken into consideration, 
and that is that a child growing up without a substitute to exer- 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



109 x 



cise the stump impairs the use of it, either by its becoming per- 
manently contracted or enervated. When an artificial limb is 
applied at the proper time, and the child grows with it, the child 
never seems to fully realize the loss, and becomes the most 
skillful of operators. No child that loses a leg at any age 
should go without a substitute for a single year after the 
stump is healed. Some are without means to secure limbs, and 
others will say that they can not afford it. Then call upon your 
friends for assistance, or do some thing to provide for the necessity 
of your child and avoid its growing up in your sight a deplorable 
spectacle of misfortune. 

" To clinch the nail of theory with a few blows from the hammer 
of experience," we present the following cases. 





No. 227. 



No. 228. 



Mabel Thompson, cut No. 227, had her leg amputated very close to 
her knee joint when she was but nine months old — before she began 
to creep. The stump, from disuse and for better protection, invol- 
untarily tended backward and upward. There was apparent ten- 
dency to anchylosis or stiffening of the knee. 



110 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

On consultation with the surgeons it was decided that an artificial 
leg properly fitted, with joints to operate in harmony with the nat- 
ural knee, would swing and force the stump to move as the child 
was being carried, thus check anchylosis and restore the full amount 
of motion. We applied a leg to her when she was about one year 
old. In a short time she began to creep. A few months after her 
parents were surprised to find her standing alone. She soon began 
to walk, and at this writing the child is less than five years old, 
and walks, runs, and frolics about just like other children of her 
age. Cut No. 228 represents her with an artificial limb applied. 

The leg has been lengthened and enlarged to accommodate her 
rapid growth, at an expense not exceeding the renewal of crutches. 
Had this child been neglected in her infancy, instead of the cheer- 
ful, healthy, active little girl you see in the picture, in all probabil- 
ity she would now be a weak, helpless object of pity. On examina- 
tion you would find a stump, contracted, weak, and almost lifeless, 
which wonld be a burden to her all her life. As it is, her stump is 
a model of health, strength, and usefulness, and will never fail in 
controlling an artificial leg with advantage, comfort, and nat- 
uralness. 




No. 229. 



Cut No. 229 represents a little girl eight years of age, one view 
exposing her stump and artificial leg ; in the other she is dressed 
and ready for walking. This girl grew up, developed, and at this 
writing is a lady of graceful proportions. 

Would she now be so well-formed, healthy, and competent to 
occupy her proper sphere in life, had she grown up without the aid 
of this substitute ? Her picture, cut No. 230, shows clearly what 
she now is. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Ill 



It is very well understood that young ladies wearing artificial 
limbs are not over-desirous of having it publicly known ; this is not 




No. 230. 



an exception ; nevertheless her name and address will be given, when 
desired by persons giving satisfactory reasons. She resides in New 
York City. 

Cut No. 231 represents Mr. Thomas Kehr exposing his stumps. 
At the age of ten the lad was run over by the cars, which caused 
the amputation of both legs, one above, the other just below the 
knee. In December, 1875 (just about a year after the accident), 
we applied a pair of artificials as illustrated in the cut. 

In two weeks thereafter he was walking very well without a cane. 
Two months passed and he was walking and getting about, up and 
down stairs, and in fact everywhere he wished to go, without any 
assistance whatever, with such ease and comfort that it was abso- 
lutely wonderful for such short and unfavorable stumps as his. 

Cut No. 232 shows how he appears with his limbs on and dressed. 
This case is another which practically illustrates the great impor- 



112 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



tance of applying substitutes to those who are maimed in tender 
years. 





No. 231. 



No. 232. 



Dr. Brady's letter on this case will doubtless be found of 
interest. 

Brooklyn, E. D., New York, 

May 16th, 1876. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir — I have thoroughly examined the case of the boy 
Thomas Kehr, of this city, who has been wearing a pair of your 
artificial legs for the past six months. About a year and a half ago 
he was run over by a train of the S. S. R. R. of Long Island, and 
both of his lower limbs were so crushed that I amputated them, 
the one well above the knee, the other about one inch and a half 
below. At the time of the operation many expressed a wish that 
death would occur, as the lad being very poor it was thought that 
his future would not only be a burden to himself but that his future 
support, should he reach man's estate, would depend upon the char- 
ity of the public, as it was considered about an impossibility for 
him to serviceably use artificial limbs. 

I am thankful that I can say that you have made his future worth 
the living, by giving him the means of good locomotion. 

I saw him two weeks after he had put them on for the first time, 
and it astonished me greatly to see the remarkable use he had 
already acquired ; since then I have seen him many times, and 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. H3 

have each time seen marked improvement in the freedom of use in 
walking. 

Within the past week I saw him walking on the street without 
even the help of a cane, and so little lamed that any person seeing 
Mm would not for the moment have the least suspicion that he was 
using legs other than such as nature provided. 

I feel competent to say that in this case your artificial limbs have 
proved a grand success. I have never before seen artificial limbs 
which in action approached so near that of perfection. 

I attribute the wonderful success in this boy's case mainly to the 
superior results achieved by your inventions. 

Especially can attention be called to the use of the rubber foot, 
thereby dispensing with the ankle joint, thus giving the wearer an 
elastic, reliable, and sure footing, which must greatly relieve him 
from the care and icatchfulness which must certainly be required by 
those who wear artificial limbs having jointed feet. 

Your plain and simple mode of construction of artificial legs is to 
my mind unquestionably the best, and when asked by legless persons 
as to whose make of artificial limbs would prove the best to secure 
comfort and utility, I most decidedly say, without any hesitation, 
Marks'. 

Very respectfully, 

Samuel J. Brady, M.D. 



DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME. 

Amputations and deformities are frequently attended by compli- 
cations that make the adjustment of substitutes very difficult. 

We have given special attention to these matters and have 
always been able to cope with the most perplexing. 

This may be surmised from the very peculiar apparatus illus- 
trated in the fore part of this book. There are, however, anom- 
alous cases presented every day that require some unusual method 
of treatment. 

Cut No. 233 represents an amputation a little above the ankle 
joint. The conditions of the case were as follows : The foot and 
ankle had been mutilated by a railroad accident. The tibia about 
four inches below the patella had been injured so that a scale of 
dead bone of about two inches by one inch was by the slow pro- 
cess of nature disintegrating and separating itself from the living. 

The amputation was performed a little above the malleoli. There 
being scant material at this part of the leg to furnish a copious flap, 
the extremities of the bones were poorly protected. The dead scale 
remained on the tibia partly exposed with ulcerations about its 
border. Examination revealed the facts that no pressure could be 
taken either on the end of the stump or on the sides of the extrem- 



114 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



ity, and further, that the tissues about the dead bone were sensitiv 
and painful to the touch. 





No. 233. 



No. 234. 



Even slight compression on the calf would irritate the diseased 
part. The patient came to us in this condition and was very 
anxious that something should be done to enable him to get about 
and discard his crutches. The leg we constructed was provided 
with a laced front, adjustable so that pressure could be taken about 
parts where it could be endured. Cut No. 234 represents the leg 
applied. 

This gentleman found the artificial leg of great benefit. With it 
he was able to go about without crutches and attend to his wants. 

The following case is one worthy of special notice. The subject 
met with an accident on an ocean steamer, which mangled his left 
arm, left leg, and dislocated the left hip joint. The arm was ampu- 
tated in the shoulder joint, and hip dislocation reduced, but subse- 
quently the leg was amputated in the middle third of the thigh. 
A short time after, the subject was taken with an epileptic fit and 
fell out of bed. The fall redislocated the hip, which unfortunately 
was not noticed until about two months had elapsed. It was then 
deemed inadvisable to make any attempt at reduction, as the stump 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 115 

had not thoroughly healed. The subject was confined to his bed 
for several months, when he was permitted to go about the hospital 
and the grounds in a rolling chair. His stump having become 
healed, he was placed under our charge. An examination revealed 
the following complications : Left hip still dislocated, stump about 
eight inches long, measured from the perinseum ; on account of the 
hip dislocation the stump inclined interiorly several degrees. 
From disuse and long confinement the right leg became enervated, 
with considerable contraction of the knee extensors. The patient 
could not bear any weight on his natural leg. Even with the help 
of two attendants he was not able to stand erect. 




No. 235. 

Our first duty was apparent, that of restoring strength to his 
right leg, and full mobility to the knee of the same. With this in 
view we directed his attendants to apply massage and to work the 
knee vigorously ; this was continued for two weeks with little per- 
ceptible benefit. 

We then suggested the Dr. Meigs Case Apparatus, the purpose 



116 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



being to hold the patient in a vertical position, suspended from all. 
the available parts of his body, and at a suitable height to enable 
him to barely touch his one foot to the floor. Fig. No. 235 repre- 
sents the patient suspended in the chair. 

The suspension was easy, comfortable, and almost a luxury. 

Propulsion was obtained by the right foot touching the floor at 
intervals. In a brief time he had recovered sufficient strength to 
command the movements of the chair. Favorable results followed 
rapidly. Full extension of the knee was obtained, followed by 
restored strength and a very favorable tendency of the stump to 
hang vertically. The hip dislocation showed a disposition to reduce. 
We applied an artificial leg in due course of time with results that 
justified all our endeavors. The patient returned to his home soon 
after, and from the latest we can learn of him his progress is 
flattering. 

We commend the Meigs Case Apparatus for cases of unusual 
weakness and spinal troubles, and will supply them to parties at a 
reasonable price. 




No. 301 



No. 302. 



No. 303. 



Cut No. 301 represents an amputation in the ankle joint, with 
stump from knee down affected with elephantiasis. The artificial 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



117 



leg represented in cut No. 302 was so constructed as to receive the 
stump from the rear, the leather case, designed to surround the leg, 
with stump in place, and laced in front as represented in figure 
303. This accommodated the fitting to the peculiarities of the 
disease. A rubber foot applied to the extremity, and a thigh piece 
with strong knee joints, completed the artificial leg. The device 
met the case fully; it secured protection and support to the dis- 
eased part in such a manner as to avoid irritation or excessive pres- 
sure. All the weight being carried on the thigh, the stump only 
assisted in the operation of the artificial knee joints. 





No. 304. 



No. 305. 



In the blizzard of March, 1888, Mr. King had both feet and both 
hands frozen. Amputations were performed at joints represented 
in cut No. 304, the right hand amputated through the metacarpals of 
the thumb and four fingers. The left hand amputated through the 
metacarpals of the four fingers and the first phalange of thumb. 
Wrist movement of both hands fully retained. The left leg ampu- 
tated below the knee at the juncture of the lower and middle 
thirds. The great toe amputated from the right foot. 

We applied artificials to Mr. King as represented in cut 
No. 305. 

The artificial hand for right stump was made with hooked and 



118 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



rigid fingers, the thumb hinged to the socket. A leather case 
enclosed the forearm, which was held in place by shoulder straps. 

This supplied a means for secur- 
ing the stump socket. The thumb was 
provided with a steel lever and worked 
against the forearm case. This enabled the 
wearer to operate the thumb by the move- 
ment of his wrist. The left stump was 
supplied with a similar appliance, with the 
exception that the artificial thumb was 
controlled by the remnant of phalangeal 
stump. Left lower stump was supplied 
with our regular No. 123 leg. The right 
foot required no appliance other than a 
modification in the construction of the 
shoe. 

Cut No. 306 represents Mr. K. with his 
artificials supplied. He is able to grasp 
light articles, open a door, feed himself. 
His artificial leg enables him to walk as 
well as any one with their natural legs. 

This case has been regarded as the most 
wonderful restoration known. 

No. 3C6. 




SOCKS FOR STUMPS. 

The question is frequently asked by inexperienced persons, " Is 
the socket of the artificial limb padded, or what protects the stump 
from contact with the wood ? " Our reply to this question is that 
padding or lining permanently placed in a socket is found to be 
objectionable ; if of an absorbent material it becomes offensive by 
the exudations of the stump ; it soon hardens, becomes rough, and 
is attended with other weighty objections. The best method we 
know of is to draw on the stump one or more woolen or cotton 
socks, made of fine soft yarn, knit to fit the stump as well as stock- 
ings do the feet. 

These socks should be frequently removed and washed ; by this 
method the stump will be kept clean and in a healthy condition. 

We have a department for knitting these socks, and keep a large 
stock constantly on hand ; they are arranged in eleven different 
sizes calculated to fit any ordinary stump ; should, however, a size 
or shape be desired different to the sizes in stock, we will knit them 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



119 



to order at no advance in price. They are made of woolen or cot- 
ton yarn, white or colored, as may be desired. 

Unless otherwise ordered a colored woolen sock will be sent in 
response to the order. 




No. 238. 

The general appearance of socks can be understood from the cuts. 
Schedule op Prices for Cotton or Woolen Socks. 



SIZES. 


COTTON. 


WOOLEN, 


NO. 


LENGTH. 


circumference at larg- 
est PART OF STUMP. 


PRICE 
EACH. 


PRICE 

PER 
DOZEN. 


PRICE 
EACH. 


PRICE 

PER 
DOZEN, 





1 to 10 inches. 


Under 15 inches. 


$ .20 


$2.00 


$ .40 


$4.00 


1 


10 to 15 " 


" 15 




.30 


3.00 


.50 


5.00 


2 


10 to 15 " 


Over 15 ' 




.40 


4.00 


.60 


6.00 


3 


15 to 20 " 


Under 15 ' 




.40 


4.00 


.60 


6.00 


4 


15 to 20 " 


Over 15 ' 




.50 


5.00 


.70 


7.00 


S 


20 to 25 " 


Under 15 ' 




.50 


5.00 


.70 


7.00 


6 


20 to 25 " 


Over 15 




.60 


6.00 


.80 


8.00 


7 


25 to 30 " 


Under 15 ' 




.60 


6.00 


.80 


8.00 


8 


25 to 30 " 


Over 15 ' 




.70 


7.00 


.90 


9.00 


9 


30 to 35 " 


Under 15 




.70 


7.00 


.90 


9.00 


10 


30 to 35 ll 


Over 15 




.80 


8.00 


1.00 


10.00 



In some cases of amputation below the knee, a short sock in 
addition to a full length one to come only to the knee joint is 
desired. For such cases No. 0, 1, or 3 will be suitable. In taking 
measures for socks, adhere to the following instructions : 

First. Take length of stump from body to end, then circumfer- 
ences at body and at distances of about three inches apart. 

In determining the number of size, five inches should be added 
to the length of stump to allow for turning over the top of leg 
and the shortening caused by the stretch in drawing on the stump. 
If the sock is to cover the stump from end to the knee only, com- 
mence at the knee, and state length from centre of knee-joint to 
end, circumference at knee, and so on down. If for a knee bearing 
stump, take measures as in cases where the knee joint is used and 
flexible. 

One-half and one-quarter dozen sold at the same rates as per 
dozen. The same furnished in cotton at the same price. Orders 
for socks filled and sent by mail or express, carriage prepaid by us 



120 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



SUPPLIES FOR ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

Webbing. — We have manufactured, expressly for our own use, a 
superior quality of webbing, which is more suitable in strength and 
color for artificial limbs than any other in the market ; its color is 
light, and is not affected by perspiration. We can fill orders for 
the same at the following rates, and in any quantity desired : 

Elastic Webbing, 2 inches wide, per yard, 60 cents. 

Elastic Webbing, 1-j- inch wide, per yard, 50 cents. 

Elastic Webbing, 1 inch wide, per yard, 40 cents. 

Non-elastic Webbing, 2 inches wide, per yard, 30 cents. 

Non-elastic Webbing, 1\ inches wide, per yard, 25 cents. 

Non-elastic Webbing, 1 inch wide, per yard, 20 cents. 

Buckles, old style, two-tongue, 2, 1^, and 1 inch, nickel-plated, 
very strong, each, 5 cents. 

Buckles, \ inch, f and 1 inch, for leather use, single-tongue, each 
10 cents. 

Clamp Buckles, see Cut 183, page 69, each, 25 cents. 

Rollers, see Cut 184, page 69, each, 25 cents. 

Screw Buttons, see Cut 189, page 71, per pair, 50 cents. 

Check-straps, for legs for amputation below the knee, made of 
non-elastic webbing, comprising two or more thicknesses. Two 
thicknesses, each, 40 cents. Three thicknesses, each, 50 cents. 

Lacings, of fine buckskin, average length, 50 inches, each, 25 
cents ; $2.50 per dozen, or $1.25 per half-dozen. 

Bolts, of fine steel, applied to side joints of below-knee legs, com- 
plete with screws, per pair, $2. (The leg must be sent to us to 
have them properly applied.) 

Spiral Springs, of fine-tempered steel, used in knee-joints of 
above-knee and knee-bearing legs, with cylinder, complete, $1 ; 
without, 25 cents. 

Eyelets, -^ holes, 15 cents per dozen. 

Bacing Hooks, brass, nickel-plated, 25 cents per dozen. 



Cji|||i|||ll||||l!iipil|i!Hll 



No. 239. 



Knives, Eorks, Brushes, and Hooks, made to fit palm of hand or 
wrist of artificial arm, of our own make. Knives and forks, each, 50 
cents. Brushes and hooks, each, $1. 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 121 



Screw-drivers, made of steel sufficiently strong to turn the larger 
screws in a leg or arm, each, 25 cents. 




No. 240. 

Oil-cans. Cut No. 240 represents a new style of oil-can, neat 
and compact, capable of being carried in the pocket ; oil can not 
escape ; each, 25 cents. 

Grease. Above the knee and knee-bearing legs require a sub- 
tance with more body than oil for their journals. We have a prepa- 
ration for this purpose. The compound is prepared in small tin 
boxes, containing enough to last one year. Per box, 10 cents, 
(Can not be sent by mail, must be sent by express.) 

Felt — of fine wool — used for pads and fillings, the best substance 
for lining a socket when the stump has reduced. Rates : 1-8 of an 
inch in thickness, per square inch, 1-2 of a cent ; 3-16 of an inch in 
thickness, per square inch, 3-4 of a cent ; 1-4 of an inch in thick- 
ness, per square inch, 1 cent. Cut a paper pattern so that it will 
surround that part of the stump desired to be covered, multiply the 
length by the breadth half-way between the top and bottom, thus 
ascertaining the number of square inches wanted. Send the 
paper pattern to us and we will cut the felt to suit. 

Socks and any of the above-named articles except grease (which 
is not mailable) will be forwarded by mail, post-prepaid by us, 
when orders are accompanied by the money. 

The system of sending goods by express, C. O. D. (collect on 
delivery), is very well and satisfactory when dealing with busi- 
ness houses, but many persons of unbusiness-like principles order 
articles recklessly, thinking they will be able to pay for them when 
they arrive, and subsequently, finding it not convenient to do 
so, allow the goods to be returned, incurring an expense of 



122 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

transportation both ways for which we receive nothing. On 
account of the frequency with which this has occurred, we will 
send nothing C. O. D. unless some of the money is advanced to 
assure us of good faith on the part of the ordering party. 



HOW TO REMIT. 

In making remittances of large amounts, it is advisable to send by 
a money order, postal note, registered letter, express, or draft on 
New York. Fractional parts of a dollar may be sent in postage 
stamps. In ordering, state the precise article or articles desired, 
and do not omit giving, together with your name, your post-office 
address in full, with county and State. Address all communica- 
tions to 

A. A. Marks, 

701 Broadway, 

New York City. 

CRUTCHES. 

Every person who has lost a leg ought to be the possessor of a 
pair of crutches, whether he wears an artificial leg or not. 

It is not intended to be understood that crutches are necessary 
when wearing artificial legs, or even at the beginning, but there 
are occasions constantly arising in a cripple's life when a pair of 
crutches can be used to great advantage. 

A sore on the stump, an injury to the sound leg, a sprain in either 
knee, and a hundred other causes are likely to occur that will ren- 
der a pair of crutches invaluable. The cost of crutches is trifling, 
and any one can own a pair at a very little sacrifice. The crutches 
which we here offer are fine, strong, and tasty. They are made of 
rosewood, lancewood, and rock maple, as may be desired. Rock 
maple are the strongest and the most chosen, and are always sent 
unless other kinds are ordered. If the natural light color of the 
wood is objectionable they can be had stained, ebony or rosewooa 
at an additional expense of $1 per pair. 

The wood in all our crutches is selected with great care. The 
arm pieces and hand rests for the rock maple or lancewood crutch 
are of fine grain cherry ; the hand rests are secured with long 
rivets passing from one side of the crutch entirely through the 
handle and riveted to the opposite side. This is done as a security 
against accidents which have so frequently occurred with the use 
of screws as in other styles. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



123 




No. 241. 



No. 242. 



No. 243. 



No. 244. 



No. 245. 



The above cuts represent the different style of crutches. De- 
scription and prices as follows : 

No. 241 is known as the Whitmore crutch; side sticks are steam 
bent ; top made of genuine Russia leather.; stuffed with curled hair 
secured to side sticks. The yielding soft quality of the top, which 
is made more elastic by the springing of the side stick, makes a 
most delightful rest for the arm. 

Patented clamp ferrules No. 246 are used for the bottoms. 

They hold No. 249 tips. All the trimmings are nickel-plated. The 
crutch is highly finished. 

Price per pair, rosewood, $10.00. 

Price per pair, lancewood, $10.00. 

Price per pair, rock maple, $8.00. 

No. 242 is known as the " cow-horn top " crutch on account of its 
cow-horn resemblance. They are very light, tasty, and durable. 
The top is made of cherry, very smooth and highly polished. This 
top is frequently preferred to the cushion ; they are as comfortable, 



124 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



and from the fact that they are smooth, do not wear the clothing 
nearly as much as the elastic or padded top. 

Price per pair, rock maple, $3.00. 

No. 242D, same as 242, with full nickel-plated trimmings, with 
No. 320 ferrules and No. 321 rubber tips. (See page 126.) 

Price per pair, rosewood, $6.00. 

Price per pair, lancewood, $6.00. 

Price per pair, rock maple, $4.00. 

No. 243 ordinary plain rock maple crutch with cherry tops. 

Price per pair, $2.50. 

No. 244, plain split crutch with ordinary cherry tops. 

Price per pair, with No. 250 rubber bottoms, $2.00. 

No. 245, same as No. 243, with upholstered top made of leather 
stuffed with curled hair, making an agreeable soft top. 

Price per pair, $3.00. 

No. 245D, same as No. 245, with full nickel-plated trimmings, 
with No. 320 ferrules, and No. 321 rubbers. (See page 126.) 

Price per pair, $4.00. 

No. 245E, same as No. 245, stained black or ebonized with full 
nickel-plated trimmings, and No. 320 ferrules, and No. 321 rubber 
tips (see page 126). Price, per pair, $5.00. 

A single crutch will be sold at one-half the price of a pair. 

In ordering use the preceding numbers to avoid confusion. 

Enclose the amount of money with the order. Give length in 
inches from arm-pit to the floor when arm is hanging by the side 
and the person standing erect. 





No. 246. 



No. 247. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



125 



No. 246 represents the patented clamp ferrule without the rubber 
tip. 

No. 247 represents the same with jaws expanded ready to receive 
rubber tip No. 249, which is secured firmly by screwing the jaws 
in the socket. These clamp ferrules are made of cast brass, nickel- 
plated, and can be screwed on the ends of any crutch f inch in 
diameter. Price, per pair, $2.50. 

Clamp ferrules same style as No. 246, but larger, fitting a 1 
in. crutch, per pair, $3.00. Rubber tips to fit (1 1 / i in. diameter), 
per pair, 50 cents ; per dozen pair, $5.00. 




No. 249 represents rubber tips to be used with No. 246 ferrules. 
Size one inch in diameter. Price, per pair, 25 cents. 

Larger base to fit same jaws, white rubber, per pair, 50 cents. 
Larger size, 1 1 in. diam., to fit larger ferrule, 1 in., per pair, 50 cents. 





No. 250. 



No. 251. 



No. 250 represents rubber ferrules calculated to slip on the ends 
of crutches in order to prevent the crutch from slipping or making 
a harsh thumping noise as well as marring floors. 

They can be applied to No. 242, 243, 244, and 245, crutches ; they 
will take the place of metallic ferrules and answer every purpose. 
They can be slipped on the end of a crutch that has been shortened, 
and will protect the wood. They are excellent to use on walking 
canes, and are so used to quite an extent ; they are not, however, 
as lasting as No. 249 or No. 321 tips. 



126 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

No. 15 fits 3 / 8 in. diameter, price per pair 25 ce.Us. 

No. 16 fits y 2 in. diameter, price per pair 25 cents. 

No. 17 fits 5 / 8 in. diameter, price per pair 35 cents. 

No. 18 fits 3 / 4 in. diameter, price per pair 35 cents. 

No. 19 fits 7 / 8 in. diameter, price per pair 35 cents. 

No. 20 fits 1 in. diameter, price per pair 40 cents. 

No. 21 fits 1 V 8 in. diameter, price per pair 40 cents. 

No. 39 fits 1 Y 2 in. diameter, with base 2 '/ 2 in. diameter, price 
$1.00 each, suitable for peg legs. 

No. 44 fits 1 7 / 6 in. diameter, with base 3 in. diameter, price, 
$1.50 each, suitable for peg legs. 

Cut No. 251 represents an adjustable ice spike. It consists of a 
brass cone with a steel spike passing through it. One end of the 
spike is inserted in the rubber tip or end of crutch, and the opposite 
end projects beyond the cone. No. 249 tip is made with a hole 
through its centre to receive the spike. 

The spike can be adjusted to suit the surface with which it is ta 
come in contact simply by turning the cone. 

Price per pair 50 cents. 





No. 320. No. 321. 

No. 320 represents a heavy brass nickel-plated ferrule which can 
be screwed on the end of a three-quarter inch crutch; it holds No.. 
321 rubber tip. Price per pair, $1.00. 

No. 321 represents a solid rubber tip made to screw into No. 320 
ferrule. Price per pair, 25 cents. 

Ferrules similar to No. 320, but larger, fitting a 1 in. crutch, 
price, per pair, $1.50. 

Rubber tips similar to 321, but larger, measuring 7 / 8 in. at screw 
end, and 1 '/„ in. at b se, 50 cents per pair, or $5.00 per dozen pairs*. 



A, A, IffARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY, 



127" 



The following cuts represent the Invincible Crutch Bottom. The 
feature of this device is the combination of the ferrule, tip, and ice 
spike, the ice spike capable of being thrown into or out of use as 
may be desired. The ferrules are cast brass, nickel plated, the ice 
spikes of hardened steel, and the tips of rubber. The ferrules are 
made in two sizes, one to accommodate a three-quarter inch crutch, 
the other to accommodate a one inch crutch ; they have the same 
thread as those heretofore described, and can be screwed on to the 
ends of the same crutches. 




No. 395. 





No. 397. 



No. 396. 



ii! 



Cut No. 395 represents the Crutch Bottom 
with ice spike withdrawn. Cut No. 396 rep- 
resents the same with ice spike protruding. 
By turning the corrugated globular nut, 
which occupies a recess in the ferrule, the 
ice spike can be protruded or withdrawn. No. 398. 

Cut No. 397 represents the ferrule with 
rubber tip removed. The lower end of the ferrule is terminated by 
screw spur on which the rubber tip represented in Cut No. 398 can 
be screw r ed and held firmly. 

Price, including rubber tips, size to accommodate a three-quarter 
inch crutch, $2.50 per pair. Extra rubber tips to fit, 25 cents per 
pair. Size fitting a one inch crutch, $3.00 per pair. Rubber tips 
to fit, 50 cents per pair. 



128 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



em ales. 


Both Sexes 


51.4 


49 


46 


46 


2.6 


5 



STATISTICS. 

Records of about 3,500 of our patrons are found sufficiently full to 
enable us to tabulate for statistical purposes. With great care and 
very much labor these 3,500 cases have all been thoroughly reviewed 
and the following percentages computed. 

Eighty-five per cent, of the above number are legs, and 15$ are 
arms. This small percentage for arms may be explained by the 
fact that fewer persons who have lost their arms supply them- 
selves with artificial ones than those that have lost their lower ex- 
tremities, inasmuch as it is easier for a man to go through this 
world with one arm than with one leg. 

Of all the legs taken into consideration 49$ are right, 46$ are 
left, and 5$ both. 

Seventy-eight per cent, of legs amputated are of males, and 22$ 
of females. They may be separated as follows : 

TABLE A. 

Percentages. 
Males. 

Richt 49.9 

Left 45.6 

Both 4.5 

An analysis of this table will show that females are more dis- 
posed to lose their right legs than their left, and the difference is 
much greater than that which exists with males. 

The proportion for double amputations of males is nearly double 
that of females. 

TABLE B. 

Percentages for Locations of Amputations. 

M. F. M. F 

Thigh, right 16 22 Leg, left 27 24 

left 15 16 Foot, right 2 2 

Knee, right 3 2" left 3 1 

" left 2 4 Deformities, right 1 2 

Leg, right 30 24 " left 1 3 

The above table shows that over one-half of all the amputations 
are between the knee and ankle, with a larger percentage for males. 

The percentage of deformity is more than double in females than 
in males. 

ARMS. 

Of all the arms manufactured by us 92$ are for males and 8$ 
for females. 

TABLE D. 
Percentages. 
Males. Females. 
Right above elbow 1 6 

Left " 10 19 

Right below " 43 40 

Left " " 35 35 

Hands 5 





TABLE 


c. 




Percentages. 




Males. 


Females. 


Right. 
Left . . 


.. 50 
.. 49 


46 
54 


Both. . 


1 






A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



129 



TABLE E. 

CAUSES FOR AMPUTATIONS. 

Percentages. 



Disease 

Railroads 

"Wars (including foreign) 

Falls 

Sprains and fractures 

Crushed by falling bodies . . . 

Farming implements 

Accidents by firearms 

Horses and vehicles 

.Manufacturing machinery. . 

Mills 

-Mines 

Boats and accidents on water 

Elevators 

Sharp-edged tools 

Explosions . . 

Prost 

Malformations 

Burns 

.Miscellaneous accidents 



° h 



14. 

26. 

30. 
3. 
4.5 
3.5 
2.5 
1.5 
2.5 
2. 
2. 
.4 
.8 



1.5 

1.5 

.2 

2.5 



Legs. Arms 



15.8 
28.1 
30.4 

3.3 

4.3 

2.3 

2.3 

1. 

3. 
.7 

1. 
.5 

1. 
.3 
.4 
.5 

2. 

1. 
.4 

1.7 



1.5 

11. 

21.7 
1.1 
1.9 

13.5 
3.9 
1.1 
1.1 

11.5 

10.6 



1.1 
5.5 



5.5 

8.2 



Legs. 



12. 

29.5 

33.3 

3.4 

4.4 

3.5 

2.5 

.7 

3.1 

.8 

1. 



51.5 
12.6 

3. 

3.5 

2.4 

1.8 

3. 

2.4 



Arms. 









<D 






m 


C3 




s 


s 


fe 



.6 
3. 
1.2 

15. 



8.8 
4.5 



4.5 

8.7 

4.5 



35. 

17. 



Under diseases are classed : Anchylosis, aneurism, blood poison, 
bunions, cancers, caries, chicken pox, corns, erysipelas, embolism, 
felons, fevers, gangrene, inflammation, mosquito-bite, necrosis, 
paralysis, rheumatism, scrofula, snake-bite, synovitis, tumors, vari- 
cose veins, ulcers, elephantiasis, etc., etc. 

Horses and vehicles include kicks or bites by horse, run over by 
vehicles, collisions, and falls from the same. 

Boats and accidents in water include all manner of accidents 
incident to seafaring, including the parting of cables, one case in 
which the person was struck by a whale, and another in which the 
person claims to have had his leg bitten off by a shark. 

Explosions include blasting and premature discharges. 

Malformation includes all forms of congenital distortions requir- 
ing or not requiring amputation. 

Miscellaneous accidents include the following : 

Caught by rope, caught by chain, coasting, cyclone, jammed in 
logs, needle in leg, kicks from boys, skating, struck by lightning, 
wrestling. 

In analyzing Table E, we may draw some rather curious facts, 
as follows : 



130 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Females lose more legs from disease than all the other cause* 
combined. With men one-third are the results of war and nearly 
another third the results of railroads. Twelve per cent, only are 
the results of disease. J 

Next to disease, females lose more legs from railroads than any 
other one cause. Over one-third of all the deficiencies of the upper 
extremities with females are the results of malformation, exceeding 
the number maimed by miscellaneous accidents and manufacturing 
machinery combined. s 

When we consider the vast number of females laboring in the 
shops and factories of the land, this revelation is startling. 

With males the loss of arms from results of war amounts to 24 4 
per cent, while that from railroads amounts to 12.3 per cent., and the 
falling of bodies to 10.4 per cent. 

TABLE F. 

Percentages. 

AGES AT WHICH AMPUTATIONS WERE MADE. 



Less than 10, 

10 to 20, , 

20 to 30, 

30 to 40 

40 to 50, 

50 to 60, 

60 to 70, 

Over 70, 

Less than 10, 
10 to 20, 
20 to 30, 
30 to 40, 
40 to 50, 
50 to 60, 
Over 60, 

A review of Table F shows that more men are maimed in their 
lower extremities between the ages of 20 and 30 than during all 
their subsequent years. With women the period of the maximum 
lpes is between the ages of 10 and 20. 



LEGS. 






Both Sexes. 


Males. 


Females, 


6 


5 


15 


24 


24 


31 


37 


38 


24 


17 


18 


13 


10 


9 


11 


4 


4.5 


5 


1.75 


1 


1 


.25 


.5 




ARMS. 


• 




7 


4 


4T 


33 


33 


30 


32 


34 


12 


18 


18 


6 ' 


7 


7 


5 


2 


3 




1 


1 





A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 131 

One-half of one per cent., or one case in every two hundred, occur 
to men when past the alloted time of life, or 70 years. 

This speaks well of modern surgery, as well as the vigor of our 
septuagenarians. With arms, Table F corroborates Table E in plac- 
ing a high percentage on the loss of arms with female children 
under 10 years, as that period includes congenital troubles. 

TABLE G. 

Peecextages, 
occupations. 



MEN. 



Legs. 




Arms 


H 


Sedentary. 


22 


17 


Farming. 


20 


13 


Working at bench. 


5 


6 


Professional. 


H 


5 


Heavy mechanical work. 


H 


B* 


Laborers. 


8 


V 


Railroading. 


8 


7 


Work requiring much walking. 


9 


H 


Work requiring much lifting. 


5 


3 


Salesmen. 


1 


2 


Seamen. 




1 


Watchmen. 


H 


11 


Men in U. S. military service. 


1} 


3 


Students. 


H 


*k 


Miners. 


3 


i 


Clerks. 




H 


Proprietors. 

WOMEN. 


H 


62 


Housekeepers. 


60 


16 


Dressmakers. 


10 


7 


Teachers. 


20 


«7. 


Factory. 


10 


iy. 


Clerks/ 




6 7, 


Students. 




*7. 


Nurses. 





Sedentary occupations include aldermen, assessors, auditors, book- 
keepers, bank clerks, brokers, coroners, court officers, county clerks, 
editors, justices, librarians, livery, marshals, musicians, machine 
operators, postmasters, penmen, recorders, secretaries, speculators, 



132 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

shoemakers, segarmakers, superintendents, telegraph operators,, 
tailors, treasurers, weavers. 

Farming includes cattle raisers, cowboys, farmers, florists, gar- 
deners, herders, poultry raisers. 

Working at bench includes architects, assayers, bakers, butchers, 
bottlers, bookbinders, boltmakers, broom-makers, boxmakers, bar- 
rowmakers, confectioners, carpenters, cabinetmakers, car builders, 
cooks, casemakers, combmakers, caulkers, draughtsmen, electro- 
platers, filers, gunmakers, harnessmakers, hatters, jewelers, last- 
makers, laundry, matmakers, mechanics, machinists, needlemakers, 
potters, papermakers, polishers, piano tuners, printers, photograph- 
ers, rubber manufacturing, rollermakers, sailmakers, shirtmakers, 
sawyers, sealers, turners, upholsterers, wool-dressers, wool-sorters, 
watchmakers. 

Professional includes actors, artists, clergymen, civil engineers, 
dancing masters, dentists, gymnasts, horseback riders, judges, law- 
yers, nurses, physicians, sculptors, teachers. 

Heavy mechanical work includes blacksmiths, coppersmiths, 
coopers, drop forgings, foundry, ironworkers, iron-pipe makers, 
plumbers, roofers, tinners, well-borers, wheelwrights, wagonmakers. 

Railroading includes baggage-masters, brakemen, conductors, car 
inspectors, engineers, employees, flagmen, freight agents, firemen, 
gate tenders, messengers, office hands, overseers, switchmen, signal 
men, station agents, timekeepers, watchmen, yard-masters. 

Work requiring much walking includes auctioneers, book agents, 
bell-ringers, barbers, collectors, contractors, dealers, examiners, fore- 
men, ferrymen, fanciers, hotel clerks, insurance, junkmen, janitors, 
liquor dealers, land agents, messengers, milkmen, mail carriers, 
newsboys, porters, post traders, pedestrians, painters, peddlers, real 
estate, sanitary inspectors, stewards, sextons, shooting gallery, sher- 
iffs, saloon, street inspectors, scouts, teamsters, target tenders, toll- 
gate keepers, timber surveyors, travelers, undertakers, wood dealers, 
weighers. 

Work requiring heavy lifting includes bridge building, brewers,, 
fruiterers, longshoremen, lumbermen, molders, millers, masons, 
marble workers, metal dealers, market men, truckmen, stove dealers, 
quarrymen. 

The review of table G will convince any one that a cripple either 
in the upper or lower extremities is not necessarily a creature depend- 
ent on others for his livelihood. The largest percentage for those 
with artificial legs is for farmers, and the next for workmen at the 
bench ; the two combined nearly cover one-third the entire list. 
Their occupations are laborious and trying. 

Less than one-third of those with artificial arms pursue sedentary 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 133 

occupations, leaving over three-quarters to be divided among occu- 
pations requiring manual and physical effort. 

Among women more than half with the loss of either extremities 
are housekeepers. This exhibit ought to strike the reader forcibly 
of the utility of artificial limbs and the great work they are perform- 
ing in the economy of labor, to say nothing about the great boon 
they are in their service of the restoration of appearances. 

" Would ye not think that cunning to be great that could restore 
this cripple to his legs again f " — Shakespeare, King Henry VI. 



LETTER WRITING. 

Of the various branches of education called into action in the 
transaction of business, that of letter writing is one of the most 
important. The purpose of a letter is the communication of an 
idea. It must be unencumbered with ambiguities, concise, and to the 
point. The language should be chosen and technical, and the 
chirography decipherable. 

If the amount of time annually lost to every business man in 
the endeavor to interpret and decipher illegibly and recklessly writ- 
ten letters were computed the total would be appalling. It is in- 
disputable that most of the mistakes made in the execution of orders 
are traceable directly to some recklessness in the wording or writing 
of the order. This recklessness does not belong to the illiterate, 
for many of the erudite allow themselves to enter deeply into the 
error. A few suggestions, we trust, will accomplish something 
by stimulating more consideration and care in this important 
matter. 

Do not indulge in broad generalizations. If you have lost a leg, 
do not write that you have lost a limb, for if you do we cannot tell 
whether you have lost a leg or an arm. In describing the point of 
amputation use the knee, ankle, elbow, or wrist as points of reference; 
the " upper third " or " lower third " are surgical terms, and may 
either refer to points above or below the knee or elbow joint. If 
others have corresponded or called on us in regard to your case, or 
if you have had intercourse previously with us, state so, mention time 
and names, or if you have been referred to us by any one, mention 
the fact and name the party; this will enable us to trace your case 
in our books and recall all the transactions we have had directly or 
indirectly with you, thus avoiding posssible delay in correspondence. 

If you have occasion to enclose your measurement or make a 
remittance in one envelope and write us in another, be sure you 
attach your name to both. If your name is one that can be spelled 
in two or more ways, put yourself in the habit of always using but 
one. You will readily see the importance of this if you consider 
for a moment the confusion occasioned in our books by indexing the 



134 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



names of correspondents who change the orthography of their names 
when they write. We have a correspondent who writes his name 
Smith, Smyth, Smythe; another Stewart, Stuart; another Carnes, 
Karnes; another John O. Donnell, John O'Donnell; another Snyder, 
Schneider, Snider, etc., etc. 

A needless habit exists among some people in encumbering their 
letters with excuses for "troubling, etc." This should be avoided ; 
our pleasure is to answer all questions pertinent to our business. 
Have your inquiries concise and explicit, and never write unless you 
have something to say. Do not fail to sign your name in full to 
every correspondence. If your autograph is a confusion of curves 
and angles, enclose a business card, or write on a sheet with a 
printed head, or write your name in characters that we cannot mis- 
take. State your post office address in full, town, county, and 
State, and when you direct your letters to us see the envelope bears 
the following : 

A. A. Marks, 

701 Broadway, 

New York City. 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



135 



AWAKDS. 

In 1859 The American Institute of New York City awarded 
A. A. Marks a silver medal for his superior artificial leg; it should be 
noticed that this was prior to the invention of the rubber foot, and 
consequently had no reference whatever to it. 

The fact that the award was made in the face of competition, 
is evidence that the old ankle joint of Mr. Marks' model was of more 
than ordinary merit. 

The first industrial exhibition in which the rubber foot and hand 
were exhibited was the American Institute of New York City, in 
the year 1865. The following official report and judges' decision 
show the triumph at that exhibition : 

Artificial LiMBS.-^-The judges on these important articles were 
Prof. J. M. Carnochan, Prof. J. V. C. Smith, and James Knight, 
M.D., and, after a careful and extended examination and practical 
testing of the various kinds of limbs on exhibition, awarded the 
First Premium Gold Medal to Mr. A. A. Marks, for his limbs with 
India Rubber Hands and Feet. 

No. 559, A. A. Marks, New York, for Artificial Limbs, for sim- 
plicity of construction and durability. Gold Medal. 





No. 252. 



No. 253. 



The above cuts are facsimiles of both sides of the Medal awarded 
as stated in the above report. 

Probably there never was a more searching investigation in to the 
merits of artificial limbs than at this exhibition, as competition was 
lively and public interest aroused by pedestrial contests which were 
repeated many days. 



136 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



1867, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY, FIRST 

PREMIUM. 

The American Institute held no fair in 1866, but in 1867 it again 
put forth its energies and held a very successful and brilliant exhibi- 
tion, known as the 37th 
Annual Fair. 

The contest was again 
invited. The by-laws of 
the Institute had been 
changed in such a man- 
ner as to require the 
judges in their investi- 
gations to take into con- 
sideration all the differ- 
ent articles of their class 
of which they had any 
knowledge, whether on 
exhibition or not. The 
chairman of the Board 
of Managers stated pub- 
licly at the close of the 
fair that the board had 
determined to elevate 
the standard of excel- 
lence in articles on ex- 
hibition, by declining to 
give the first premium 
to any article unless it 
was pronounced by com- 
petent judges of great 
utility and equal or supe- 
rior to any like article 
known to them, whether 
on exhibition or not. 



The result on artificial 
limbs is found in the fol- 
lowing official report : 

238, Marks' Patent Artificial Limbs, have frequently been 
the Institute, and continue to sustain their former repu- 




No. 255. 



No. 
before 
tation. 

Profs. A. K. Gardner 
Judges. 

The first premium was consequently awarded, consisting of the 
large bronze medal (as here shown) and diploma. 



J. C. V. Smith ; J. J. Craven, M.D., 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



137 



1869, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 

The contest in artificial limbs was lively and the investigation by 
the judges in testing the merits of the limbs was thorough, search- 
ing, and convincing, as would be expected from men of their high 
standing, being well-known leading professional and learned men 
of the present day. 

Annexed hereto will be found the report of the judges, which was 




No. 256. 

Inserted upon the large diploma accompanying the medal of 1869 ; 
it tells its own story : 

No. 44, Artificial Limbs, A. A. Marks' Best. — This limb is con- 
structed with an india-rubber foot, which, from its elasticity, does 
away with the necessity of motion at the ankle joint, and also obvi- 
ates entirely that heavy, thumping sound when the foot strikes the 
ground in walking, an objection which exists in all other artificial 
legs which the committee have any knowledge of. 

The control which the wearer has over it and its movements, so 
closely resembling those of the natural limb, as well as the small 
cost of keeping it in repair (almost nothing), entitle it to the 
highest commendation. 

Lewis A. Sayre, M.D. ; Jas. R. McGregor, M.D., Judges. 

A true copy from the report on file. 

John W. Chambers, Secretary. 

Upon this very plain, careful, and elaborate report, the Board of 
Managers awarded the first premium, consisting of large bronze 
medal and diploma 



138 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



1870, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY, FIRST 

PREMIUM. 

The following report of the judges on artificial limbs speaks for 
itself : 

No. 3, Marks' Artificial Limbs, A. A. Marks, New York City, 
N. Y. 

Best. 

The especial point of excellence appears to us to be the india- 
rubber foot, by the use of which all complications in the construc- 
tion of an ankle joint are avoided. 

Frank H. Hamilton, M.D.; Harvey S. Gay, M.D.; Wm. H^ 
Van Buren, M.D., Judges. 

A true copy from the report on file. 

John W. Chambers, Secretary* 




Upon this comprehensive report the Board of Managers awarded: 
the fir st premium, consisting of large bronze medal and diploma. 



1871, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 

The by-laws were changed, and no medals or diplomas awarded 
in any case, the judges giving a written report instead, which is 
embodied in the following extract : 

The artificial legs with india rubber feet, are especially recom- 
mended for their simplicity, durability, and easy movement. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 139 



1872, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY, FIRST 

PREMIUM. 

By-laws again changed and diplomas awarded. 

Diploma with the following report inscribed : 

The artificial limbs manufactured by Mr. Marks continue to 
merit approval, and are entitled to all the confidence the public 
have to this time reposed in them. 

John Osborn, M.D. ; Harvey S. Gay, M.D. ; Frank H. 
Hamilton, M.D., Judges. 



1873, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 

Artificial limbs. Report of judges : 

After full and impartial examination of the articles above 
described, the undersigned judges make report that they find the 
artificial limbs on exhibition by A. A. Marks worthy of the confi- 
dence heretofore reposed in them. We cheerfully endorse all that 
has been said of them by former examinations, their simple con- 
struction, easy movement, durability, etc. 

First premium, LARGE SILVER MEDAL. 

John Osborn, M.D.; D. F. Fetter, M.D.; C. D. Varley, M.D. 



1874, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 

Report of judges : Artificial Limbs, A. A. Marks. 

We consider the artificial limbs of A. A. Marks of great value. 

A great improvement — better than any known to us ; and of their 
grade, entitled to the highest award. 

A silver medal awarded in 1873, as the best ; a diploma of main- 
tained superiority awarded. 

V. P. Gibney,M.D.; H. B. Sands, M.D. ; E. G. Janeway, M.D., 
Judges. 

1875, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 

A. A. Marks, Artificial Limbs. No. 13, Dept. 3, Group 5. 

Judges' report : 

After a full and impartial examination of the articles above de- 
scribed, the undersigned judges make report that the artificial 
limbs presented by Mr. Marks are the same as those offered by him 
at former exhibitions. We regard them as superior to all others in 
practical efficiency and simplicity, and would respectfully recom- 
mend the award of a diploma of maintained superiority. 

Francis A. Thomas, M.D. ; Charles W. Packard, M.D. ; J. R. 
McGregor, M.D., judges. 



140 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



CENTENNIAL MEDAL. 

The following engravings represent the face and reverse side of 
the medal of the great Centennial Exhibition, held at Philadelphia, 
Pa., 1876. Reduced to one-half the actual diameter. 




No. 258. 



No. 259. 



First Premium. 

Report of judges and award of the commission : 

International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, No. 235. 

The United States Centennial Commission has examined the 
report of the judges, and accepted the following reasons, and decreed 
an award in conformity therewith. 

Philadelphia, December 11, 1876. 



REPORT OF AWARDS. 

Products : Artificial Limbs, with Rubber Hands and Feet. Name 
and address of exhibitor : A. A. Marks, New York City. 

The undersigned, having examined the product herein described^ 
respectfully recommends the same to the United States Centennial 
Commission for award, for the following reasons, viz.: UTILITY, 
WORKMANSHIP, and ADAPTATION TO PURPOSE IN- 
TENDED. 

Henry H. Smith, Professor of Surgery, 

(Signature of Judge.) 
Approval of Group Judges. H. K. Oliver, Edward Conley,. 
B. F. Britton, Spencer F. Baird, Chas. Staples, Jr., M. Wilkins,. 
J. Fritz, Jas. L. Claghorn, Colman Sellers. 
A true copy of the record. 

Francis A. Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards. 
Given by authority of the United States Centennial Commission. 

A. T. Goshorn, Director-General. 
J. L. Campbell, Secretary. J. R. Hawley, President. 



A. A, MARIAS ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



141 



1876, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY, FIRST 

PREMIUM. 



These engravings represent the exact size, form, and inscription 
(face and reverse side) of the Centennial Award Gold Medal, as 
fully set forth in the following extract of the printed rules and 
regulations of the American Institute : 





No. 260. 



No. 261. 



The Centennial Medal. 

This medal (of gold) is to be awarded only for a machine, pro- 
duct, or process exhibited this Centennial year, at the 45th Exhibi- 
tion of the American Institute of the City of New York. 

It can be awarded only for a machine, product, or process of great 
value, decided importance, and of more than usual merit, and then 
only by a majority of the whole Board of Trustees, upon the 
written report of three judges, whose report shall certify to the 
above requirements, and after said report shall have been approved 
by a majority of the whole Board of Managers. 
Copy of the Judges' Report in Department 3, Group 5, Division A 

at the 45th Exhibition of the American Institute, held in the 

City of New York, October, 1876 : 



NO. 



ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 



A. A. Marks, Broadway, New York City. 

We consider these limbs remarkable for simplicity of construc- 
tion, durability, efficiency, and comfort to the wearer. 

We think them entitled to the highest commendations, and believe 
that their merits call for an award of the Centennial Medal, which 
we respectfully recommend. 

Francis A. Thomas, M.D., Charles W. Packard, M.D.; J. R. 
McGregor, M.D., judges. 

The above report was duly confirmed by the Board of Managers 
and Trustees of American Institute. 

John W. Chambers, Secretary. 



142 



A. A. MARKS, ABTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



1877, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 

Extract from the report of the judges at the 46th Annual Fair of 
the American Institute of New York City : 

NO- 523, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

A A. Marks —After a full and impartial examination of the 
articles above described, the undersigned judges make report that 
we consider this exhibit of great value and entitled to recognition 

Charles W Packard, M.D.; Francis A. Thomas, M.D ! 
August Viele, M.D., judges. * 

Upon this report the Board of Managers awarded the Medal op 

SUPERIORITY. 

A true copy of the report on file. John W. Chambers, 
Secretary. ' 

1878, AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK CITY. 
Having received the Medal of Superiority in 1867, this 

DIPLOMA FOR MAINTAINED SUPERIORITY 

Is awarded to him at the Exhibition of 1878. 

Nathan C. Ely, President. 
G. K. McLeoser, Recording Secretary. 
New York, November, 1878. 

1881, INTERNATIONAL COTTON EXPOSITION, ATLANTA 

GEORGIA. 

REPORT ON AWARDS. 




No. 262. 

Atlanta, Georgia, Dec. 21, 1881. 
Group No. 19, Class 31. Entry No. 1568. Product, Artificial Limbs. 
Name and Address of Exhibitor, A. A. Marks, New York. 
The undersigned, having examined the products herein described, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



143 



respectfully recommend the same to the Executive Committee of 
the International Cotton Exposition for award for the following 
reasons, viz. : 

1st. — Simplicity in the mechanism of the knee-joint and for its 
excellent movement. 

2d. — Durability. 

3d. — Rubber Foot, possessing many excellent qualities and com- 
pensating for the absence of motion in the ankle joint. 

We recommend that a gold medal be awarded. 

Approval of group judges, Chas. L. Wilson, M.D. ; Amos Fox. 

Approved, H. I. Kimball, Director General. 

1885. The only first-class medal " which is of gold" awarded 
for artificial limbs at 



THE WORLD'S INDUSTRIAL AND COTTON CENTENNIAL 
EXHIBITION, NEW ORLEANS, LA. 




No. 263. 



No. 264. 



December 1, 1884, to May 31, 1885, Department of Awards, Jury 
report : 

Application No. 1784, Group 8, Class 809. 

Jurors in the above entitled class having carefully examined the 
exhibit made by A. A. Marks, New York City, and all competing 
exhibits, concur in recommending the award of the First Class 
Medal for Artificial Limbs. 

S. D. Carroll, 
For Department of Awards. 



For additional awards, see pages 401 to 421. 



144 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



NOTICES FROM THE PRESS. 

The public Press has frequently spoken of our artificial limbs in 
very flattering terms. We print but a few of the many compli- 
mentary notices we have been favored with. 

New York Times, 1865. 

We examined Marks' artificial limbs, and saw some examples of their use 
that were interesting and satisfactory. These limbs consist of the simplest 
possible conditions. The ankle is firmly attached, and depends on the elasticity 
of the india rubber foot for the required facility in walking. The elegance, 
naturalness, and efficiency of these artificial limbs make them almost perfect. 



New York Herald, October 16, 1865. 

American Institute Fair. — The cripple race, which created so much 
interest on Saturday last, will be repeated to-day. The manufacturers of other 
artificial legs will compete with Mr. Marks for the laurels he gained on that 
day. Dodworth's full band will be present. 



New York Tribune, October 16, 1865. 

American Institute Fair. — Practical Test of Artificial Leos. — The 
practical test of the merits of artificial legs on exhibition at the American 
Institute Fair, on Saturday evening, was both novel and attractive. It consisted 
of a walking match along the center aisle of the Fair building. Three gentle- 
men entered the list, and gave a specimen of their facility in walking on these 
substitutes for natural legs. The first contestant, Mr. Bates, was a tall, heavy 
man, over six feet high, and weighing over 200 pounds. He wore a pair of 
artificial legs he had used less than three weeks, and therefore walked some- 
what unsteadily. The second competitor, Mr. Augsburger, followed, wearing 
but one artificial leg. He walked a fourth of a mile without a cane in four 
minutes with apparent ease, and was warmly applauded. Mr. Frank Stewart 
closed the performance, wearing two artificial legs, applied just below the 
knees. He walked a half mile in nine minutes without a cane, with so much 
spirit, ease, and naturalness that he was frequently obstructed and taken hold 
of by persons who could not believe that he wore two artificial legs, and he 
was finally obliged to take the large stand and exhibit the legs and feet to the 
audience, when he was loudly applauded. All of these gentlemen wore the 
artificial legs and patent india-rubber feet manufactured by Mr. A. A. Marks ; 
there were two other gentlemen present, each wearing two of Mr. Marks' legs, 
having lost their own while in the service of their country. 

This walking match originated with Managers Carpenter and Ely, and was 
superintended by the managers in person, the object being to enable the thou- 
sands of legless soldiers to avail themselves of the benefits of a fair trial of the 
real working merits of the many artificial legs constantly thrust upon their 
attention. 

There are several exhibitors of artificial limbs in the Fair, most if not all of 
whom are expected to give a sample of the walking capability of their respec- 
tive limbs at the walking match which takes place this evening at 8 o'clock. 
A prize will be awarded to the most successful maker. 



Soldiers' Friend, November, 1865. 



\* Several other exhibitions took place during the fair. The gold medal 
was awarded to Dr. Marks. The " Rubber Foot," manufactured at this 



A. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 145 



establishment under special patents, has an elasticity and durability that must 
make the limb welcome to every wearer. The award of the Committee, after 
a careful examination, is a high testimonial in its favor. 



American Eclectic Medical Review, August, 1866. 

Marks' Patent Artificial Limbs. — These Limbs are beyond all question 
the most perfect and simple ever made, and their indorsement by the Ameri- 
can Institute at its last Annual Fair was but a just tribute to their unquestion- 
able excellence. The principle of the india-rubber feet and hands is the true 
one ; and the remarkable skill and extensive experience of Dr. Marks in this 
branch of surgical appliances is unexcelled in this country or the world. 

We recommend Marks' Artificial Limbs — unqualifiedly— to all surgeons and 
to all who may require the aid of such appliances. 



.Soldiers' Friend, Januarv, 1866. 



" Artificial Legs ox Skates."— The time has not long passed since it was 
considered a wonder to see a person walking with apparent ease upon one 
artificial leg, but when an unfortunate fellow who had lost both of his pro- 
pellers was enabled to walk, even with two canes, it was thought so remarkable 
that few would believe it without witnessing the feat with their own eyes. 
But we have recently seen something far exceeding this in novelty and success. 
We saw a young man skating leisurely along on the Central Park Lake, with 
both hands* in his pockets, and without any assistance of staff or cane. It is 
true he did not carve out with exquisite neatness and precision an elegantly 
spread eagle, neither did he leap over the heads of his fellow skaters, but his 
movements were easy and graceful, and no one would suspect any thing 
unusual, except that he might be a beginner. This was really the case, as he 
had then put on skates only a few times. Our attention was called to him by 
some one who knew him personally, or we should not have thought that 
among that vast throng there was one who sought the merry sport upon tuo 
wooden legs. We should not call them wooden, for the quiet skater was no less 
a personage than Mr. Frank Stewart, who wears the Artificial Legs with 
Rubber Feet, invented and manufactured by Mr. Marks, of this city. Mr. 
Stewart ran, or walked, the race at the Fair of the American Institute last year, 
and made the unprecedented time of half a mile in nine minutes, with no 
assistance whatever, and was still anxious to proceed, declaring he could make 
the next half mile in the same time, but was prevented by the crowd. 

The Gold Medal for Artificial Limbs was awarded to Mr. Marks, at the 
American Institute Fair, 1865. 



American Phrenological Journal, October, 1869. 

Artificl^l Llmbs. — It is but a few years since the person who was unfor- 
tunate enough to lose a part of his leg was obliged to stump about, like poor 
" Tommy Taft,"' in Mr. Beechers "Norwood,'' for the rest of his life, or, 
what was worse, to swing himself through the world on crutches. 

There have been various ingenious and useful devices to obviate the old 
stump-leg, as well as to do away with the crutches, and these inventions have 
served their purposes with more or less convenience and pleasure to the wearer 
and his friends. 

Since the beginning of our great rebellion ten thousand maimed soldiers have 
called upon the inventive talent of our citizens, and now we have the pleasure 
of presenting, for the consideration of our readers, the Artificial Limbs with 
India-rubber Hands and Feet, invented and manufactured by Mr. A. A. Marks. 

We give also an engraved likeness of Mr. Frank Stewart, who has had both 
legs amputated below the knees, and wears, of course, two artificial legs. One 
amputation is within two and a half inches of the knee-joint, the other five or 
six inches below it ; yet with his two artificial legs he walks very briskly and 
very much better than many men having corns, who would resent the imputa- 
tion of being lame. The dotted lines across the legs show, where the amputa- 
tions were made. He uses a cane, but can walk without one. 



146 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



We see nothing in the artificial line which gives so natural a step as this. 

We are informed that Mr. Marks has been authorized to furnish artificial 
limbs, at the expense of the Government, to commissioned officers, soldiers, and 
seamen of the United States army and navy, who may have been maimed in the 
service of their country. It is a source of great pleasure to us, and must be to 




No. 265. 

every body, that the maimed soldier, without special charity from personal 
friends, should thus be enabled to procure, at no expense to himself, the best 
possible substitute for the limbs which he has sacrificed for the honor and 
freedom of his country. 

We recommend all persons who are interested to make an investigation 
for themselves of this work, and we doubt not they would be pleased and 
profited thereby. 



New York Dispatch, September 6, 1866. 

Artificial Limbs. — These artificial limbs are the invention and manufac- 
ture of A. A. Marks, of this city. We have seen some of these limbs, and 
examined the peculiar simplicity of their construction ; we have also seen them 
in practical use, and have been truly astonished with the naturalness and grace 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 147 

with which they walk. They remind us of the great advance made in the 
steam-engine by being shorn of its former and many complicated parts, to its 
present simple and improved condition. Mr. Marks dispenses with the ankle 
joints in his legs and its complications, by substituting a foot made mostly of 
India rubber, of a very tough, elastic, and durable character, thereby giving 
the wearer a more reliable, natural, and perfect limb than we have heretofore 
ever seen. 

At the Fair of the American Institute last year, there was a very spirited 
contest for the Gold Medal to be awarded to the inventor of the best limb, and 
although there were many contestants, Mr. Marks' limbs carried off the prize. 

Mr. Marks is a pioneer in this line of art, having been engaged in his pro- 
fession since 1853, and after much study and many experiments has attained to 
those special improvements, which he patented some four years since. The 
Government adopted his limbs, thus enabling our heroic soldiers who have 
lost their limbs in defense of their country to secure them free of charge. 

We have given these inventions more than a passing notice, as we think 
they effect important changes and improvements in the construction of imple- 
ments for the relief of our unfortunate fellow-beings, and more especially as 
they emanate from one who has labored for many years in this branch of a 
noble work, and whose present standing as an inventor and gentleman needs no 
further recommendation at our hands. 



New York Tribune, September 16, 1868. 

Aktificial Limbs. — The inventor who can make a machine do its work 
with the least machinery is considered by all good judges as the best. Simplicity 
of construction, in every thing, is not only its beauty, but its best recommenda- 
tion. In nothing is this rule more applicable than to substitutes for lost limbs, 
especially when applied to our brave soldiers and seamen, who sacrificed their 
own precious limbs to save our country. 

We find the above qualifications well exemplified in artificial limbs in- 
vented and manufactured by A. A. Marks, New York, which seem to combine 
every feature of utility and comfort to the unfortunate wearer, while their 
simplicity of construction must render them durable and unlikely to get out of 
order. The soldier or citizen who places himself under the care of Mr. Marks 
will find a competent, prompt, and reliable friend, a man well known as an 
energetic, hard worker, of large experience as an inventor and mechanic in a 
profession both honorable and beneficial to the human race. 



New York Dispatch, October 24, 1869. 

Very few persons, in proportion to our population, are required to use 
artificial limbs, yet in looking into the matter a little we find there are many 
thousands among us needing and using those useful inventions of art, and 
many persons use them with such ease and naturalness that their misfortune is 
never known by the public, and often but by very few of their acquaintances. 
In examining Mr. Marks' large case of artificial limbs at the Fair, our attention 
was attracted to a very genteel and pretty little girl of about ten years of age, 
who presented us with a card. Upon one side we found a portrait of the little 
girl above mentioned, taken in different positions, one of which represented her 
as she appeared with her sweet, honest face and lovely black eyes, and skipping 
about apparently as sound in limb as in body and mind, but another view 
represented her sitting and exhibiting her misfortune, showing that her left leg- 
was amputated just below the knee. She informed us that she had used it for 
over two years, and with perfect ease. We saw her afterward walking about 
the Fair without exhibiting any signs whatever of her loss. We are informed 
that .Mr. Marks has hundreds of patients who testify to the great utility and 
assistance they receive from his valuable inventions — many, too, who have lost 
both legs, and with these substitutes are enabled to attend to their vocations. 



Illustrated Weekly, New York, December 18, 1875. 

We have been particularly interested in reading a pamphlet issued by A. A. 
Marks, explaining the construction of the artificial limbs produced at his 



148 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



extensive factory, which must be placed at the head of all institutions of the 
kind on this continent. 

Established in his business many years, Mr. Marks has succeeded beyond 
expectation in the endeavor to produce the most perfect substitute possible for 
a lost limb, either arm or leg. All the limbs manufactured by him are light 
and strong, elastic and uncomplicated, and admit of such use as is perfectly 
wonderful. Persons wearing his legs — we intend no joke — find themselves able 
to walk long distances, to work in the fields or the store, and, in the case of 
ladies, to perform all their domestic duties, including going up and down stairs, 
without weariness and want of grace, so that their wearing artificial assistances 
of this nature may not be known to their associates. This is true even of per- 
sons necessitated to wear two artificial legs. The foot is of india rubber — 
as are the hands. It has been found that children from four years and upwards, 
wearing legs of Mr. Marks' manufacture, can indulge in their childish sports 
and grow up in vigorous health, instead of feebly moving by aid of crutches. 
We need not add that the inventor has achieved a brilliant success in his 
business, and that persons and institutions of eminence have cheerfully accord- 
ed their expression of the utility of his inventions, which those who have used 
them know best how to appreciate. We cordially indorse the verdict of the 
judges at the Forty-fourth Fair of the American Institute, lately held in this 
city: "We regard them (Mr. Marks' Artificial Limbs) as superior to all oth- 
ers in practical efficiency and simplicity." We may add that Mr. Marks has 
received numerous medals from the judges of this institution, the first dated 
as far back as 1859. 



ToUdo Blade, Toledo, Ohio, August 26, 1875. 

Wonderful Improvements in Patent Artificial Limbs. — The limbs 
manufactured at the establishment of Dr. A. A. Marks, New York, wc are 
warranted in saying, from personal examination, are beyond any question the 
most perfect ever made, and their indorsement by the American Institute at its 
last Annual Fair, was but a just tribute to their unquestionable excellence. 

The principle of the india-rubber feet and hands is the true one, and the 
remarkable skill, and the experience of Dr. Marks in this branch of surgical 
appliance, is simply unexcelled in this country or in the WORLD. They are 
recommended and fully indorsed by all leading surgeons throughout this entire 
country. 



Grand Army Record. 



Artificial Limbs. — Science and the industrial arts present no higher 
evidence of progress than that observable in the perfection of surgical appliances 
designed to replace portions of the human form removed by innumerable causes. 
The requirements of an article of this description are not only to come as near 
as possible to nature in appearance, but in the uses of the lost part. Take the 
leg, for example. It should not only look the counterfeit of Nature, but its 
wearer must be able to walk, dance, run, skate, or do any thing as before his 
misfortune, and at the same time have the limb conform to his person. 

Of the truly ingenious and vastly useful devices for these purposes, exam- 
ples have recently come under our notice which show conclusively that the 
best articles of this description ever devised by man's ingenuity, and one which 
fully meets the requirements, is the Artificial Limbs, with Indian Rubber hands 
and feet, made by Dr. A. A. Marks, of this city, and which are now in such 
extensive use throughout the whole country. Consisting of the simplest con- 
ditions, availed of with most consummate ability, it is a model of elegance, 
naturalness, and efficiency, and fully deserves the high encomiums it has received 
from medical and other scientific sources, from the Government, the press, and 
public generally. 

Of course Dr. Marks' peculiar features in perfecting artificial limbs are 
secured to him by letters-patent, and he is the sole manufacturer of them. 

By Act of Congress, the Surgeon-General of the United States has com- 
missioned Dr. Marks to supply these limbs to commissioned officers, soldiers, 
jseameu, and others, free of charge, under stipulated regulations. Those 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 149 



afflicted, or having friends deprived of their limbs, should communicate with 
Dr. Marks. 



Davenport Democrat, Davenport, Iowa, February 10, 1876. 

Substituted Humanity. — The imitation of portions of humanity with all 
those movements which are peculiar to the substituted limb has arrived at a 
perfection which is marvelous, The victim of patriotism or the sufferer from 
an accident who requires the amputation of a member can now be supplied 
with hand or foot, arm or leg, so perfect in contour, and so elegant in action, 
that the sense of loss is reduced to a minimum. Especially is this the case with 
Marks' patents, which are made with rubber hands and feet so exactly facsimile 
that none but the wearer is cognizant of the substitution. 

Mechanical surgery, carried thus to perfection, ranks in importance with 
those other inventions and discoveries which have made America the leading 
nation of the world in the alleviation of suffering humanity. Disabled soldiers 
and citizens should apply at once to A. A. Marks. 



Hew York Evening Mail, November 15, 1875. 

Undoubtedly one of the most valuable features of the whole exhibition is 
the display of artificial limbs, made by Dr. A. A. Marks, of New York. 

The beautiful young lady who attends the case of goods entered by Dr. Marks 
has been wearing one of his artificial limbs for the last eight years. 

A photograph is distributed at the Fair, showing her as she was at the age of 
eight, and as she now appears, which very beautifully illustrates a specialty in 
his business in applying artificial limbs to children. 

These limbs are constructed with india-rubber hands and feet, and are 
models of elegance, naturalness, and efficiency ; in short, they are the best 
articles of this description ever devised by man's ingenuity. They are now in 
extensive use throughout the whole country, and have received the highest 
indorsements from medical and other scientific sources, from the Government, 
the press, and the public generally. 



Stamford Advocate, Stamford, Conn. 

Art Practically Exemplified. — While on a visit to the city a short time 
since, we made a call at the celebrated manufactory of Artificial Limbs, owned 
and carried on by Mr. A. A. Marks, and although we had known before some- 
thing of this establishment, we were surprised to see and learn of the real 
extent and magnitude of what we had always before considered quite an insig- 
nificant business. Mr. Marks is, with but a single exception, the oldest man- 
ufacturer and inventor in the United States, in this line. He started in the 
business in a small way nearly a quarter of a century ago, and has gradually 
increased it until his patrons are numbered by the thousands, and are scattered 
in almost every part of the globe. While there, he showed us a fine specimen 
of a full length Artificial Leg made for a gentleman in Buenos Ayres, South 
America, for whom he had made one a few years ago, and he was so well 
pleased with it that he had again sent this long distance for a duplicate. Mr. 
M. showed* us another for a young man in the northern part of California. 
One also for a Miss of twelve years old, who lost her limb by a mowing machine 
when she was but three. More than a dozen more were shown us either fin- 
ished or in progress of construction, for persons of various occupations, and 
scattered widely over the world, some of a peculiar historic character. But 
more than this, he showed us the practical working of one particular case that 
was well worth seeing. He was a snugly built boy of eleven years of age. 
Mr. M. says: " Tommy, let the gentleman see you walk," upon which he 
started off without a cane, at an easy gait, with a slight limp in the right leg. 
We thought it excellent walking for any one with an Artificial Leg, and so 
expressed ourselves, supposing, of course, that he was wearing but one Arti- 
ficial, but when informed that the solid little fellow was walking on sl pair of 
Artificial Legs, and shown his photograph taken with his bare stumps, this told 
the storv so clear that no doubt could be entertained of his actual condition 



150 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



and that the little fellow had lost one leg just below the knee and the other 
above, and yet he walks well and for long distances without any cane. This 
case has excited much wonder and comment where the boy is known. 

Mr. M. then called our attention to a young man of about twenty-six years 
of age, who was walking about the large reception room, and informed us that 
he was wearing a pair of artificials also. From his easy manner and steady 
step none would for a moment suspect he was in any way disabled. This per- 
sonage has been in Mr. M.'s employ for nearly a dozen years, therefore grown 
from a mere boy in an occupation which accident compelled him to patronize, 
and in which he steadily labors in assisting others who, from accident or dis- 
ease, are similarly circumstanced. 

The inventor was awarded a Gold Medal for the Best Artificial Limbs at the 
great Fair of the American Institute, in 1865, and also the highest awards of 
that time-honored institution at every exhibition since. 

Mr. Marks has a peculiar faculty of making those who call on hirft feel inter- 
ested in his humanitarian work. He certainly has developed this peculiar busi- 
ness to a wonderful extent. Many a brave soldier has had his life made happy 
by having his missing leg or arm replaced with one of Mr. Marks' artificial 
ones. The nation owes him a debt of gratitude for his untiring efforts in this 
department. 

Mr. M. is a resident of Riverside. He lives on his fine farm on the banks of 
Long Island Sound, a short drive from our village, where his life and tastes 
are beautifully exemplified by his ornamented surroundings on the breezy 
shore. His orchards and well tilled grounds yield ample harvests. Thus he 
shows an ardent love for nature's quiet and pure attractions, as well as for the 
development of art in his singular though necessary profession. 



Appleton's Journal, June 19, 1875. 

Patched-up Humanity.— It is quite appalling how callous we have grown 
to the tendency of the fair sex to amplify Nature by artificial means. We no 
longer look upon Sophronia's mass of black hair with suspicious dread. The 
most gallant of men, the weakest dupe of feminine arts, is not deceived by it ; 
nor does he suppose that it indicates any real deficiency as in the natural sup- 
ply. He recognizes and sanctions it, not as a snare, but a graceful concession 
to fashion ; and the women themselves do not seek concealment. 

I have watched fair girls — girls with sunshiny tresses waved across their 
brows — enter the store of a perruquier on Broadway without a blush — without 
a moment's care for observers — and I have seen them boldly comparing the 
shade of their cast-off, lack-lustre braids with new ones, which they have pur- 
chased under the very eyes of prying men. 

The propriety of thus amending Nature whenever fashion demands seems 
to be generally conceded, not only in the matter of hair, but also in many other 
things, and I am much too discreet a person to find fault with that which 
meets the approval of so many. I will go even so far as to say that it may be 
partly a good tendency, in the interest of candor and against deceit, for while 
the custom is extant it is surely better to be honest about it. 

If Mrs. B has the misfortune to be sallow, and finds her complexion 

improved by the use of anthosmimos, at two dollars a bottle, we should be glad 
that the prejudices of her neighbor do not compel the poor lady to be hypo- 
critical over it ; and the understanding that Fanny's profusion of hair is not 
wholly her own will spare dear Edgar many a heart-pang after marriage. 

But there is also a tendency to substitute as well as to amplify nature. 
Formerly, a cripple was a cripple, and hobbled through the world an object 
of pity to sympathetic elders, and of derision to wicked youngsters. An 
unfortunate with one eye had no means of hiding his defect, and the loss of the 
arms made a person helpless. Even when artificial legs were first introduced, 
they were so imperfect that no one was deceived by them. They had mova- 
ble, clattering ankle-joints, which betrayed their wearer at every step, and his 
entrance into a parlor was mistaken for the complaint of a broken-down chair, 
or the squeak of a rat. When he moved in the street, people turned round, 
expecting to see a wheelbarrow in want of grease approaching, and when- 
awful moment !— he cast himself on his knees before his adored one, his 
impassioned utterances were accompanied with rattling noises which suggested 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 151 

the unrest of a fallen spirit in torment: Naughty little boys whistled the tune 
of the " Cork Leg" in his presence, and his whole life was made miserable by 
the rude queries of persons who wanted to know all about his misfortune. 

Such improvements have been made in late years, however, that, in all but 
sense of touch, an artificial leg performs the most important duties of a natural 
one, allowing the wearer to walk, run, or sit with ease, and to endure an 
astonishing degree of fatigue in an upright position. It is noiseless, and only 
an expert can detect it. 

The foot wears a real boot, which can be removed at pleasure ; the knee and 
ankle joint work without a creak, and the whole mechanism is, as one maker 
eloquently says, "at once a beauty and a joy forever." The form is perfection, 
the instep really arched, and the ankle trim. The calf swells with exquisite 
gradations, and recedes toward a well-shaped knee. The surface is smooth and 
glossy as satin, and delicately tinged with a color between a soft pink and a 
luscious creaminess, as unlike the abnormal and offensive redness of a ballet- 
girl's fleshings as blush rose is unlike a flaunting dahlia. 

A wooden leg, pure and simple, is a perpetual reminder of the wearer's bereft 
condition. It can never be mistaken for any thing more than the shallow 
mechanism it is. But the modern artificial leg is a complete illusion, and the 
wearer himself may easily forget its unreality. Coming home in the evening 
from a day of toil, and throwing himself into an arm-chair for a consoling- 
smoke, he' can take off his boots and put on his slippers in the most natural 
manner possible. His stockings — prosaic necessity — need changing once a 
week, and I have heard of men who gratified their inordinate vanity by cloth- 
ing their rubber feet in the softest of silks. Then, if he be of a utilitarian turn, 
with little care for trappings and seemings, he can discard the limb altogether 
when he is seated, and. put it in a corner like an umbrella or a walking-stick. 
Or if he has the native habit of sitting with his heels elevated above his body, 
he can continue to enjoy that delusive pleasure by resting his artificial leg on 
the window-sill while he sits upon the lounge in a more comfortable posture. 
A thousand advantages suggest themselves, and therein we find an example of 
the excellent law of compensation which atones for so many of our grievances. 

But, when we glance through the neck of the leg, so to' speak, our feelings 
suffer a revulsion . We see that all the external beauty and tenderness, all the 
lustre and refinement of tint, only serve to hide a combination of ugly iron bolts, 
rods, and screws, which give the thing its movements. 

The outer case or shell is made of wood, wrought by a carpenter's chisel, and 
when we rap it with our knuckles it gives forth a hollow, sepulchral sound. 
The delicate texture of the surface is the result of a coating of some kind of 
fine enameled leather, which makes the wood more durable and handsome and 
prevents it from splitting or cracking. So the artificial leg aesthetic is dismissed 
from our minds, and we have only~to consider the practical leg as a thing of 
mechanical ingenuity and utility. 

We have seen what the artificial leg is ornamentally, and we have hinted at 
its posssibilities, but we have given you no idea of how varied and extensive 
these possibilities are. We know a gentleman with a passion for pedestrianism, 
an excellent skater, who moves on two artificial legs, and yet this is nothing. 

In a pair^phlet before us there are several pages filled with the experiences of 
crippled men whose infirmities have been relieved, not by the all-potent grace 
of winking Madonnas, nor by the talismanic touch of sainted hands, but by 
the dexterity of artisans in human-repair shops. 

A brevet major of United States Volunteers, who was cut in two during the 
war, writes, " I walk six miles every day without a cane or other assistance." 
Another martyr of gunpowder declares, " I am employed in a locomotive-works, 
and with the aid of an artificial leg I am able to support a large family." Think 
of supporting a large family on an artificial leg, and dandling a baby on an arti- 
ficial knee ! And what a sermon and example it is to those who complain that 
they cannot afford to marry with even the two natural limbs at their service ! 
This is not all, however. "Being fond of sport, I have frequently started from 
home early in the morning and have not returned until night, spending the 
whole day in hunting-exploits, and accomplishing altogether about fifteen miles 
distance." This same hero is member of a fire-department, and is often in 
active service. If you saw him in the street you could not discover his imper- 
fections, for, beyond a slight limp, his gait is steady and easy. 

Still another writes, " With my artificial leg I have visited the Highlands and 



152 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



all the noteworthy scenery of Ireland, Wales, England, Germany, France, and 
Switzerland, and have ever found it all I desired while on horseback, on foot, 
or at rest." 

A fourth states that he is a farmer, and that he has built a stone-fence while 
wearing an artificial leg, mowed and cradled, spread and pitched hay, and 
made himself generally useful. 

We imagine that the wearers of these artificial limbs grow attached to them, 
as to a meerschaum pipe, and it occurs to us that there must be a large amount 
of satisfaction in taking one's leg off and rubbing it up and down in a fondling 
way. Some connoisseurs — for there are connoisseurs even in this — have collec- 
tions of legs — week-day legs, Sunday legs, dancing legs, and riding legs, each 
expressly made for a distinct purpose . But this is vanity, and leadeth only unto 
vexation of spirit. 



The following lecture is taken from the Medical and Surgical 
Jteporter, of April 14, 1877, published in Philadelphia. 



LECTURE. 



CONVALESCENT CASES. 

A Clinical Lecture by Professor Lewis A. Sayre, at Bellevue Hospital, Feb- 
ruary 14, 1877. Reported stenographically for The Medical and 
Surgical Reporter, by N. W. Cady, M.D. 

Case 6. — Mary Cashen. Here is a little girl I feel proud to show you. Look 
at that smiling face, compared with what it was when she came here several 
months ago. The operation was performed three months ago. You will recol- 
lect this girl came here with chronic disease of the knee joint, which she had 
had ever since she was seven months old. From the age of seven months on, 
she remained with her knee in a state of chronic inflammation. It was plastered 
and issued, and fired and iodined, and she took internal remedies all the time, 
until within a few weeks of the time when she came here, but she never had 
extension and counter-extension, to overcome reflex muscular contraction. The 
muscles contracted in such a way as to produce a complete luxation backward 
of the leg upon the thigh, so that the head of the tibia lay in the intercondylic 
notch. 

You will recollect that the leg and foot were models of symmetry and beauty, 
never having been stepped upon, or never having worn a shoe. The disease 
had so thoroughly involved the joint that an exsection alone could not save the 
limb. If a resection had been performed, the leg would have been too short to 
walk upon, and on that account I decided to perform an amputation upon the 
knee joint, leaving the patella to form the end of the stump. You will observe 
that the cicatrization is complete. There were two or three sinuses at the 
lower end of the femur and one under the patella, but I preferred to trust to 
nature for curing the inflammation, and the result has justified my choice. 
The sinuses soon ceased to discharge, and the girl was sent out from the hospital 
with a perfect stump. 

Mr. A. A. Marks, the instrument maker, has been kind enough to present 
to this little girl an artificial leg, and I feel under great obligation to him. He 
makes, as I think, altogether the best artificial leg I have ever seen, simply 
because of its durability and simplicity. The foot has no joint at the ankle, and 
this is where the great advantage comes in. The core of the foot is a small 
solid piece of wood in the shape of a foot, only much smaller. This core is 
covered with a thick and heavy layer of india-rubber, so that from the instep 
to the toes, and back to the heel, the foot is simply solid spring rubber. The 
elasticity of the toes and heel compensates for the absence of the ankle joint, 
and in walking there is none of the jarring, dot-and-go-one walk so characteristic 
of the jointed leg. With this rubber foot she can walk with the stealthy, noise- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 153 



less tread of a cat. The spring and elasticity of the foot is a positive comfort to 
the patient. 



Hartford Courant, November 5, 1877. 

On His Legs Again. — Lieutenant-Governor Sill's son George, who had his 
legs cut off at Stony Creek last summer, has returned from New York City, 
where he has been having a pair of Marks' Artificial Legs fitted to him. Young 
Mr. Sill finds that he can use his artificial limbs very easily, and manages to- 
move about with little trouble even at the present time. The limbs are really 
wonderful, and when the young man gets accustomed to their use it is probable 
that he will be able to move so easily that few, if any, strangers would imagine 
him deprived of both his natural pedestals. The Patent Legs are the best 
invented, and are made by A. A. Marks, New York. Young Mr. Sill is to be 
congratulated on his speedy and complete recovery from so severe an accident. 



Rock Island Union, Rock Island, 111., August 23, 1877. 

Mr. Marks is one of our oldest and most reliable manufacturers, and his 
limbs are generally acknowledged to have no superiors. They have taken the 
First Premium at the leading expositions in the world, as Gold Medals in Mr- 
Marks' possession testify. 

Quite a number of soldiers living in this and adjoining counties are using 
these limbs, and speak in the highest terms of their excellence. 



Boston Evening Traveller, December, 1881. 

A Remarkable Coincidence. — A visitor at the Artificial Limb establish- 
ment of Mr. A. A. Marks, New York, a little time ago, was shown two sets of 
drawings and measurements for pairs of artificial legs for two different persons ; 
but although one pair was for a man in Idaho Territory, and the other for a, 
man in Kentucky, and for amputations below the knees, and one stump about 
three inches longer than the other, yet they were each so near like the other 
that one pair would fit the other person as well as the one for whom it was 
made. Both persons lost their limbs from freezing, and both were about the 
same weight, yet one was ten years older than the other. The circumstance, 
Mr. Marks says, never occured before in his nearly thirty years' experience in 
making several thousand artificial limbs, and over one hundred pairs where 
persons had lost both. These two pairs of limbs were recently made, both 
orders received the same day, and were made from measurements, have been 
sent to their destination, and give most excellent satisfaction. The perfection 
which has been acquired in the manufacture of these artificial limbs is some- 
thing very wonderful, and the benefits thereby brought to suffering humanity 
are incalculable. There is at present a young man in Mr. Marks' employ wear- 
ing a pair of limbs, one amputation being just above the knee, the other just 
below, and not one observer in a hundred would, from his manner of walking 
and his general activity, for an instant suppose he had legs other than those 
provided by nature. A visit to Mr, Marks' establishment, and observation of 
the immense business carried on there, will well repay any visitor to New York 
his time and trouble to call and see for himself. 



The Atlanta Christian Index and Southwestern Baptist, November 27, 1879. 

A Dark Cloud with a Silver Lining. — One of the saddest things con- 
nected with the late war is the fact that so many noble men lost a limb, or limbs ; 
and, saddest of all, the most of them, from loss of time and property, and other 
terrible results of the war, were seemingly destined to move on through the 
dark shadows of adversity with an empty sleeve, or upon crutches, dragging 
their maimed bodies through the rough journey of life, 

But thanks to the liberality of an appreciative people, and the wonderful 
ingenuity of man, the halt and the maimed may take courage, and, looking up 



154 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

and beyond the dark cloud of adversity, may catch the silver lining of hope, 
with the assurance that the empty sleeve may be filled with an arm that can be 
used, and the awkward, tiresome crutches give place to limbs both useful and 
ornamental. Under these considerations, all manufacturers of artificial limbs, 
who are skilled in their profession and satisfied with reasonable compensation, 
should be considered public benefactors. 

The writer who is a Georgian, justly proud of his native State, fully appre- 
ciating the justice and generosity of the late Legislature in making an appro- 
priation to furnish limbs for those who lost them in the late war, and in full 
sympathy with all these unfortunate sons of the South, while spending some 
time in the cities of New York and Philadelphia has taken special pains to in- 
vestigate the standing of the various manufacturers of artificial limbs. While 
there are many of whom our country may feel justly proud, as skilled artisans, 
the writer feels constrained to mention specially the'name of Mr. A. A. Marks. 
This special reference is made after a close and critical investigation into his 
present and past record, covering an experience of over a quarter of a century, 
during which time he has been largely connected with Government contracts. 
He can show many flattering testimonials from official sources, as well as 
from private individuals, together with numerous diplomas and first pre- 
miums. 

Mr. Marks is a practical mechanic, thoroughly acquainted with every detail 
of his business. He is not only able to give to it his own personal attention ; 
but has two sons who, by their close training, have also acquired an experi- 
mental knowledge of the business, and are fully competent to take charge of 
the different departments. 

Mr. Marks has the most skilled mechanics in his manufactory, turning out 
frequently a dozen or more limbs a week. It is interesting to see his patrons 
leave their crutches in his office, and walk off apparently whole — men, too, who 
had lost both legs and who were brought in by attendants. 



Atlanta (Georgia) Constitution, January 1, 1882 
ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 



A Wonderfully Successful Result of Skill in Their Manu- 
facture. 

Prominent among the exhibits in Art and Industrial Hall, which were dis- 
played during the life of the exposition which closed yesterday, were the 
artificial limbs displayed by Mr. A. A. Marks, of New York. They attracted 
universal attention, and their beauty and perfection were much commented 
upon. The display was very elaborate, and embraced the various styles and 
kinds required by the demands of the trade. They were easily seen to be of 
superior workmanship and of the very best material. The rubber foot and 
hand feature has gained much favor, and givec promise of supplanting all other 
styles. By means of the rubber foot and stiff ankle joint, a natural movement is 
given to the step which deceives the most practiced eye, Mr. Marks has 
applied an artificial leg to Master Willie Wilson, the little son of our esteemed 
fellow-citizen, Dr. H. L. Wilson. This young gentleman had his leg cut off 
by a train several months ago, but now wears an artificial limb with such 
natural grace that no one would ever suspect that he had lost a limb. 

Mr. Marks has met with wonderful success in his efforts to supply reliable 
and practical artificial limbs. The limbs that he turns out are equal if not 
superior to any others. They were carefully examined by the judges at the 
exposition and compared with the competition. They awarded the exhibit a 
gold medal. 

These artificial limbs are recommended with the assurance that they can not 
be surpassed in any particular whatever, and all who need any thing of the kind 
should address Dr. Marks. A prominent Atlanta physician said of him yester- 
day : "He is the best artificial limb maker in the world. I have seen his work 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEK CITY. 155 

and I have seen it tested. I am prepared to say that it is the best in existence." 
This was a high compliment but a deserved one. 



The Sun, New York City, Sept. 27,' 1885. 

The house of A. A. Marks, 701 Broadway, established 1853, is the oldest in 
this country, and owing to its peculiar mode of constructing limbs, with rubber 
hands and feet, enjoys a trade second to none on both continents. Their wide- 
spread reputation for lightness, durability, and naturalness is evidenced by 
three orders recently tilled, one for the son of the Peruvian President, another 
for a prominent Neapolitan surgeon, and a third for an attache of the Japanese 
Legation. A simple and reliable system renders it unnecessary for subjects to 
call in person, the proper filling out of blanks being sufficient to insure a per- 
fect fit. This house furnishes a greater proportion of the limbs purchased by 
the Government for disabled soldiers. Limbs are supplied to subjects ranging 
from infancy to old age. In the case of little Mabel Thompson, of New Haven, 
a leg was applied when she was less than one year old, for amputation below 
the knee, to prevent stiffening and contraction of the joint, and in a brief time 
she was walking naturally ; Cleary, a famous pedestrian, wearing two of these 
artificial limbs, has made a record athletes possessing natural ones might envy. 



New York Sun, December 3, 1882. 
CRIPPLES WITH IMPROVED FEET. 

More Maiming Done by Railway Cars and Machinery than by 

Wars. 

Gen. Hoke, of North Carolina, is credited with remarking on the rapid disap- 
pearance, in late years, of the maimed veterans of the civil war, and saying 
that in a few years men who have lost arms or legs will be rare. A newspaper 
paragraph to that effect was shown to a maker of artificial limbs, who furnishes 
more substitute arms and legs than any body else in the United States, and he 
said : " It is true that there are not so many cripples observable in the streets 
as there were a few years ago, but it is also true that there are almost as many 
in the community, and probably always will be as long as we have railroads. 
So far as the old soldiers are concerned, I don't imagine that they are dying off 
any faster than any other men who were in their prime when the war ended, 
seventeen years ago. As for cripples becoming rare, that is true as far as their 
ceasing to be conspicuous objects, but they are here among us all the same. 
The difference is that the perfection to which the making of artificial limbs has 
been carried, especially in legs, prevents the mutilation of their wearers being 
noticed. Many men wander about with artificial legs whomnobody would 
ever suspect of being maimed." 

In a practical demonstration of what he said he called upon three of his 
employees — a young woman, a boy, and a middle-aged man — and set them 
walking to and fro in his large office. There was nothing peculiarly observa- 
ble in the gait of either — no heavy, wooden thump, no stiffness in the motions 
of the feet, and no halting in the alternating steps, yet the young woman wore 
one artificial leg, and each of the others was supported on two wooden limbs. 

" There," he continued, with an air of triumph, " is the climax of scientific 
invention in this direction. Nobody w T ould imagine, seeing them in the street, 
that they have been crippled. And the young woman will dance all night 
with that substitute leg without her partner suspecting its existence, the man 
will skate, and the boy can run a race. This is all attained by the use of a 
rubber foot that is elastic under the heel tread and bends at the toes like a 
natural foot. I could point out to you in the street scores of men that wear 
these rubber feet, not only old soldiers, but victims of railway and other acci- 
dents, and you would not recognize in their easy, springy, and noiseless walk 
that they were not in possession of all their natural members. And that is the 
greas reason why cripples are disappearing. It is a common error that more 
men were maimed in battle during the war than during any other time of equal 
duration in the history of the country, but the fact is that there are as many 



156 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

cripples made by the railroads in each year now as were made by the war in 
any year of the war. That I affirm from intimate knowledge of more than 
6,000 cases. According to the war records there were only about 22,000 crip- 
ples made on both sides, North and South, by the war. Of course the exact 
number has not been, and cannot be, ascertained, for not only were many cases 
never reported, but in not a few instances injuries received in battle led to 
amputations a number of years afterward, so long that they could not have 
been included in the official records or kept an exact account of. There was 
Henry La Rue, of Pa., for instance, who had a leg amputated in 1877, in con- 
sequence of a fracture received in 1865, when he was a member of the Eleventh 
Pennsylvania Cavalry. 

" I have made thousands of legs and arms for soldiers, who are supplied with 
them free of cost by the Government. They are allowed a new limb every five 
years. A good leg of willow, well made, with good steel joints and springs 
and a rubber foot, will last fifteen years, with proper care, and an arm is good 
for a lifetime. The elasticity of the rubber foot increases the durability as well 
as the serviceability of the leg. A first-class leg costs $100. I have heard of 
artificial legs being made to order in France with gold-plated joints and all sorts 
of fancy business, costing several hundred dollars, but have never been called 
upon to get up any thing of the kind, and if I had to wear an artificial leg I 
am sure I would prefer a plain one with that great American invention, the 
rubber foot, rather than any gold-plated and jeweled one without it. I am 
called upon to furnish from 500 to 600 arms and legs, comparatively few of the 
former, every year, and you may say, on my authority, that the railroad system 
in this country, as at present conducted, and the machinery used in so many 
branches of manufacture, may be relied upon to make three cripples for every 
one that would be likely to be made by another war." 

A dealer in surgical appliances said : " I do not deal in artificial limbs any 
more, for the reason that the things I have to keep are multifarious enough to 
set a man's head whirling, and to prosecute the artificial limb business properly 
requires exclusive attention to it. But I know all about it, and I often have to 
repair arms and legs, so that I meet many persons who wear such things, and 
I give you my word that I have been surprised more than once by men who 
came into my store and disclosed that they had artificial legs . I had not observed 
any indication of it in their walk. I know a girl employed in the Fifth 
Avenue Hotel, who has a wooden leg with a rubber foot, and nobody of all 
those about her every day, not even the other girls who sleep in the same room 
with her at night, suspect the fact, She is a very smart, bright girl, and she 
told me that the secret of her concealing the fact so well is that, when she com- 
menced wearing it, she carefully and systematically trained the well leg to adapt 
itself to the movements of the maimed one, instead of reversing that process as 
most persons do. The rubber foot is the invention of an old and experienced 
American maker, and is acknowledged in Europe as well as this country as the 
greatest discovery of the age in this direction." 

Henry Laurens Bascomb, the actor, who had both his feet amputated in con- 
sequence of their being frozen, has had them replaced by rubber ones, and he 
now walks about almost as well as anybody, well enough, at all events, to 
enable him to teach elocution and acting. 



The following article appeared in the New York Medical Journal; it refers to 
a matter that should be called to the attention of the profession. 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUMPS BY THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL 

LIMBS.. 

The impression seems to prevail to some extent among physicians, that an 
artificial limb should not be worn after an amputation until the stump has had 
time to "harden," and with this idea patients are advised to defer the purchase 
of a limb frequently for months after the immediate effects of the amputation 
have entirely disappeared. 

Undoubtedly there are many cases in which this advice is good, particularly 
in those of a strumous diathesis in whom an injury or abrasion may be productive 
of severe local lesions, and in those where amputation has been done in conse- 
quence of a necrosed condition of the bones. It is not this class, however, to 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



157 



wliich reference is made, but rather to those in which amputation is rendered 
necessary by an injury occurring when the individual is in full health, as in cases 
of gunshot wounds, and in the almost daily and by far too frequent accidents 
on the steam and horse-railroad tracks. 

It may be safely laid down as a rule that the sooner after an amputation an 
artificial limb is applied the better it will be for the development of the stump 
and for the preservation of the symmetry and health of the sound limb. Es- 
pecially does this seem to apply to cases occurring in young persons, in whom 
the stump is apt not only to fail in development proportionate to the growth 
of the individual but becomes atrophied and flabby from disuse. 

In a recent conversation with Mr. A. A. Marks, manufacturer of .artificial 
limbs in this city, attention was called to this matter, and the following case 
was cited in support of this theory. 

The subject of the accompanying illustration, when but eight years of age, 
was furnished with one of Mr. Marks' artificial legs, which has been lengthened, 
enlarged, or replaced by Mr. Marks as demanded by the increased size of the 
wearer. The result of this early application of an artificial leg is seen in the 




s.:-:> 



healthy development of the stump. In street dress one would hardly recognize 
the one-legged gymnast whose feats of strength and whose agility have given a 
world-wide reputation to " Stewart Dare," as he is known in public. When off 
the stage and in street attire his easy, graceful walk gives very little evidence of 
an artificial leg, which is due in part to the perfect adaptation of the socket to the 
stump, and in part to the flexible rubber foot (invented by Mr. Marks) whose 
action so closely simulates that of the natural foot, and does away so thoroughly 
with the tell-tale ' ' thud " which always accompanies the use of the ordinary 
artificial leg that one would hardly suspect that the individual under observa- 
tion has been subjected to an amputation. — The New York Medical Journal. 



158 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

La Voz de Espana, Mexico, July 29, 1882. [Translation.] 
Marks — We have received a catalogue from this famous manufacturer of arti- 
ficial limbs, and, judging from the weight of evidence, he is the first manufacturer 
in the world. The limbs of his make are firm, comfortable, natural, and in- 
expensive. 

We shall give more minutely the details in the future, in view of the fact that 
our notable artist and dear friend, Enrique Guasp de Peris, will in a short time 
sail for the United States, for the purpose of getting an artificial leg from this 
distinguished manufacturer. 



El Reproductor, Orizaba, Mexico, September 17, 1882. [Translation.] 
" To-day I have seen myself again complete, thanks to the works of Mr. 
Marks. I shall immediately begin the practice of the artificial part, which has 
a precision and exactness to the natural one that at the first sight make it diffi- 
cult to distinguish the genuine from the false." — Enrique. 



El Reproductor, Orizaba, Mexico, October 3, 1882. [Translation.] 
It is exactly eight days since we had the pleasure of embracing Mr. Guasp 
and welcoming him to his home. 

We feel obliged to say to our readers that the artificial leg which was the 
occasion of his visit to the United States is an admirable piece of mechanical 
perfection. It seems to have all the movements of the natural leg and its 
weight is but a trifle. We congratulate Mr. Guasp on the happy results of his 
trip. 

La Libertad, Mexico, October 11, 1882. [Translation.] 
Enrique Guasp. — Day before yesterday we had a visit from our appre- 
ciated friend, with the object of showing to us his magnificent artificial leg, 
which was bought in the United States from the famous manufacturer Mr. 
Marks. It is not possible to ask more of the art. The leg moves to the will of 
our friend as if it were natural. It has not the deformities which are noticeable 
in other artificial limbs. 



Morning Journal, Friday, March 9, 1883. 
FALSE LEGS AND ARMS. 

WONDERFUL PERFECTION REACHED IN MAKING ARTIFICIAL LIMBS — WHAT 
THEY ARE MADE OF AND HOW OPERATED — WRITING WITH INDIA- 
RUBBER HANDS AND SKATING ON WOODEN LEGS. 

Fewer persons are seen on the streets of New York with empty sleeves and 
using crutches than in any European city with an equal population. The im- 
provement now made in the manufacture of artificial limbs is most marked, and 
the articles that are supplied to-day are so perfect, both in their construction 
and action, as to almost defy detection, and many men, women, and children 
now go about the streets with artificial legs and arms whom nobody would ever 
suspect of being maimed. 

HOW THEY ARE MADE. 

To supply the loss of any one limb, or of all limbs, the manufacture of arti- 
ficial members has been brought to such perfection that they can be used by 
their wearers with almost as much facility as the natural limbs. 

Artificial limbs are now almost universally made of willow wood, as afford- 
ing greater strength, lightness, and utility than could be obtained with other 
materials. The materials formerly used were as varied as their mode of con- 
struction. Some were of tin, solid wood, and even of iron, while the different 
joints were worked with all sorts of complicated machinery in the shape of 
cogged wheels, steel springs, etc., which were not only cumbersome and noisy 
in their operation, but were constantly getting out of order. 

The articles of to-day obviate all this. Over the willow foundation is 
stretched a covering of leather which is enameled to represent the natural 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 159 

flesh, while the joints are articulated by means of light springs of steel, rubber, 
and cord, according to the formula of each particular maker. 

FALSE LEGS. 

Mr. A. A. Marks, of Broadway, is the largest manufacturer in this country. 
He now has in his employment a man and a boy who are fitted each with two 
false legs. Both can run and walk almost as well as those possessing their 
natural limbs. The maker attributes his success to the use of rubber for the 
feet of his legs and ignores what he terms as having been the bugbear of all 
makers, the artificial ankle joint. Certainly his legs are entirely noiseless, 
while the action of the knee joint is as perfect as possible. 

FALSE ARMS. 

His arms are so constructed that they can be fitted to a stump at the shoulder 
that is no longer than two or three inches, and yet be made to act. * * 
* * * * The hands are made of soft rubber, with annealed wire 
running through the fingers, which allows them to be put into any desired 
position. Others are made like the feet — of solid sponge rubber, which afford 
a good grasp if any thing is placed between the thumb and fingers. Patients 
thus supplied can even write with their hands, in proof of which he exhibits 
many specimens of their caligraphy. In the palm of the hand is fitted a screw- 
socket into which can be fitted a knife and fork for the purposes of eating at 
table. The most useful and strongest appliance, however, is a hook which 
screws on to the wrist in place of a hand, for with it immense weights can be 
lifted, parcels carried, and many other things done which the hand would not 
be capable of. 

MARVELOUS EXCELLENCE. 

In addition to the useful artificial limbs a large practice is had in extending 
a shortened or deformed leg to agree with its fellow, and so well is this done 
that detection is impossible when the wearer is dressed. 



From the National Tribune, Washington, D. C, June 18, 1885. 
RUBBER HANDS AND FEET. 

The use of some species of artificial limbs to replace those lost by accident or 
war is of quite ancient origin. These appliances, before the invention of the 
rubber foot, were of two kinds, generally speaking. The cripple either 
stumped about upon a wooden peg, like that worn by Stuyvesant, or he pro- 
cured, at great expense, a limb so intricate and complicated in its attempt to 
duplicate every joint and ligature of the departed member, that it was practi- 
cally worthless, owing to the impossibility of keeping it long in repair. 

The rubber foot was invented in 1863 by Mr. A. A. Marks, now the leading 
manufacturer in the United States. 

The advantages of the rubber foot are many. The chief, perhaps, is that it 
does away entirely with all that entanglement of cords, straps, hinges, bolts, 
screws, etc., by means of which the maker of the old-fashioned artificial limbs 
attempts to secure a natural action at the ankle joint. By Mr. Marks' system 
the elasticity is thrown into the foot, giving ease and evenness of motion, as in 
the natural gait. There are no sudden thumps or clanks when the ball of the 
foot reaches the floor, as in the ankle joint style of artificial limb, but the even 
rise and fall of the foot from heel to toe takes place exactly as in the natural 
member, creating a motion that cannot be told from that of a person who pos- 
sesses the feet with which he was born. 

A very practical advantage is the durability of this style of limb, saving the 
wearer the annoyance of constant repairs. Its simplicity is the natural cause 
of this enduring quality. It is also the most economical limb in the market in 
the matter of price and quality. 

Farrow's Military Encyclopedia contains a full description of the invention, 
describing it as the superior of any thing yet known. 

Mr. Marks took the gold medal over all competitors at the New Orleans Ex- 
position, just closed. 



160 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

El Canal, Panama, October 13, 1882. [Translation.'] 

Reader — Are you in need of a limb ? if you are there is no necessity of get- 
ting discouraged or putting on a sad countenance, because (we speak from our 
own knowledge) if you are in need of a foot, leg, hand, or arm, which mortals 
are likely to lose, you can go to New York, the country of extraordinary inven- 
tions, where you will find the king of artificial limb-makers, Mr. Marks, who 
will supply you with limbs of fine finish and perfection. * * * * 



Las Novedades, New York, December 9, 1882. [Translation.] 
Artificial Limbs. 

Quite recently we noticed in the columns of this paper the arrival in this city 
of the famous actor and writer, Mr. Enrique Guasp de Peris, Viscount of San 
Roman, who, having been deprived of one of his limbs, came to this city to have 
it replaced by one of the mechanical and ingenious products of North America, 
only inferior to the works of nature. 

Having succeeded in gratifying his wishes with perfect and full satisfaction, 
the Viscount returned to the Mexican Republic, where he is at present, devoting 
himself more to the tasks of the journalist than to those of the stage. * * * * 

We have had the pleasure of interviewing the manufacturer of the Viscount's 
artificial leg — Mr. Marks — and also of examining the artificial limbs which he 
makes. "We were surprised at the perfection which he has achieved in this 
line. We saw arms and legs, with their suitable hands and feet, in a great 
variety. The legs manufactured by Mr. Marks have the peculiar feature of the 
india-rubber foot, and to this is due the superiority of the limb. _ The patient 
is able to walk with a firm, natural, elastic step, and can balance himself in any 
position without much effort. At the office of Mr. Marks we were eye-witness 
to four persons to whom artificial legs were applied below and above the 
knees, and one of them wore a pair of legs ; it was necessary to be informed of 
this fact or we would not have suspected it. 

A communication from Mr. Enrique Guasp de Peris we here publish by the 
permission of that benevolent person ; it is a most eloquent testimonial, more so 
than any thing we could say. We print it as follows : 

Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir :— I have the greatest pleasure in addressing you these few lines 
in order to express the satisfaction which I have with the artificial leg you 
manufactured for me. To its comfort and stability; I owe the invaluable 
treasure of walking almost naturally. I am pleased with its lightness as well 
as its easy movements, which so closely approximate nature. You may also 
take these lines as an expression of my appreciation of the many attentions and 
kindnesses which in your establishment were paid to your affectionate 

Obedient Servant, 

El Vizconde de San Roman. 

New York, September, 1882. 



Las Mvedades, New York, December 11, 1882. [Translation.] 

Another Person Gratified. 

In the establishment of Mr. A. A. Marks, the famous manufacturer of 
artificial limbs, we have had the pleasure of saluting the Mexican General, Mr. 
Genaro Gonzalez, who lost one of his legs in the last struggle of the Mexican 
Empire, and who came, like many others, to this city to solicit the services of 
the eminent inventor, Mr. Marks. The brave general is highly pleased with 
the kind, or system, of apparatus of this gentleman, and speaks of Mr. Marks 
in the same laudatory manner as did Mr. Guasp de Peris and Colonel Federico 
Larranaga. 

Prairie Farmer, Chicago, September 5, 1885. 
Marks' Artificial Feet and Hands. — The greatest improvement yet 
made in artificial limbs is the rubber foot, invented by Mr. A. A. Marks' in 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 161 



1863. This was at a time when maimed soldiers were being sent home by 
thousands, and it came like a boon from above. With its aid these crippled 
veterans were enabled to engage in the various active vocations of life, which 
otherwise would have been closed to them. The advantages of this foot are 
many ; but perhaps the chief one lies in its doing away with all entanglements 
of cords, straps, hinges, bolts, screws, etc, found in the older inventions. This 
foot is elastic, giving ease and evenness of motion similar to that of the natural 
limb. It is also exceedingly durable, and thus far cheaper than other styles. 

The rubber hands manufactured by the same parties are also the best substi- 
tute known for that member. 



The Catholic Review, New York, April 26, 1885. 

Marks' Artificial Limbs. — We very strongly commend to all who need 
such aids ; the Marks Artificial Limbs, designed, patented, and made by A. A. 
Marks of New York. Dr. Marks is very widely known in the United 
States and in various countries of North and South America. Perhaps these 
lines may serve to make him known to some other unfortunates needing 
Iris services. Were they to consult any of our more prominent American 
surgeons as to the artificial limb-maker most likely to be serviceable to them, 
the most experienced would probably suggest Dr. Marks first. 

The eminent orthopedist and surgeon Lewis A. Sayre, in one of his lectures 
says of Dr. Marks : "He makes, as I think, altogether the best artificial leg I 
have ever seen, simply because of its durability and simplicity." 

In supplying lower limbs Dr. Marks achieves a perfect success. 

He does not claim much for arms except that his are the best the simplest 
and the most useful made. If the amputation is below the elbow he makes a fair 
substitute, one with which the patient can write. For cuts above the elbow 
little can be done. Still, we have seen where even in that cruel suffering Dr. 
Marks' limb has brought some assistance and great comfort to the victim. The 
great merit of his limbs, we may repeat, is their great simplicity, in that they 
do not attempt too much, more than is possible or likely to be permanent ; that 
they are very strong, light in weight, and graceful to the eye. 



Irish World, New York, January 1, 1887. 

Artificial Limbs. — Of the many establishments devoted to the relief of the 
injured and mutilated, we doubt that any have ever reached so near perfection 
as that of A. A. Marks of New York City. 

The manner in which this house repairs the mutilated by replacing 'those 
members which accident, disease, war, and various causes have forever severed 
from the human body is but another name for magic. 

Men, women, and children, limbless, helpless, pitiful objects, dependent on 
the attention and aid of their sympathizing friends or a pair of crutches for 
their locomotion, are, by this establishment, in a very brief time enabled to go 
out in to the world relieved, restored, and practically as useful as before mis- 
fortune befell them. It has taken years of close study and devotion to the 
work to be able to achieve such results. Genius has given to the world the 
man who has successfully mastered this task, and it is but right that men and 
the press should commend him to those in need of his aid. 

Mr. A. M. Forrester, an associate editor of the Irish World, had learned of 
the Marks establishment from experience, and writes as follows : 

Office of The Irish World, No. 17 Barclay St. ) 
Patrick Ford, Editor, Publisher and Proprietor. [■ 
New York, December 13, 1886. ) 

My Dear Mr. Marks : Somewhere about four months ago you undertook 
to build up a foot for me to replace one that I had lost in 1874. I allowed you 
to experiment on the stump of my leg with some misgivings and doubts lest 
you were going to make bad worse. 

I am sorry for my suspicions. The foot which you have supplied me has 
done its duty nobly. It clings to me with the stern affection of a parent, 
never slips, always responds to the movement of the ankle, and generally 
behaves as if it were acquainted with me intimately since my birth. My best 



162 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



friends fail to recognize my magnificent stride, so different from the crutchi 
hop that formerly marked my march ; my foes don't know me at all. 

I can safely defy any one not aware that I am minus a foot to take exception, 
to my physique. I gladly testify to the success of the limb with which you 
have supplied me. You may remember that I feared a failure. It is, there- 
fore, with the more pleasure that I admit a success. If I ever lose my other 
foot I shall look to you to replace it. 

Yours faithfully, A. M. Forrester. 



The Baptist Weekly, New York, April 29, 1886. 

The name of Mr. A. A. Marks is familiar to all who need artificial limbs. 
Every possible improvement has been brought into service, and hundreds of 
people give testimony to the admirable adaptation of his manuf acture? to supply 
the place of their lost members. 



Rural New Yorker, May 1, 1886. 

Marks' Artificial Limbs. — This book is an argument, if such a term may 
be allowed, in favor of artificial limbs ; that is, it, shows how easily such limbs 
may be secured and how comparatively comfortable they are. 

It is well known that artificial eyes and teeth can be made so true to nature 
as to deceive even a close observer ; but it is quite surprising to know that there 
are persons in our midst wearing artificial legs and arms who very seldom 
betray their unpleasant secret. This book is interesting and well written. 

Such a work would be incomplete without the old song " The Cork Leg," 
a parody on which is given in full. We hope none of our readers whTever have 
the misfortune to lose a limb. 

Should they be so unfortunate, we can only hope they may secure as com- 
fortable substitute as those described in this book. 



The Weekly Tribune, July 27, 1887. 

154 Nassau St., New York, July 25, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : — It is now about sixteen months since you fitted me with one of 
your rubber foot legs. My experience with the old kind had disgusted me so 
thoroughly with artificial legs that Iwas not disposed to try any other, and 
especially your rubber foot with a rigid ankle. Only by the solicitations of 
kind friends was I persuaded to give yours a trial. 

I am happy to inform you, however, that I can walk with ease, naturalness, 
and comfort. The elasticity of the foot accommodates itself to all the angles 
necessary to natural and comfortable walking, and at the same time contributes 
wonderfully to the sense of security and self-control, so that one feels almost as 
though he were upon his own legs again. My friends say it has made a new 
man of me, and I never found any thing so near the natural limb in its feeling 
?nd sense of security in walking, especially on uneven ground. 

Very truly yours, 

Joseph H. Patterson. 



Neio York Herald, Sunday, 1887. 

DEFT RUBBER HANDS— UNFORTUNATE WALTER ALEXANDER 

AND HIS NEW HANDS. 

TO BECOME A STENOGRAPHER — GRATEFUL TO THE HERALD FOR ITS AID IN 
GIVIING HIM A CHANCE IN LIFE. 

A boy with rubber hands is a freak that not even a dime museum can offer. 

But Belleville, New Jersey, can. 

It's no joke, either. 

No, indeed. It's the sternest kind of reality, and a very sad fact to poor 
Walter E. Alexander, to whose arms they are attached. 

Still, rubber hands are very much better than no hands at all, especially as 
they can be used to a certain extent, and with that comforting thought he keeps. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 163 



up his good spirits, and is quite proud of the deftness that he infuses into his 
gutta-percha fingers. 

Ever since that direful day in June last when the accident happened the pub- 
lic has known of Walter E. Alexander. From an ordinary factory boy he 
unwittingly and unwillingly became the object of public sympathy and public 
aid as well. 

It was through this same public sympathy and aid and the instrumentality of 
the Herald that young Alexander is taking the bright view of life that he now 
seems to, and that he is swinging his rubber hands that he wished for so long. 

THE BLACK FRIDAY. 

It was on Friday — and a very black Friday indeed for Walter — June 17 last, 
that the accident occurred that deprived him of his hands. He was employed 
as a "feeder" in the Riverside Rubber Works, at Belleville, N". J. It was his 
•duty to stand behind the iron rollers of a grinder and keep their k ever-hungry 
maw supplied with a mass of rubber scraps. 

Walter was standing on tiptoe, leaning forward and pushing the pasty mass 
of rubber down into the narrow crack between the rollers, where it snapped 
and spluttered as it was ground through. Whatever went in between the shin- 
ing sides of those rollers was found to come out mashed to a pulp. The rollers 
were revolving slowly and steadily on their mission of pulverization. 

Thousands of times had Walter been in the same position. There was no 
danger. He never let his hands go down with the — 

A shout of anguish ! 

DRAWN Us TO BE CRUSHED. 

The time had come at last. The fingers of both hands had got c?ught, and 
slowly and surely were being drawn in between the cruel steel and crushed to 
a jelly. There was no pulling them out. They were embedded in the mass of 
rubber. ' There was no help for it in any way but to let the rollers grind on 
and draw down inch by inch his arms and' body. 

He could not reach with his feet the brake that by a simple kick would stop 
the machine. 

Meanwhile he did not neglect to shout for help. A lad working at a similar 
machine at the other end of the mill heard him and ran to Walter's assistance. 
He kicked the brake, stopped the machine, and, with a horror-stricken face, 
pulled the mashed arms of the victim from between the rollers and out of the 
sticky mass of rubber. 

All the while young Alexander kept his presence of mind and positively 
refused to faint. It is that same kind of pluck that has carried him through so 
successfully. There is no chicken to him. 

Not a groan did he let escape, even while bumping~over the rough road in the 
wagon to the hospital. 

After his arrival at St. Barnabas' Hospital both arms were taken off half 
way between the wrist and the elbow by Dr. Clark. 

Four days afterward Walter was up and around the building. It was only 
four weeks afterward — nearly the middle of July — that he left the hospital 
altogether. 

A GRAVE QUESTION. 

Then he went home, and the very grave question arose as to what he was to 
do for a living. It was absolutely necessary that he should earn his own living 
somewhere. He always had, and with his hands back there was no doubt that 
he always would, for the lad was a bright fellow and very apt at any thing he 
turned his attention to. 

Then it was that the Herald's interest in all unfortunates came into good 
play. A fund was started that was liberally subscribed to. It came in very 
opportunely, for the boy was sadly in need of money. When he saw the 
Herald's practical way of expressing sympathy, and that it was with him in his 
trial, he took new hope and concluded that his life was not quite blasted after 
-all. He determined to find some way of making himself useful and earning 
his living in the future. Of course he was utterly helpless. He could not even 
feed or dress himself, and had to be taken care of as a baby would. 

PERHAPS TO WRITE EVEN. 

Then came the scheme of the rubber hands. He was greatly elated when he 



164 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

learned to what perfection the art of making artificial arms had been carried. 
He might be able to write even ! That was a great consolation. 

Before his affliction his penmanship had been noted all over Belleville, and he 
took no little pride in the graceful way in which he could dash off his auto- 
graph. But with only his stumps he could not dot an " i " or cross a " t." 

Then, again, it was a pretty hard strain on his boyish pride to go around with 
the empty ends of both sleeves flapping at his side. 

Then came the proposition for the rubber hands. They were made and paid 
for out of the fund, and a few days ago they came. The lad held up his arms 
to have them strapped on with such a feeling of satisfaction as he had never 
known before. 

THE NEW HANDS. 

The hands are made of rubber, covered with kid gloves. From the wrist up 
the artificial limb is of willow. It is attached at the elbow. There are also 
straps that lead up to the shoulder. 

The first use to which he put them was to try and write his name with a 
pencil. After a little practice he took up a pen and wrote a letter of thanks to 
the Herald. It was certainly a success, all things considered. There are many 
boys of sixteen, who have been to school, too, with real hands of flesh and bone, 
that can not write as well. 

BESIEGED FOR AUTOGRAPHS. 

"When the Herald reporter called on young Alexander he was busily em- 
ployed in writing his autograph on the sheets of a little pad of paper. He has 
become quite the curiosity of the place. Hundreds of people have asked him 
to write his name for them, and all his spare time is now taken up in that occu- 
pation that is such a bore to great men. 

The girls are the most persistent of the lot, and want verses and quotations 
written as well as the autograph. Alexander had wasted a whole pad in his 
attempts to write the following verse neatly : 

" There is a wild but lonely flower. 

That twines around the shepherd's cot, 
And in the silent, midnight hour 
It sweetly sighs Forget me not." 

Alexander can even pick up a pen himself. The fingers are made of stiff 
rubber that will hold any thing put between them. They are slightly bent, as 
on the fingers of a hand in repose. In picking up a pen he presses down on 
it with the back of the fingers, and the springlike quality of the rubber holds it 
fast. Of course he cannot move the fingers, except by pressing them against 
something. In writing he uses the whole arm movement and writes from the 
shoulder. 

HOPEFUL AND AMBITIOUS. 

"Oh, I am getting along first rate with them," said he. " I think in time I 
shall be able to write a good, legible hand and quite rapidly. I have to write 
from the shoulder, and after once having learned how to do it I am told that 
it is the easiest way to write. I have lots of time to myself, and so have a good 
chance to practice." 

" Are you still employed at the works ? " 

" Yes, lam acting as timekeeper now, and doing anything that I can to make 
myself useful. Ever since I came out of the hospital I have been around the 
office, running the errands and doing such things to save other people time, but 
now, with my hands, I can do more valuable work." 

TO LEARN STENOGRAPH/. 

" Have you any other ideas of occupations that you can follow ? " 
" Yes, sir, lots of them. Mr. Marks is making me a new pair, with some 
improvements, so that I can use a typewriter. I have no doubt of being 
successful with that. Then my friends here have suggested that I learn 
stenography. I am going to try it anyway. If I can get to be a stenographer 
and a type- writer I will be pretty sure of always being able to earn a living. 
The other night I was introduced to a couple of young men. They both shook 
hands with me and never noticed the difference. People who don't know me 
would never suspect that the hands are not natural." 
" Can you feed yourself ? " 



A. A. MAEKS, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 165 



' ' Very nicely. I have a special knife and fork that are made to fasten on to 
the wrists. I have to get some one to fasten them on for me, and then I am 
all right and can cut the toughest kind of steak. When I wish to lift any thing 
I use this hook here on the arm. I can lift 150 pounds with it." 

THEY SEEM LIKE HIS OWN. 

" Does it seem strange to have the hands there ? " 

"No, it does not. It does not seem unnatural at all. I imagine I can feel 
my hands all the time, and to a certain extent it seems as though these rubber 
arrangements were my own hands. It's a little singular, too, but the sense of 
touch is in a slight degree transferred through the rubber to the nerves in my 
arm. For, instance I can tell with my eye closed whether my fingers are 
touching a wooden surface or wood covered with cloth." 

"My greatest feat yet," he continued, "was in driving the other day. 
Another young fellow was out with me. I took the reins to see if I could hold 
them, found that I could get along very nicely indeed, and drove all the way 
from here to Elizabeth and back without any trouble. You should have seen 
how people who know of my accident stared when they saw me drive by. 
There are no pains at all in what is left of my arms." 

BUT HE CAN'T PLAY BALL. 

And so, although an unkind fortune had robbed him of enough to discour- 
age the bravest of men, this stripling of a boy keeps up his spirits and is bound 
to make the best of things and succeed in the world yet, even though he has 
to sign his name with rubber fingers and cannot enjoy that delight of all boy- 
hood, baseball. That is one of his severest trials. But he can strike a match, 
pull a coin out of his pocket, sharpen a lead pencil, and do a great many things 
that to others might seem trivial enough, but that to him mean a great deal. 
The joy of little things can only be fully appreciated when one has rubber 
hands. 

" I'm not much of a success as a knocker-out," he said, laughingly, " but in 
other respects I'm doing quite well, thanks to the Herald and my friends." 



Minonk Blade, Minonk, 111. July 8, 1886. 
A SURVIVOR FROM STONEMAN'S RAID. 

BRIEF REMINISCENCE OP THE REBELLION. 

In introducing to an acquaintance, some time ago, our much-esteemed and 
sympathetic friend, Mr. January, as perhaps one of the most notable human 
monuments now surviving of the horrors of our civil war, what if we had 
announced him as having both feet in the grave ? What an expression of 
mingled wonder and inquiry the countenance of the former would have assumed ! 
Yet the affirmation were no less truthful than astounding. 

This reflection prompted us that a brief record of the incident that suggested 
it would serve at once to gratify and interest the readers of the Blade, and bear 
testimony of our sincere regard for a staunch friend and worthy citizen. 

" To noble hearts the Native Land is dear." 

So, too, is the memory of those who fell in the battles fought for the preserva- 
tion of her integrity. Nor can we be indifferent to the lot of such as survived 
from the field but to pine through captivity and hardships which, when not 
ending in death, not infrequently resulted in the loss of limbs to the sufferer, 
as in the case of the subject of these lines. 

John W. January, born in Clinton Co. , Ohio, on the 29th of November, 1847, 
passed the first seven years of his life in his native State, the following seven 
near Henry, 111., and, still with his father's family, well-to-do farmers, removed, 
in the spring of 1861, to their farm one mile south of Minonk, and two years 
later to their present comfortable homestead in the western part of the city of 
Minonk, in the last mentioned State. One of the promptest respondents to the 
call for 300,000 men, he enlisted in company B of the 14th Illinois Cavalry, 
and on the 7th of February, the lad having scarcely entered upon his sixteenth 
year, quitted for the first time the parental roof and proceeded to his regiment, 
then organizing at Peoria. The corps, under the command of Colonel Horace 
Capron, was transported by rail into Kentucky, and marched thence across 



166 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



the Cumberland Mountains to unite with the main body of the army. History 
chronicles some sixteen battles in which the 14th was engaged between that 
time and the midsummer of 1864, and in all these Mr. January took part. On 
July 27, his command, detailed for service in the ill-starred expedition 
known as Stone-man's raid, set out from Atlanta for Macon, Ga., for the four- 
fold purpose of harassing the enemy, cutting off and destroying their supplies, 
diverting their attention from Sherman's division, and releasing Union prisoners 
at Anderson ville. By August 1, the youth having already been promoted to 
the rank of corpoial and with fair prospects of further advancement ; but 
five men returned of the fifty-five which Company B mustered at the 
start. Twenty-three were killed, and twenty-seven captured, among the last 
January himself, who a few days later, after the usual transfers had been 
effected, was imprisoned at Anderson ville. On the fall of Atlanta he was 
sent to Charleston, S. C, and ten days later to Florence, S. C, where he 
remained until the end of the war. The trials and hardships of prison life and 
Confederate prison fare now began to tell sadly upon January's constitution ; 
from the hale, robust stripling of 165 pounds at the time of his capture, three 
months further of all but starvation at Wilmington, N. C, after his release, 
found him reduced to forty-five pounds ! But the end was not yet. After a 
tedious and fatiguing journey he was landed at David's Island near New York 
Harbor, and there, at the end of seven months, dwindled to a skeleton by the 



liill/MH 




No. 267. 

ravages of a loathsome disease, was mustered out of the service on the 15th 
day of October, 1865. The last sad scene of this harrowing drama had now 
to come. A prey to scurvy and gangrene, which had all but separated his 
feet from the legs ; unaided by the surgeons ; despairing but yet desperate, 
for his native fortitude had not forsaken him, his own hand guided the knife 
that severed the meagre thews, the only remaining attachments of those feet ! 

As convalescence progressed, his chief preoccupation was the thought : 
should he ever be able to walk again ? His feet were gone. How might he 
replace them ? Agents from the several manufacturers of artificial limbs paid 
daily visits to the hospital, each seeking to secure the preference of the maimed 
soldiers for his special system of apparatus. But one particular day Frank 
Stewart was announced, as representative of the already well-known inventor 
A. A. Marks, of New York City, the fame of whose patent legs and arms with 
rubber feet and hands is now universal, for they have been introduced by 
thousands in every country in the civilized world. Mr. Stewart's canvass was 
more eloquent than wordy, more experimental than theoretical ; for to demon- 
strate the superiority of his principal's system, he himself, with the Marks 
apparatus, set to pacing lustily up and down the ward before surgeons and 
patients. It was pitiful to observe the divergence of opinion among the men 
of science when asked which of the pedestrian's legs was the artificial one, 
some opining the right and some the left, until utterly discomfited by the as- 
surance that the case before them was one of amputation of both legs ! The 
wild hilarity of the patients beggars description ; as for the agents aforesaid, 
they saved the situation by laughing with the rest. Mr. January and every 
other man in the ward — half a dozen in all — that was similarly afflicted with 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



167 



Mr. Stewart's condition, desired to be furnished with the Marks limbs, and 
their desires were granted at the expense of a bountiful Government. The 
beam of hope that burst upon our friend that day was the forerunner of re- 
turning happiness, which reached its fulness the moment he found himself 
again upon his feet. But who is so wise as to know when he is happy enough? 
Our friend January is human like the rest of us, and under the influence of 
one or two attacks of discontentment, he made trial of other apparatus, which, 
however, to do him justice, were each time no sooner tried than rejected, for 
one cause or another, but above all, we understand, because of the absence of 
the rubber foot. Some wonderful charm there must be in this said rubber 
foot, a charm which he delights to dwell upon, when he finds a sympathetic 
ear into which he can pour his praise. For our own part we have learned from 
him of its lightness, and softness, and the easy gracefulness with which it 
adapts itself to every possible movement of the natural foot, and that without be- 
traying its artificial construction by the irritating thud characteristic of all other 





No. 268. 



No. 269. 



mechanical limbs that we have so far seen. Then the airy lightness of the 
whole apparatus— 4 pounds— yet a strength equal to double his weight, for 
with his present 180 pounds he trips along with a firmness and elasticity of 
step that would put to shame many a man of like proportions with natural 
means of locomotion. Indeed, he assures us that he frequently forgets that his 
feet are those made by Marks, and not those that nature gave him. 

The extremes of this most interesting case will be more clearly appreciated 
with the aid of the appended illustrations: The first of these, exhibiting the 
patient upon his hospital couch, and emaciated almost beyond recognition, 
shortly after the operation in which he figured at once as subject and surgeon, 
is an exact reproduction from an illustrated article published in Harper's Weekly 
at the time. In the next engraving what a change ! Eleven years have elapsed. 
Eleven years of activity and bread-winning, thanks to the twin apparatus stand- 
ing either by the side of the limb in which their friendly efficacy is respectfully 
developed. Then the lusty proportions of the man, now in the plenitude of 
his physical power, and that comely rotundity of contour suggestive, indeed, 
of his 180 pounds of genial flesh, blood, bone, and sinew. We would now ask 



168 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



who, without knowing the man or his story, and by the mere contemplation 
of the third and last 'figure, would suspect he was looking on the original o^ 
the picture first referred to ? 

We had almost forgotten to mention that Mr. January, in his intervals of 
leisure (alas, too frequent at times), has of late years taken to lecturing in some 
of our Western States. Such of our readers as have the advantage of his ac- 
quaintance, and consequently know his versatility and his turn for eloquence, 
will not be surprised to learn that he has achieved no little success and popu- 
larity in that field. 

From "A Descriptive Catalogue of Manufactures from Native Woods as Shown 
in the Exhibit of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at the World's Industrial 
and Cotton Exposition at New Orleans, La., 1886," page 54. 

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

Exhibit. — One sample willow lumber, with leg carved in relief ; artificial 
limbs in parts and complete, from A. A. Marks, New York. 

Mr. Marks states that artificial limbs are also made from bass-wood. Most 
of the wood used comes from Fairfield County, Connecticut, only thrifty, 
large trees being selected, the trunks alone being used. The wood is secured 
in winter. Bass-wood from Ohio and willow grown in New York have also 
been used, but they find no superiority over the Connecticut-grown lumber. 
From the irregular shapes and hollow forms of limbs the waste often amounts 
to 90 per cent., the lumber costing from $150 to $200 per thousand feet. It 
comes to the factory in blocks 4 to 8 inches square, and from 1 to 4 feet long, 
bored out in the center when green, and seasoned for three years. It is also 
stated American willow and bass-wood are not excelled for this purpose by any 
of the many foreign woods that have been experimented with. The different 
processes of manufacture are interesting. The tree is cut into lengths of from 
1 to 4 feet, split into square pieces of from 4 to 8 inches, dressed on a circular 
saw, bored the entire length with 1 or iy 2 inch auger, allowed to season in a 
dark, dry place for from two to three years. Carved into shape, hollowed out 
to a thickness, smoothed outside and inside, hooped to give it additional 
strength, covered outside with skin, a water-proof coating applied to the cov- 
ering. Inside of leg is smoothed and polished. Feet are made by carving a 
block of willow wood into the shape of a small last of about two-thirds the 
diameter of the natural foot ; about this sponge rubber is vulcanized, alterna- 
ted by layers of canvas. Some of the wood-work is done by grinding and 
sand-papering machines ; otherwise the work is done by hand. The leg will 
pass through at least a dozen hands before finished. 

There are about fifty manufactories of artificial limbs in the United States ; 
capital not estimated. 

The Chemist and Druggist, London, England, June 6, 1886. 
We have received a volume from Mr. A. A. Marks, of Broadway, New York, 
describing very fully and apparently with the utmost fairness his patent artifi- 
cial limbs and india-rubber hands and feet. The principle of these limbs is that 
the limbs are manufactured with india-rubber -feet and hands, so constructed as 
to yield to the movements of the body without any complicated arrangement of 
joints, cords, etc. These limbs seem to have given much satisfaction to many 
who have had occasion to buy them, and to any such in this country we would 
advise at least a careful perusal of Mr. Marks' book. He supplies, besides, full 
directions for measurements, with diagrams, etc., enabling patients to give exact 
details " in absentia." 



LITERARY AMENITIES ON ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

General Maxwell, in his clever little book on the Beaufort leg, says : "A 
leg which ends in a point is always subject to curious adventures. A story told 
by a Norfolk ostler, in the coaching days, will go far to prove the assertion. 
He said he was never in such a " precadiment " in all his life as when he helped 
down an old peg-legged woman from the top of his coach ; she gave a slip and 
the end of her wooden leg was thrust into his breeches pocket. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 169 



A story is told of a wealthy merchant who possessed more than the usual 
•share of vivacity ; he was jocose and pranky under all circumstances, and once 
in a while his jokes would take a rather unexpected turn, and make matters 
uncomfortable for himself as well as others, but he enjoyed life all the same. 

His confidential clerk, Smith, wore an artificial leg and was accounted an 
exceptionally fine operator on the rubber foot ; in fact no one would ever 
suspect that Smith was a cripple. 

One day when the merchant was entertaining one of his congenial friends in 
a hilarious sort of way, Smith stepped from the office, and as he did so, the 
merchant said to his friend : " Did you notice Smith as he left the office ? He is 
one of the curiosities of this world ; although he walks as well as you or I, he 
has no more feeling in one of his legs than you have in your false teeth. Why, 
I can plunge my knife up to the handle in the calf of his leg and he won't budge 
an inch." No! " you don't mean it," incredulously replied his friend. "I'll 
show you when he comes in," said the merchant. Presently Smith returned and 
took his position by the side of his high desk. The merchant with great delib- 
eration took his knife from his pocket, opened it carefully, winked at his friend, 
and with a desperate lunge thrust the knife into the calf of Smith's leg. Smith 
jumped nearly to the ceiling and uttered words that could not be found in the 
dictionary. He turned on his employer, and but for the timely interference of 
his friend would have dealt him some severe blows. 

When matters quieted down, it was found that the merchant had made a 
miscalculation, and plunged the blade into the natural leg instead of the artificial. 



One day as Worcester was strolling leisurely down Second Avenue an irritable 
dog ran after him, barking and snarling furiously. Worcester struck at him 
with his wooden leg ; the dog snapped at it and set its teeth deeply into the 
wooden shell ; withdrawing his teeth from the unfieshy substance, the dog 
looked Worcester in the face, turned and ran away as though he was pursued 
by cudgels. 



A Pakt of Stewart's Body. — A practical joke is told on Tom Stewart, 
"who in an engagement in the early part of the rebellion met with the loss of 
both legs. 

It would seem as though one deprived of both legs had enough to keep him 
quiet at home instead of running about and getting into all sorts of deviltry ; 
but Stewart's disposition was not lugubrious ; he was naturally active, viva- 
cious, and always ready for any thing that could be termed sport. 

After supplying himself with a pair of those marvelous instruments invented 
T)y the world-famous Marks, he soon became able to walk on his rubber feet 
with an elastic step, just like a dude. 

He could walk tiptoed, flatfooted, with a high or low heel, narrow or broad 
toes, just as the law of fashion demanded, and, no matter how hideous or un- 
comfortable the custom was to other people, Stewart was in the same happy 
peace of mind. 

He had neither corns nor bunions to annoy him, and could go to the extreme 
and have as much comfort as his companions who were shod in moccasins. He 
had another advantage — he could waltz with the Chicago girl and his rubber 
feet would be insensible to any danger. Stewart got so he could run, skate, play 
billiards, drink " Sec," and spend money as well as any of the boys. He was 
naturally free and had plenty of money, and thus he became quite a lion among 
his associates. 

One thing would annoy Stewart, and that was if any one found out that he 
wore wooden legs. His new companions were kept in ignorance, and his old 
ones were sworn to eternal silence. 

If any one wanted his bitterest enmity, all they had to do was to intimate 
that he wore wooden legs. 

Stewart belonged to a club of young bloods who seemed to have nothing to 
do but to indulge in every thing of a sporting nature. 

They were known as the "Eccentrics," and a more fitting title could not be 
chosen. They went fishing in the summer, pigeon shooting in the fall, sleigh 
Tiding in the winter, and drank beer all the year round, and Stewart was 
always with them. 



170 A, A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

About the time when the whole world was astir over the desecration of the 
grave of the millionaire A. T. Stewart, and the papers were full of rumors as 
to the whereabouts of the stolen body, and large sums of money were offered 
for the return of the same, the Eccentric Club indulged in one of their hilarious 
fishing exploits. On the evening of July 3 they arrived at one of those happy 
spots on the south side of Long Island where several hotels, plenty of beer, and 
the wide ocean lay before them. 

The Eccentrics retired early that evening and all were up bright and early 
in the morning, except Stewart. The boys were somewhat exercised at his 
delay, as all were ready and eager for the fishing grounds. 

Myles, who always carried his jokes to a distressing degree, rushed up stairs 
into Stewart's room for the avowed purpose of hauling the sleeping Eccentric 
from his couch. 

There was Stewart fast asleep. A chair by the side of his bed contained his 
clothing, and by the side of his chair were standing his two wooden legs as 
natural as if they were of flesh and blood instead of wood and rubber. Myles 
grasped the situation, and in a moment had a leg under each arm, rushed down 
stairs, entered the bar-room almost out of breath, and shouted so every one 
could hear : " Boys, I'm in luck this morning, I've found Stewart's body, and 
here is half of it. Now for the reward." The legs were placed on the counter 
and thoroughly baptized with several rounds of beer, and placarded ' ' Part of 
Stewart's Remains." It is needless to say that when Stewart awoke and 
became conscious of the situation all the beer in Babylon could not drown his 
wrath to keep him from taking the first train to New York. The Eccentrics 
have not had the pleasure of his company since, and Myles has been wise enough 
to keep his distance. 

Farm and Fireside, April 5, 1886. 

A Wooden Joke. — Speaking of wooden legs, there is an old soldier employed 
in the government office in this city who has had some experience with an arti- 
ficial limb, his meat one having been taken off at the knee. Among the most 
amusing was one with a sleeping-car porter. 

This pampered railway tyrant rarely earns his quarter all around by his pre- 
tence of blacking shoes and flipping dust from his victim's back, but it is the 
habit of this wooden-legged man to utilize the darkey in taking off that leg and 
making him earn his hire. On the train he struck an uppish sort of a porter — 
a brother to the insufferable swell who sings out, " Last call for dinnah in the 
dining-cah." That darkey stood around with a languid dignity that would 
make a street-corner dude sick at heart. 

The man with the wooden leg made up his mind he would " wake that nigger 
up " before he chipped in his quarter. 

He told a couple of men in the car his purpose, and they joined in with him. 
He wears his shoe firmly fastened to the rubber foot, having no need to remove 
it, and having fallen once from a loose shoe. After his berth had been made 
up he went to the dressing-room and unstrapped his leg, keeping hold of the 
strap, and then got to his berth. Then he called to the porter : " I've got rheu- 
matism and can't bend over," he said, " and I wish you'd pull off that shoe." 
The porter untied the shoe and tried to pull it off, but it wouldn't come. " Pull 
hard," said the passenger. The darkey gave it another pull. 

" Oh, brace against the berth and pull," said the passenger. 

The porter had blood in his eye. He put his foot against the berth and pulled 
like a dentist. The passenger let go the strap, and the darkey fell back with 
the shoe and the leg. 

" My God, you've pulled my leg off," shrieked the passenger. 

The porter dropped it, and with his eyes bulging and his teeth chattering, he 
broke from the car. He concealed himself in the corner of the baggage car, 
and pretty soon the two other conspirators came in, pretended they didn't 
know where he was, sat down on a trunk and talked over the awful condition 
of the man whose leg had been pulled off, and about the penalty the darkey 
would have to suffer if he should be caught. The porter was of no service to 
any body that night, even after they had explained the joke to him. 



Mr. Marks in the earlier edition of his pamphlet published the following: 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 171 



article together with the " Song of the Cork Leg." It is reproduced here for the 
benefit of those who may find it of interest. 

CORK LEGS. 

The wonderful power of song has been well exemplified in the old song of the 
" Cork Leg." When but a mere lad, I remember with striking clearness of 
going off for a long way through a lonely woods, on a clear autumn night, to 
visit what is termed in old Connecticut a burning coal pit (a process of convert- 
ing wood into charcoal by fire and heat): 

One of the watchers was a noted singer, and frequently entertained his 
nightly visitors with some favorite songs. 

On that night, among others, he sang the song of the " Cork Leg," which was 
then entirely new to me, and made a very lasting impression ; indeed, all the way 
home it kept ringing in my ears, how the Cork Leg started off at break-neck 
speed, taking the wearer with it around the world, as it were, until the poor 
man was knocked to pieces, and nothing left but the cork leg itself, and that was 
still going. Well, I reckon it is going yet, for that old song is still ringing in 
my ears, and ever since my first entrance into this so-called " Cork Leg " busi- 
ness, it really seems as if it was continually ringing in every body's else ears,, 
for hardly a day has passed during the last twenty years but one or more have 
asked, either by voice or letter, if I made " Cork Legs," and although I have an- 
swered that question thousands of times, I will here say that, although there is 
sometimes cork used to a very limited extent in the construction of artificial legs yet 
with a tolerable degree of perseverance I have exercised all the inquisitive powers 
I have had to spare to get hold of a cork leg or find something authentic about 
it. All my efforts have proved a failure, and I give up in utter despair of ever 
ascertaining to a certainty that one single artificial leg was ever made of cork. 
If any body has one, I should be glad to see it, and would gladly purchase it as 
the most valuable of all my trophies of ancient and modern inventions of arti- 
ficial legs. I don't suppose there is any body living who has not heard this old 
song, but there may be some who will, as a matter of course, be glad to get hold 
of this mythical old invention, so I will here print the real original thing itself, 
that all who read it may know just exactly what a vagary the cork leg is. 

Should this have the effect to satisfy those inquiries about cork legs, and at 
the same time dispel the illusions created in the minds of many, the object of 
this explanation shall have been accomplished. 



THE CORK LEG. 



I'll tell you a tale now without any flam, 

In Holland there dwelt Mynheer Von Clam, 
Who every morning said, " I am 
The richest merchant in Rotterdam." 
Ri tu, di nu, di nu, di nu, 

Ri tu, di ni nu, ri tu, di nu, ri na. 



One day, when he had stuff 'd him as full as an egg, 

A poor relation came to beg ; 
But he kick'd him out without broaching a keg, 

And in kicking him out he broke his leg. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



in. 

A surgeon, the first in his vocation, 
Came and made a long oration ; 

He wanted a limb for anatomization, 
So he finished his jaw by amputation. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



172 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



IV. 



" Mr. Doctor," says he, when he'd done his work, 
' ' By your sharp knife I lose one fork ; 

But on two crutches I never will stalk, 
For I'll have a beautiful leg of cork." 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



v. 

An artist in Rotterdam, 'twould seem, 

Had made cork legs his study and theme ; 
Each joint was as strong as an iron beam, 

And the springs were'a compound of clock-work and steam. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



The leg was made, and fitted right ; 

Inspection the Artist did invite ; 
Its fine shape gave Mynheer delight, 

As he fixed it on and screw'd it tight. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 

VII. 

He walk'd thro' squares and pass'd each shop, 
Of speed he went to the utmost top ; 

Each step he took with a bound and a hop, 
And he found his leg he could not stop ! 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 

VIII. 

Horror and fright were in his face ! 

The neighbors thought he was running a race ; 
He clung to a lamp-post to stop his pace, 

But the leg wouldn't stay, but kept on the chase. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



Then he call'd to some men with all his might, 
" Oh ! stop this leg, or I'm murder'd quite ! " 

But, though they heard him aid invite, 
In less than a minute he was out of sight. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



He ran o'er hill and dale and plain, 
To ease his weary bones he'd fain ; 

Did throw himself down, but all in vain 
The leg got up, and was off again. 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



XI. 

He walk'd of days and nights a score ; 

Of Europe he had made the tour : 
He died — but though he was no more, 

The leg walk'd on the same as before j 
Ri tu, di nu, etc. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 173 



ENDORSEMENTS FROM THE SURGICAL AND 
MEDICAL PROFESSION. 

The following letter was forwarded to a limited number of phy- 
sicians and surgeons with whom we have had relations, with a re- 
quest that, if in consonance with their convictions, they might sign 
and return the same to us. A few objected to sign on account of 
the publicity, at the same time writing us very flattering letters,, 
commending our work in the highest terms. 

Those whose names are appended to the endorsements have had, 
in most cases, extensive experience with artificial limbs, and will 
gladly confer with any one desirous of penetrating the subject more 
thoroughly. 

January 10, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, 

New York City : 
We, the undersigned, are professionally interested in the subject 
of artificial limbs. We have witnessed the operation of the rubber 
hand, foot (or both), and acknowledge that they possess exception- 
al merit. We cheerfully endorse them, and give you permission to 
refer to us in your pamphlet. 

Lewis A. Sayre, M.D., 

285 5th Ave., N. Y. City. 
Consult. Surg. Charity and Bellevue Hosp. 

Geo. F. Shrady, M.D., • 

247 Lexington Ave., N. Y. City. 
Consult. Surg. Hosp. Rupt. & Cripp led, N. Y. Cancer Hosp. 
Vist. Surg. St. Francis Hosp. Editor Medical Record. 
R. B. Granger, M.D., 

3 Bond St., N. Y. City. 
The New York Medical Journal. 
Alfred K. Hills, M.D. 

465 Fifth Ave., N. Y. City. 
Editor of the New York Medical Times. 
Ruel S.Gage, M.D., 

400 West 22d St., N. Y. City. 
Henry Ruhl, M.D., 

East 164th St. & Delmonico Place, N. Y. City. 
G. A. Romero, M.D., 

232 East 27th St., N. Y. City. 
Thos. Clelland, M.D., 

354 West 22d St., N. Y. City. 



IV4 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW TORK CITY. 

D. D. Stevens, M.D., 

252 West 38th St., N. Y. City. 
S. R. Ellison, M.D., 

266 West 43d St., N. Y. City. 
G. M. Edebohls, M.D., 

198 Second Ave., 1ST. Y. City. 
J. W. Metcalf, M.D., 

642 Gates Ave., Brooklyn, K Y. 
J. E. Richardson, M.D., 

125 So. Oxford St., Brooklyn, K Y. 
John Ball, M.D., 

124 So. Oxford St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

F. G. Winter, M.D., 

18 Patchen Ave., Brooklyn, 1ST. Y. 
J. Densmore Potter, M.D., 

Delphi, Onondaga Co., N". Y. 
Geo. C. Hubbard, M.D., 

Tottenville, Richmond Co., N. Y. 
H. D. Brown, M.D., 

Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. 
M. Cavana, M.D., 

Oneida, Madison Co., N. Y. 
Thos. M. Johnson, M.D., 

309 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. 

A. S. Zabriskie, M.D., 

Suffern, Rockland Co., N. Y. 

B. A. Watson, A.M., M.D., 

94 Fairview Ave., Jersey City, N. J. 
Author of "Amputations and their Complications. 1 ' 
Romeo F. Chabert, M.D., 

Hoboken, N. J. 
Surg. St. Mary's Hosp. 

G. K. Dickinson, M.D., 

63 Wayne St., Jersey City, N. J. 
J. Henry Clark, M.D., 

26 E. Kinney St., Newark, N. J. 
Surg. St. Barnabas' Hosp. 
Jos. W. Taylor, M.D., 

Long Branch, N. J. 
John L. Taylor, M.D., 

Succasunna, Morris Co., N". J. 



A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK SITY. 1?5 

J. W. SlLVARA, M.D., 

Ringoes, Hunterdon Co., N. J. 

F. H. MlLLIKEN, M.D., 

3614 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

B. F. DlLLIARD, M.D., 

East Bangor, Northampton Co., Pa. 
I. C. Gable, M.D., 

York, York Co., Pa. 
D. E. De Ross, M.D., 

1 Washington St., Corry, Erie Co., Pa. 
W. P. Snyder, M.D., 

Spring City, Chester Co., Pa. 

A. Le Bar, M.D., 

Stroudsburg. Monroe Co., Pa. 
J. M. Strohm, M.D., 

Fredericksburg, Lebanon Co., Pa. 
Julius Stricker, M.D., 

Portage, Cambria Co., Pa., 
W. C. Foster, M.D., 

Petrolia, Butler Co., Pa. 

D. C. Waters, M.D., 

Arnot Mines, Arnot, Tioga Co., Pa. 
J. Finley Bell, M.D., 

Osceola Mills, Clearfield Co., Pa. 
Henry P. Geib, M.D., 

Stamford, Fairfield Co., Conn. 
Ex. Surg. General, State of Conn. 

Julian N. Parker, M.D., 

So. Manchester, Hartford Co., Conn. 

E. R. Wheeler, M.D., 

Spencer, Worcester Co., Mass. 

F. E. Sanger, M.D., 

Littleton, Grafton Co., N. H. 

B. F. Page, M.D., 

Littleton, Grafton Co., N. H. 
John McDonald, M.D., 

Washington, Beaufort Co., N. C. 
F. P. Gates, M.D., 

Bayboro, Pamlico Co., N. C. 
Jno. D. Myers, M.D., 

Huntington, Cabell Co., W. Va. 



176 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

E. C. Goodrich, M.D., 

81V Broad St., Augusta, Richmond Co., Ga. 
J. S. Todd, M.D., 

74 Marietta St., Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga 
W. Duncan, M.D., 

Savannah, Ga. 
Thos. J. Charlton, M.D., 

Savannah, Ga. 
J. W. Farill, M.D., 

Farill, Cherokee Co., Ala. 
P. B. Greene, M.D., 

Ft. Payne, De Kalb Co., Ala. 
J. D. Carpenter, M.D., 

Rolla, Phelps Co., Mo. 
O. St. John, M.D., 

Mo. Pac Hospital, St. Louis, Mo. 
H. Augustus Wilson, M. D., 

1611 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
H. F. Pahl, M.D., 

Brenham, Washington Co., Texas. 

C. L. KlNNAMAN, M.D., 

1463 Cedar Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. 
T. J. Barton, M.D., 

Zanesville, Muskingum Co., Ohio. 
Edmund C. Brush, M.D., 

Zanesville, Muskingum Co., Ohio. 
Surgeon C. & M. V. R y . Co. and B. Z. & C. R. R 
O. W. Ward, M.D., 

Duncan's Falls, Muskingum Co., Ohio. 
James L. Dickens, M.D., 

La Fontaine, Wabash Co., Ind. 
Chas. L. Wilson, M.D., 

Indianapolis, Ind. 
J. W. Willis, M.D., 

Woodhull, Henry Ca ? 111, 
J. R. Gamble, M.D., 

Blandinsville, McDonough Co,, 111. 
M. Cassingham, M.D., 

Roberts, Ford Co., 111. 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 177 

1 F. B. Strauss, M.D., 

Gibson City, Ford Co., 111. 
j C. C. Huckins, M.D., 

Greene, Butler Co., Iowa. 
I J. W. Reed, M.D., 

Lime Springs, Howard Co., Iowa. 
Chas. L. Lathrop, M.D., 

Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa. 
Win. Wylie, M.D., 

Wausau, Marathon Co., Wis. 
D. B. Wylie, M.D., 

Wausau, Marathon Co., Wis. 
Allen Robert Law, M.D., 

Belmont, Lafayette Co., Wis. 
P. O'Keefe, M.D., 

Oconto, Oconto Co., Wis. 
W. C. Bedford, M.D., 

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail Co., Minn. 
W. D. Little, M.D., 

Mazeppa, Wabasha Co., Minn. 
R. Charest, M.D., 

Perham, Otter Tail Co., Minn. 
John R. Bailey, M.D., 

Mackinac Island, Mackinac Co., Mich. 
Late acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, surgeon 8th Mo. 
Infantry Volunteers, and Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel U. S. 
Volunteers. 
W. T. Dodge, M.D., 

Marlette, Sanilac Co., Mich. 
Alfred Dayid, M.D., 

Atlantic Mine, Houghton Co., Mich. 
Physician and surgeon to the Atlantic Mine Co. 
Jas. Johnston, M.D., 

Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa Co., Mich. 
H. M. Haskell, M.D., 

Palmer, Marquette Co., Mich. 
F. Kelly, M.D., 

Alba, Antrim Co., Mich. 
Geo. A. Kenny, M.D., 

Salmon City, Lemhi Co., Idaho. 
Examining Surgeon for Pensions 



178 a. A. MAKKS, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 

S. P. Hunt, M.D., 

Salubria, Washington Co., Idaho. 
J. W. Dysart, M.D., 

15th and Douglas Street, Omaha, Neb. 
Surgeon Omaha Smelting Works Co. 
J. C. Russell, M.D., 

Exeter, Fillmore Co., Neb. 
D. W. Hershey, M.D., 

Nebraska City, Otoe Co., Neb. 
G. H. Simmons, M.D., 

Lincoln, Neb. 
L. J. Abbott, M.D., 

Fremont, Dodge Co., Neb. 
Henry Wisner, M.D., 

Sharon, Barber Co., Kansas. 
Sarah C. Wisner, M.D., 

Sharon, Barber Co., Kansas. 
J. A. Jeannotte, M.D., 

Clyde, Cloud Co., Kansas. 
A. G. Saxton, M.D., 

Clyde, Cloud Co., Kansas. 
Dan'l K. Dickinson, M.D., 

Lead City, Lawrence Co., Dak. 
Surgeon H. G. M. Co. 
W. A. Taylor, M.D., 

New Market, Jefferson Co., Tenn. 
Robert McDonald, M.D., 

527 East 8th Street, Leadville, Col. 
Wm. T. Dalby, M.D., 

St. Johns, Apache Co., Arizona. 
J. S. Courtney, M.D., 

Lebanon, Linn Co., Oregon. 

W. F. Anderson, M.D., 

255 Second East Street, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

John P. Taggart, M.D., 

Salt Lake City, Utah. 

H. R. Garner, M.D., 

Carbonado, Pierce Co., Wash. 

J. F. Cropp, M.D., 

Walla Walla, Walla Walla Co., Wash. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 179 

Raymond Mitchell, M.D., 

Puyallup, Pierce Co., Wash. 

Geo. P. Lee, M.D., 

Merced, Merced Co., Cal. 
C. S. Marshall, M.D., 

Mill Village, Nova Scotia, Canada. 
I. F. Black, M.D., 

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 



New York, March 20, 1866. 
A. A. Marks, Esq, : 

Sir : — I have examined -with great care your patent Artificial Limbs, and 
cheerfully bear testimony as to the simplicity and efficiency of the invention. 

From their peculiar mechanism they perfectly fulfil the purpose for which 
they were intended, and in my opinion have no superior at present in use. 
Very respectfully, John J. Crane, M.D., 

Surgeon to Belle vue Hospital. 



285 Fifth Avenue, New York City, N. Y. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have had frequent occasion to apply your most valuable 
Patent Artificial Leg, in cases where I have unfortunately been compelled to 
mutilate my patients by amputation, and the admirable imitation which 
your substitute has given of the original limb, and the perfect satisfaction to 
the wearer, is the highest possible commendation that I can give it. 

Lewis A. Sayre, M.D., 
Professor of Surgery, Bellevue Hospital Medical College. 



22 East 18th street, New York, March 22, 1866. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — Having been well acquainted with your Artificial Limbs and 
various improvements which you have made for the last ten years, and from 
the great success which has attended the application of your limbs, and the 
utility of the same, I have no hesitation in saying that their accomplishments 
have not been surpassed. 

The ease and facility with which persons move and walk about, and run, as 
it were, is such that in many cases the Artificial Limb cannot be detected. 
Yours truly, Robert S. Newton, M.D. 



No. 80 Irving Place, New York, May 24, 1866. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — I have carefully examined your Artificial Limbs, and believe, 
because of their simplicity and strength, that they will be sought for by those 
who may be so unfortunate as to require them. 

Very truly yours, etc., James R. Wood, M.D. 

Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, Professor of Operative and Surgical 

Pathology, Bellevue Hospital, Medical College, etc., etc. 



Cochecton, Sullivan County, 
New York, March 14, 1865. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your Patent Leg for the last year. I am well 
pleased with it. It has not required the least repairs. I can walk better with 
it than any leg I ever used, except tJie natural one. 
I consider your India-Rubber Foot a valuable improvement to Artificial Legs. 
Respectfully yours. W. L. Appley, M.D. 



180 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Flemlngton, New Jersey, March 1, 1876. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is now more than two years since you fitted my son with one 
of your Artificial Legs, and sufficient time has elapsed to form an opinion as 
to its merits. 

I think your claim for " superiority of your Artificial Limbs over all others, 
in practical efficiency, simplicity of construction and durability," is well 
founded, and cannot honestly be denied. I will also add that for ease and 
comfort in use they cannot be surpassed. 

Yours truly, 

W. H. Schenk, M.D. 



Elizabethport, New Jersey. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having for the last eleven years used in my practice your 
Patent Artificial Limbs, with India-Rubber attachments, I feel it my privilege 
as well as duty to acknowledge my favorable appreciation of them. 

Several of the cases have been under my daily observation while in pursu- 
ance of their various avocations, the majority being employees of the Central 
Railroad of New Jersey, with which I have been a long time connected as sur- 
geon. I will only mention a single case, that of Patrick Liddy, of this place, 
whom you supplied with a pair of limbs for the lower extremities, sixteen 
months ago. Fortunately both knee joints had been preserved, and he has 
since the application been able to perform a considerable amount of walking, 
and usually without any cane, regarding it as an encumbrance. I met him 
yesterday, and although he does not fully conceal his infirmity, his movements 
are easy and do not call up the unpleasant sympathy which observers so often 
have to feel for the unfortunate. 

I may, if desired, by consent of the parties, refer to others having lost one 
lower extremity, who almost or wholly succeed in their natural desire to escape 
observation ; another remark is due, that the India-Rubber Foot does not pro- 
duce that wooden leg sound so often noticed on the street from less modern 
appliances. I have not yet heard a patient express dissatisfaction, and feel 
well sustained by experience in giving this approval. 

Yours truly, 

J. S. Martin, M.D., 
Late Surgeon 14th Reg. New Jersey Vol. 



Fort Sidney, Cheyenne Co, Nebr., Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to yours of the 26th ult. , I can reply that I have pur- 
chased your artificial limbs for patients, and that they invariably have given 
entire satisfaction. 

Yours truly, 

C. Ewer, 

Asst. Surgeon U. S. A. 



From Hon. Henry P. Geeb, M.D., Member of the Legislature, State of 

Connecticut. 

Stamford, Conn. , March 27, 1883. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The persons to whom you furnished artificial appliances for 
amputations of the feet (one Symes' and the other PirogofTs operations) express 
themselves as being perfectly satisfied. 

The appliances are light, easily applied, and do not produce excoriation or 
tenderness at the end of the stump. 

I consider that your appliances fulfill all the indications called for in providing 
■artificial support after amputations. 

Very truly yours, 

Henry P. Geib, M.D. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 181 



26 E. Kinney St., Newark, N. J., Jan. 10, 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — I cheerfully and fully endorse your rubber hands and feet. I 
have several patients using them and with perfect satisfaction. 

Sincerely, 

J. Henry Clark, M.D. 



A. A. Marks, New York : 

My dear Sir : — In matter of finish, durability, simplicity of construction, 
completeness of action, and perfect adaptation to stump, your artificial limbs are 
far superior to any thing I have ever seen. 

W. H. Taylor, M.D., 

Jan. 11, 1888. New Market, Jefferson Co., Tenn. 



Osceola Mills, Clearfield Co., Pa., Jan. 12, 1888. 
I ordered an artificial hand and arm for a patient, and it has given good 
satisfaction. 

J. Finley Bell, M.D 



642 Gates Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1888. 
Dear Sir : You are always welcome to refer to me as to the merits of your 
limbs, and I shall always be glad to send sufferers to you. 

Yours truly, 

J. W. Metcalf, M.D. 



The New York Medical Journal, 
3 Bond St., New York, City, Jan. 10, 1888. 
I know of no artificial appliance that so nearly simulates nature as those of 
your manufacture. 

R. B. Granger, M.D. 



Delphi, Onondaga Co., N. Y. Jan 21, 1888. 
I have waited till now ere I endorsed your work, because I wanted to see Mrs. 
K. E. Cardner, who obtained one of your limbs a short time since. I have 
seen her and find that the leg works to a charm. 

She can get about without even a walking-cane. Does her housework with- 
out any difficulty. 

I am, etc., J. Densmore Potter, M.D. 



Huntington, Cabell Co., W. Va., Jan. 12, 1888. 
I have used the " Marks Artificial Legs " with rubber feet, and they give more 
complete satisfaction than any others I have ever seen. Have one case of 
double amputation (thigh and leg) ; the man walks with ease and comfort 
simply with a cane. 

Jno. D. Myers, M.D. 



Belmont, Lafayette Co., Wis, Jan. 1888. 
The pair of artificial legs I ordered of you about three years ago for Jno. 
Nodolf are wearing well and give perfect satisfaction. 

Allen Robert Law, M.D. 



Greene, Butler Co., Iowa, Jan. 17, 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York. : 

Dear Sir : — While my relations with you have not been very extensive, I 
have observed the matter of artificial limbs very closely, and as a result of my 
observation can truthfully say that my bias is very strongly in favor of the 
solid " Rubber Feet and Hand Limbs," on the grounds of, first and foremost, 



182 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



durability, in the case of the foot solidity and firmness of footing, with suffi- 
cient pliability and no side motion, and in the case of the hands pliability. I 
have yet to find the person wearing either who finds any fault, which I can not 
say in regard to many rattle-traps. 

Yours respectfully, 

C. C. Huckins, M.D. 



Fergus Falls, Otter Tail Co., Minn., Jan. 16, 1888. 
Your rubber hand has been especially satisfactory, 

W. C. Bedford, M.D. 



Sault Ste. Marie, Chippewa Co., Mich., Jan. 14, 1888. 
I have no idea of ever recommending a jointed limb again. The rubber 
foot fully meets the wants. 

Jas. Johnston, M.D. 



Carbonado, Pierce Co., "Wash., Jan. 24, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Sir : — I am pleased to add that the leg I procured from you for my patient 
works to perfection. He does any thing that is to be done on a farm, and has 
lately learned to dance. 

H. R. Garner, M.D. 



Wausau, Marathon Co., Wis., Jan. 13, 
You make by all odds the best artificial limb made. I have a number of 
patients wearing your limbs who would not accept any other maker's artificial 
limb as a gift. 

Win Wylie, M.D. 



Savannah, Chatham Co., Ga., Jan. 12, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York: 

Dear Sir : — I endorse your artificial limb with pleasure. My associate, 
Dr. T. I. Charlton, who rendered me very valuable assistance in taking the 
measurements for the two last artificial legs ordered from you, also endorses 
them. 

Some ten or twelve years ago I procured an artificial arm and hand from you 
for an employee of the Savannah, Florida & Western R. R. which gave per- 
fect satisfaction up to the time of the man's death about a year ago. No com- 
plaint has been made to me by any persons for whom I have procured your 
artificial limbs, and they seem fully adapted for all that is required of them. 
I am, respectfully yours, 

W. Duncan, M.D. 



Blandinsville, McDonough Co., III., Jan., 1888. 
Dear Sir: The endorsement of patent articles, of whatsoever kind and 
description, is something I very seldom do, but your artificial limbs with 
rubber hands and feet meet my unqualified approval, as being the best I have 
ever had occasion to recommend to those desiring artificial limbs. 

J. R. Gamble, M.D. 



St. John, Apache Co., Ariz., Jan. 20, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Manufacturer of Artificial Limbs, etc., New York: 

Dear Sir : I have had various opportunities of testing the merits of your 
artificial limbs with rubber hands and feet, and can cheerfully recommend 
them to be superior in every respect to any other which has come under my 
observation, and that the operation of your rubber hand and foot will prove to 
possess exceptional merit to any who will try their virtues. 

Very truly, 

Wm. T. Dalby, M.D. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 183 



Lead City, Lawrence Co., Dak., Jan. 1, 1888. 
Dear Sir : I have ordered several of your artificial limbs for patients who 
had lost their limbs above and below the knee, and in every instance they have 
given perfect satisfaction 

Respectfully, 

D. K. Dickinson, M.D., 
Surg. H. G. M. Co. 



Arnot, Tioga Co., Pa., Jan., 1888. 
I have bought one arm. In a few months shall call on you for a leg. 

D. C. Waters, M.D. 



Littleton, Grafton Co., 1ST. H., Jan. 11, 
The leg bought of you is perfectly satisf actorv. 

F. E. Sanger, M.D 
B. F. Page, M.D. 



York, York Co., Pa., Jan. 14, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have recommended your very valuable patent artificial limbs 
to a number of my patients who are wearing them with perfect satisfaction, 
and I have no hesitancy in saying in my judgment they fulfill their purpose 
better than any others that have come under my observation. 

Very respectfully, 

I. C Gable, M.D. 



527 E. 8th St., Leadville, Colo., Jan., 1888. 
Being the oldest pioneer of Colorado, I can say your limbs are the best in the 
market. 

Rob't McDonald, M.D. 



Farill, Cherokee Co., Ala., Jan., 1888. 
I have experienced the worth of the A. A. Marks artificial arm, and would 
say it is a perfect Godsend and worth its weight in gold. 

J. W. Farill, M.D. 



Puyallup, Pierce Co., Wash., Jan. 31, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I would state that* actual observation has clearly demonstrated 
the superiority of your artificial leg with rubber foot. I had occasion to order 
one for a patient more than a year ago, which was duly received and applied, 
and the patient left for the scene of his labors some thirteen miles distant. In 
less than two weeks thereafter I met him on the street walking rapidly with no 
perceptible limp, and he assured me that he had covered the above distance in 
about three hours without even the aid of a stick or cane. This I thought was 
very good, considering the short time he had worn the limb. 

Respectfully, 

Raymond Mitchell, M.D. 



Mill Village, Queens Co., Nova Scotia, Feb, 6, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

I thoroughly believe your make of limbs with rubber hands and feet are 
superior to any other make. 

The leg purchased by me for Miss Aggie Holland is giving good satisfaction. 
I can heartily recommend your make of artificial limbs. 

Yours truly, 

C. S. Marshall, M.D. 



184 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



LETTER FROM THE DISTINGUISHED ORATOR, GENERAL 
GEORGE A. SHERIDAN. 

Morton House, New York City, July 1, 1885. 
My Dear Doctor : The last leg you made for my son came promptly, and 
is, if possible, more satisfactory than the one he had from you heretofore. 
The boy is now fifteen years old ; he has worn a leg of your make for the past 
five years, and always with comfort and satisfaction. Visiting him at his 
school a while since, I found he was out for a day's fishing ; when he returned 
and stated where he had been, the teacher remarked he had walked at least 
twelve miles. I asked the boy if he was not used up ; he replied : " No, papa ; 
thanks to the good old doctor (that's you), I don't get used up any more than 
boys who have two legs of their own." George skates on steel or roller skates, 
rides a bicycle, and in short enjoys to the full the usual sports of boys of his 
own age. For this we have you to thank more than any one in the world. 

Refer to me at any time. A letter will always reach me if sent to the 
Morton House, New York. 

Yours truly, 

Geo. A. Sheridan. 
To Dr. A. A. Marks, 
Broadway, N. Y. 



LETTERS OF COMMENDATION 

FROM PERSONS WEARING ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

DOUBLE AMPUTATION, BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED ABOVE THE 

KNEES. 

Mr. G. had both of his legs crushed by a railroad accident which 




No. 399. 



No. 400. 



No. 401. 



necessitated the amputation of both of his legs above the knees. A 
pair of artificial legs were applied by the firm of A. A. Marks. 



A. A. MARKS, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 185 

The legs were constructed with rubber feet and automatic knee 
locks. Mr. G. made a very fine attempt at the start ; two weeks 
later he was walking about without the use of canes or crutches. 
Cut No. 399 represents Mr. G. exposing his stumps, his artificial 
limbs by his sides, Cut No. 400 presents a side view of him in the 
act of walking, and Cut No. 401 represents him dressed as he appears 
in the street. 

The automatic knee locks prevent the knees from bending beyond 
a fixed angle, thus securing the wearer from falling by treacherous 
flexing of the knees. To accommodate sitting purposes the knee 
locks can readily be thrown out of action. 



DOUBLE AMPUTATIONS. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE ABOVE THE KNEE AND THE 

OTHER BELOW. 

Fulton, Hempstead Co., Ark., Dec. 12, 1887. 
To Whom Concerned : On the 13th. of January, 1884, 1 had the misfortune 
to lose both my legs in a railway accident, one four inches above, the other 
three and one-half inches below the knee. The following October I applied a 
pair of A. A. Marks' artificial limbs with rubber feet, which enabled me to 
walk with but little difficulty, with only the use of one cane, and without that 
when walking about the office. 

The rubber foot prevents an unnatural sound while walking on the floor ; 
also prevents the uncomfortable jarring of the stumps which is experienced in 
the wooden feet of other manufactures. 

I will cheerfully reply to any inquiry in regard to what I consider the best 
artificial limbs made, viz., A. A. Marks'. 

Yours respectfully, 

D. M. Alkire, 
Opr. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Oakland, Cal., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : I take great pleasure in testifying to the merits of your artificial 
limbs. I have used them for about four years. 

They were fitted from measurements, with the exception of a few altera- 
tions when I first received them. I have worn them constantly without any 
trouble. I am by profession a lawyer, and probably walk on an average of 
several miles a day. 

In my opinion your leg is the best made, and particularly the best for cases 
similar to mine. 

Yours sincerely, 

S. B. McKee. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE AT THE ANKLE, THE OTHER 
BELOW THE KNEE. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr, A. A. Marks": 

Dear Sir : I wish to say through your pamphlet, to all whom it may con- 
cern, this is to certify that I have had constantly in use two of Mr. A. A. Marks' 
patent artificial limbs since 1878, and I am glad to state they have come up to 
my greatest expectations on account of their simplicity of construction and 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



great strength. The patent rubber feet give elasticity and naturalness of move- 
ment that can not be had in other kinds. 

I am in the oyster business, and have not lost any time on account of wearing 
two artificial limbs. I cheerfully recommend them to all requiring artificial 
substitutes as the best, as they are the safest and most natural of any there is 




made, so far as my knowledge extends. During my nine years of experience 
on artificial limbs I have worked hard seven years at the oyster business, doing 
the raking myself. I have had but very little repairing done. 

Yours respectfully, 

Albert W. Mills, 
Rowayton, Fairfield Co., Conn. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 



Law Office of George E, Sill, 
345 Main St., Hartford, Conn., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

My Dear Sir :— It gives me great pleasure to be able to testify to the great 
excellence of your artificial limbs, for I know what they are, and can not see 
how they can be improved upon in any way. It is now ten years that I have 
worn your limbs, and during all that time I have never had the least trouble 
with them, and the longer I wear them the more impressed I am with their 
serviceability and great simplicity. The foot being of rubber, there is no 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 187 



"click" made in walking, which I have noticed in feet that are full of 
springs and joints, and which must be very unpleasant to the wearer. But the 
great beauty of your patent is that it is so simple that the foot seldom, if ever, 
gets out of repair. I have worn your patent since November, 1878. I know I 
have not paid ten dollars for repairs in all that time, and, for all I know, these 
rubber feet will last for years. 

As I am a lawyer I do not, of course, give the artificials very hard usage, 
but while at college at Amherst I gave them about as hard a trial as could be 
given them, and they never went back on me once. Having worn your patent 
for ten years, and both amputations being just above the ankle, I get along re- 
markably well, but I must confess that I think the great secret of my success 
is owing to the excellence of your patent rubber foot, and would not change to 
any other patent for a good deal of money. 

In closing, permit me to say that your patent artificials have more than satis- 
fied me, and I hope you will refer to me at any time, so I may be able to tell 
other sufferers about what I consider to be the best artificial limbs made. 

Yours very truiy, George Elliot Sill. 



LEG AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEE AND ARM AMPUTATED 
BELOW THE ELBOW. 
Grand view, Douglass Co., Dak., December 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter requesting me to write a report of my experience in 
wearing artificial limbs of your manufacture was received. I am well pleased 
with them, and think they are much better than any I have heretofore used. 
Those that you made for me one year ago were a perfect fit and have not been 
out of repair since I put them on in your factory, October, 1886. 

I have worn artificial limbs since May, 1865. My foot was amputated at the 
ankle joint, hand at the wrist. I have worn one leg more then five years ; no- 
repairs. 

Yours truly, Oscar Dunlap. 



THE FLEMING BROTHERS. 

EACH WEARING TWO ARTIFICIAL LEGS FOR AMPUTATIONS BELOW KNEES. 

Newfoundland fishermen remember well the cold storm that set in about the 
1st of April, 1888. It was then that Edward and Peter Fleming, brothers and 
fishermen of Forbay, met with a thrilling experience that deprived them of 
their lower extremities and nearly cost them their lives. 

They were fishing from the ship's yawl off the coast of Newfoundland when 
a storm suddenly came upon them and drove them from their location and 
away from the relief of the vessel. Twelve days they drifted about at the 
mercies of the cold, wind and ocean ; famished, athirst, and frozen, nothing to 
eat, nothing to drink, no succor, no hope. When despair and suffering had 
exhausted them, a barque bound for Quebec picked up these helpless and almost 
lifeless fishermen, and cared for them the best they could, but their sufferings 
were not alleviated until they were placed in the Quebec hospital, where it was 
found necessary to amputate both legs of each. They had been so severely 
frozen that there was no possibility of saving them. In course of time Peter 
and Edward sent their measurements to A. A. Marks of New York for two 
pair of artificial legs. 

The letter printed below tells the results : 

Forbay, Newfoundland, Feb. 23, 1890. 

Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Friend : — I hope you will excuse me for not writing before, but I was 
waiting to see how I would come on in the snow, as we have very heavy snow 
in Newfoundland. My brother Peter and I get around much better than we 
ever thought we would be able to. We meet people in the street who knew us, 
and they wonder that we walk so well on artificial legs. Your artificial legs 
with rubber feet are the best ever invented. I have seen a number of persons 
wearing them and they all do well. I consider my brother's and my own res- 
toration wonderful. We could not do anything without your aid. Dear friend,. 
I must conclude, wishing you every good luck in your good work. 

Yours truly, Edward Fleming. 



188 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
{Walked Four Miles in One Hour and Twenty -jibe Minutes.) 

Napierville, Du Page Co., III., November 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26 just received. In reply will say that I 
have worn a pair of your artificial feet for nearly three years and am well 
pleased with them. Three years ago I was employed by the New York, On- 
tario and Western Railroad Co. as brakesman, and while doing switching 
(through the neglect of the company not having their road in safe condition, 
and the neglect of an employer) I was run over. My right leg was amputated 
six inches below, and my left eleven below the knee. 

Through a friend's advice I purchased a pair of your limbs, and am not sorry 
that I did so, for I don't think they can be beat. I am now following oper- 
ating, and very often I have occasion to deliver messages to conductors on 
through trains. I think nothing of jumping On and off a train running twelve 
or fifteen miles per hour, and can pick up any thing, and put it on my shoul- 
der, that don't weigh over one hundred pounds. As far as walking is con- 
cerned, I think that I can keep up with the most of them that have two sound 
legs. One day last summer a party bet me five dollars that I couldn't walk 
four miles in two hours ; so I took him up. I made it in just one hour and 
twenty-five minutes, and it was on a fearfully rough road, rocks and hills lots 
of them, and didn't even chafe the skin on my stump, They fit so perfectly, 
from the measurements I sent, and they haven't been any expense to me since I 
got them. The rubber foot is, I think, as near to the natural foot as it is possi- 
ble to get it. 

I can put my hands on any thing that is breast high and spring upon it. 
Now, these stories look big, but I can bring proof to all of them. For refer- 
ences ask any of the employees on Middle Division Ontario and Western Rail- 
road. I will close, hoping that all the unfortunates will come to you to be 
helped in their trouble. 

I am, yours truly, 

W. J. Harmes. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Atlanta, Logan Co., III., Nov. 15, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in writing to inform you of the fact that your 
artificial limbs with rubber feet have given me entire satisfaction. I can wear 
them with comfort. 

I make use of a cane when walking, but can as well dispense with it. I was 
accidentally run over by the railroad cars, whereby Host both of my limbs when 
I was seven years old, and have been walking on my knees till four years last 
New Year's, when I got a pair of your artificial limbs. I have had them repaired 
once, and think that they will wear many years. 

Yours respectfully, 

Miss A. Prange. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE KNEE BEARING AND THE 

OTHER SYMES'. 

Pilot Knob, Crawford Co., Ind., Dec. 1, 1887. 
Dr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Replying to yours of the 26th ult. , I would say that three years' 
wear of a pair of your make of artificial legs makes me stronger in the belief 
that your rubber foot is the best substitute for nature yet found. In superin- 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 189 



tending general farm work I walk considerably, and sometimes use one cane, 
and for short, smooth walks seldom use any *cane. So far there has been no 
repairs to make, and all I have been out was to occasionally insert a piece of 
gum in the back of the knee, cost, all told, 40 cents for three years. When I 
again buy I will take a pair of your make beyond a doubt. 

Yours etc., 

David T. Stephenson. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Gardiner, Batchelder, & Welles, Manufacturers of Lumber, 

Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa, Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir : Some five years ago I wrote you, expressing the highest satisfac- 
tion with the pair of artificial limbs you made for me. I have at this time 
nothing to retract from what I then said, and cheerfully renew my recommenda- 
tion of your " rubber feet " to all in need of " wooden legs." 

Very trulv vours, 
400 6th St. Silas" W. Gardiner 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

• 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 
Sup't of Motive Power Office, Nov. 10, 1887. 
My Dear Mr. Marks : So many persons with like affliction to my own 
whom I meet in my daily vocation say to me, " How is it that you get along 
so well and perform your work with so much ease and comfort ? " My answer 
is, "Goto Mr. A. A. Marks, the friend and benefactor of the unfortunate, and 
secure the comfort obtained by the use of his patent rubber feet." 

In this connection I desire to say your idea of fitting by measurements, there- 
by saving your patients great inconvenience, loss of time, and unnecessary 
expenses, is unique and your success simply wonderful. My thirteen years of 
experience affords me ample opportunity to judge and appreciate the merits of 
your patent and workmanship, and I do not hesitate to pronounce your devices 
superior to any in the market, the durability and advantages of which as 
compared to the old styles are beyond question, the repairs being a mere 
bagatelle. While my occupation is not what you would term laborious, I am 
constantly on the go. 

Thinking a word from me might benefit some brother or sister in like afflic- 
tion (to whom I am always glad to impart information), I beg of you to use this 
letter as you see fit, for no one deserves more praise in their endeavors to make 
the afflicted comfortable than yourself and sons. Again thanking you for the 
many kindnesses to me while under your care, and wishing you God speed, I 
remain 

Yours sincerely, 

H. M. Etchison, 
Secy, to Supt, M. P., 1325 Lombard St., Baltimore, Md. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

176 East Lombard St., Baltimore, Md., Nov. 30, 1885. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Not having any complaints to make with the pair of artificial 
legs you made for me, I could see no reason why I should write you, but after 
thinking over the matter and reminding myself that there might be some one in 
this world whom I might benefit by a word or two of advice, I concluded to 
write. 

I find after three weeks' trial that the legs you made for me are far ahead of 
my greatest expectations. With these legs I have carried breakfast, dinner. 



190 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

and supper daily up a flight of stairs without the aid of a stick, both of my 
hands being full of dishes. I have not yet made a misstep or a trip. When I 
first got them they felt decidedly better than the pair I had worn before. In 
a very brief time I was able to walk up and down stairs, to and from the room 
of my sick wife. I can say no more than that the legs are as near perfection 
as human ingenuity can contrive. With them I can stand erect, straight as a 
soldier, which I never could do with the other kind. I have walked with them 
over a mile in fifteen minutes, with little or no exertion. The rubber feet 
please me immensely. 

Yours Resp'y, 

Chas. Kredenoff. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Stanberry, Gentry Co. Mo., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks': 

Dear Sir : — The pair of artificial limbs you made for me some two years ago 
from measurements has given entire satisfaction. I have not been out one cent 
for repairs. 

Yours truly, 

J. M. Rogers. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES, 

Fitted from Measurements. 
No. Springfield, Greene Co., Mo., Nov. 5., 1887. 

A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : The pair of limbs you made me two years ago from measurements I 
have worn constantly ever since, and I can say they have given me unbounded 
satisfaction in every respect. 

I am a clerk in the car accountant office of the Frisco R. R. Co. I walk from 
two to three miles a day. Besides, I do the biggest part of my day's work stand- 
ing, and that with as much ease as I ever could. When walking I carry a light 
cane, but I hardly need its assistance. This may seem incredible, considering 
that both of my limbs are amputated two inches below the knees : but it is so. 
Lots of people that I am personally acquainted with and have walked the streets 
with do not know that I am wearing artificial limbs. I will close by saying 
that anybody who may be unfortunate enough to need artificial means for 
locomotion can come no nearer, in my estimation, to getting a duplicate of their 
lost member than with your limbs. 

Yours respectfully, 

D. J. McSweeny. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

New Boston, New Hampshire, May 10, 1866. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Nearly a year has passed since you fixed me up upon my legs 
again, and it occurs to me that, my case being rather an extraordinary one, you 
would like to give it to the public through your pamphlet. 

When I decided to take your legs from the government, I had examined all 
the various kinds that the government had adopted, and concluded to take yours, 
for the reasons which I will give. 

Having been in the hospital for some time, I had seen many soldiers who had 
been provided with artificial limbs, and witnessed the many troubles and 
annoyances as well as expenses to which they were constantly subjected in most 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 191 



kinds of limbs, and saw that your patents were clear from all these tormenting 
trials, and at the same time discovered that your patients walked with more 
ease, comfort, and natural step than the other kinds with their clattering ankle 
joints. My experience has only added to the high opinion I formerly had 
gathered of your limbs, 

My weight is over 200 pounds ; and, although both legs are now artificial, I can 
do almost every thing that I formerly could— can take a pail of water in each 
hand and walk off readily, and do work generally required about the farm. 

I earnestly advise all my unfortunate friends to purchase your plain, sub- 
stantial, and always reliable patent limbs. 

Yours very truly, 

Calvin Bates, 
Late Corp'l 20th Reg't Maine Vols. 

April 11, 1887. 
The new pair of legs just received, fitted from measurement, are perfectly 
satisfactory. Calvin Bates. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Elizabethport, Union Co., N. J., Oct. 29, 1887. 
Dear Sir : I would wish to state that I am and have been wearing your limbs 
for the last thirteen years. They have proved entirely satisfactory to me, and 
of all the limbs that I have ever seen of other make I would recommend Marks, 
to be the best, in fitting and durability. 

My limbs are amputated six inches below the knees. My limbs have not 
cost me more than fifteen dollars for ten years. 

I can walk so well with the rubber feet that no one that don't know me 
would believe that I had artificial limbs. 
My work is very hard ; it takes an able-bodied man to do it. 
My work is polishing steel. 

I remain, yours, 
Patrick Liddy. 

BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

New Brunswick, Middlesex Co. N. J., Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After four years' constant use in wearing a pair of your artificial 
legs with rubber feet, I gladly bear testimony to their superior merits. Having 
well-trimmed stumps, as prepared by a humane and skillful surgeon, and supplied 
with your patent artificial legs, I am able to work all day-and then walk a mile 
in eighteen minutes. My work being block-cutting, I am on my feet very often. 
My "prior experience with other kinds tells me of the difference between the 
comfort and the durability of each, and places your make far ahead of any 
other in every essential respect. You are at liberty to publish this and refer 
whomever you wish to me, as I wish to see all my fellow-unfortunates secure all 
they can to assist them. I remain, 

Yours truly, 
170 Albany St. Elijah Rhine. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE IN THE KNEE AND t THE OTHER 
BELOW THE KNEE. 

Hamburg, Sussex Co., N. J., Jan. 15, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have recently been reminded of the fact that you made two 
legs for a patient of mine, Wm. Day. 

One leg amputated at knee joint and the other four inches above ankle. 
Last summer I saw him on a ladder sixteen fe^t from the ground painting a 
barn. 

Yours. 

J. B. Pettet, M.D. 



192 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



LEG AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEE AND ARM AMPUTATED 
ABOVE THE ELBOW. 

Somerville, Somerset Co., N. J., Dec. 31, 1887. 

In 1859 I suffered the amputation of my right leg and right arm from an acci- 
dent on the Central Railroad of New Jersey. As soon as practicable thereafter I 
had Mr. Marks apply his artificial limbs to me. At that time he was manufactur- 
ing artificial legs with ankle joints. In 1863 I had one of his rubber feet applied. 
In 1865 I procured anew leg, and in 1871 I renewed the leg which I have worn 
ever since, during a period of seventeen years. My experience with the old 
style of ankle joint and the rubber foot is of such a character as to compel me 
to speak in high praise of the rubber foot. Its durability is beyond question, 
and is one of the virtues that commend it to all laboring people. I weigh two 
hundred and fifty pounds and am on my feet most of the time. 

During the seventeen years the repairs on my artificial leg have not exceeded 
$10. 

Morris Force 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW KNEES. 



New York City, November 8, 1887. 
I have worn artificial legs of A. A. Marks' pattern for the past twenty-six 
years. The first pair I had were of the old style with ankle joints. When the 
rubber feet were invented I was one of the first to have a pair put on my legs. 





No. 271. 

I have worn the rubber feet continually since then . Both my legs are amputated 
below the knees. With the rubber feet I am able to do about as much as any 
one. I am a laboring man and work at the bench ten hours a day. Quite fre- 
quently I am obliged to ascend a ladder to take articles from the shelves. I find 
no inconvenience in doing so. The rubber feet and rigid ankle make every 
step reliable, and my footing, no matter where I am, absolutely sure. 

I walk a great deal and have passed many evenings about the billiard table, 
having become somewhat expert in that fascinating game. Sundays when at 
home I can be found lying on a lounge, with my legs crossed m an easy and 
comfortable position, reading some agreeable novel. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY, 



193 



I find no hindrance in whatever I wish to do, and firmly believe that the 
Marks rubber feet have fully restored me. 





No 273. No. 274. 

It is so long since I had my naturals that I have entirely forgotten them, and 
feel about as well off with the Marks' substitutes as I would had I those which 
nature gave me. 




Anybody wishing to correspond with me will please address as below in your 
care. You will please forward the same to me. Respectfully, F. A. *S. 



194 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

LEG AMPUTATED ABOVE THE KNEE AND ARM AMPUTATED 
ABOVE THE ELBOW. 

Corner Orient and Liberty Avenues, 
East New York, N. Y., June 10, 1885. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, 701 Broadway, N. Y. City : 

Dear Sir: — I write you this simply to say that my experience with your 
artificial limbs, together with considerable experience with other kinds, induces 
me to prefer yours by all odds, and I herewith send application for gov't leg 
and arm for the issue of 1885, knowing the reliability and superior qualities of. 




your make above all others of which I have known about for over twenty years. 
The special point I desire to mention is the simplicity of construction in your 
leg, whereby I can take it apart, lubricate and adjust with my one (natural) 
hand, and put together again without any help. My good solid weight of 240 
pounds gives the leg a good trial, and yet I feel a confidence in it that I have 
never had in any other kind. 

Yours sincerely, 

John J. Winn. 

BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Springfield, III., March 13, 1892. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I thought I would write you a few lines to let you know how I 
am getting along with my artificial limbs. When I received the limbs there 
was one place in one of them that hurt my stump. I trimmed that out myself 
and the limbs now fit me to my perfect satisfaction. I can walk a great distance 
without being tired. 

Respectfully yours, 

J. H. Blackmore. 



A. A. MAUKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



195 



EIGHT LEG AMPUTATED IN THE KNEE, AND LEFT BELOW 

THE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

1408 S. 8thSt.,PHiLA., Pa. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — You will remember that I lost both my legs, one below the knee 
and the other in the knee. I have been wearing a pair of your artificial legs 
.since October, 1891. I can walk perfectly. I am twenty-two years of age. 
You have my hearty commendation. 

Respectfully yours, 

Henry E. Hohn. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Walton, N. Y., November 11, 1881. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to yours of the 9th inst. In the year 1877 I had the 
misfortune to lose both my feet on the railroad, and after a year and seventeen 
days I applied a pair of Mr. Marks' limbs, and the only trouble with them is 
that they are too near like my natural feet for my own good. I do almost 
every thing that I did before losing my limbs. They give the very best satis- 
faction. Yours truly, 

S. B. Wade. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Troy Daily Times, Troy, N. Y., November 15, 1887. 
Mr. A. A, Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to testify to the value of the artifi- 
cial limbs furnished by you. As the result of a railway accident ten years 
ago, both of my legs were amputated, one just below the knee and the other 
just above the ankle. Since then I have worn artificial limbs of which you 
are the manufacturer. My gait is so nearly natural that many will not believe 
without actual inspection that art has in my case pieced out nature. My occu- 
pation makes me a traveling man, and I assure you I appreciate the rubber 
:feet, whose easy, springy motion takes away half the terrors that come from 
-the loss of limbs. For repairs the cost has been absolutely nothing. 

If I could write a stronger recommendation I would gladly do it. 

If I cannot have my own legs I must have your limbs. 

Truly yours, 

William H. Anderson. 




BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE 
ABOVE AND THE OTHER BE- 
LOW THE KNEE. 

223 Johnson Avenue, 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1891. 
When a boy of seven years, I became a 
cripple by being thrown in front of a freight 
car. One of my legs was amputated within 
= seven inches of the body, and the other two 
inches below the knee. I have worn your 
artificial legs wito rubber feet for sixteen 
years. I consider myself practically restored. 
I walk naturally and comfortably, perform- 
ing my daily work without difficulty. My 
greatest enjoyment is riding horseback. I 
can mount and dismount readily and can 
cling to the saddle or ride in the stirrups 
when the horse is at good speed. I would be 
one of the most miserable, helpless, and de- 



pendent persons in the world were it not for your rubber feet legs. 

Respectfully yours, Thos. J. 



Kehr. 



196 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

1611 Spruce St., Phila., Pa., Jan. 26, 1893. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

My Dear Sir :— The artificial legs you made under my order, fitted from 
measurements, for Sylvester H. Bubb are perfectly satisfactory. I wish to 
thank you for so kindly sending over a man with double amputations to apply 
those new legs upon my patient. I consider it one of the most astonishing- 
exhibitions I have ever seen to have your man with double amputations, one 
side above the knee, and the other below the knee, walking across the lecture 
room, assisting my patient, with double amputations below the knees, to take 
his first steps with his first artificial legs. The marvelous agility and great 
dexterity of the man that you sent over clearly demonstrated the advantages to- 
be obtained by artificial legs. I told the class that I. would exhibit a patient 
with an artificial leg, and asked them to guess upon which side it was worn. 
The astonishment was very great when I asked the man to pull up his trousers 
and show that they were both artificial. 

With kind regards, I remain, 
Very truly yours, 

A. Augustus Wilson, M. D. 



LEG AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEE AND ARM AMPUTATED 
BELOW THE ELBOW. 

Oct. 30, 1887: 
Mr. A A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — As you are to publish a new pamphlet, I wish to add my name 
to your long list of patients who use your patent limbs and testify to their 
merits. I have used yours now for three and one half years, and they have 
never cost me one dollar yet. I am a very heavy man, weighing 200 pounds, 
I am working on the railroad. I could not be induced to exchange for any 
other. I have used your leg and arm. My leg is off below the knee. 

Henry E. Lowell, 
Chatham, Columbia Co. N. Y. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Ithaca, Tompkins Co., New York, Jan. 15, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — As far as the rubber feet are concerned, I shall say they are the 
best in my opinion. The rubber foot is one of the wonders of the world. They 
are to-day without an equal. I do hereby challenge any other maker in the 
world to produce a man that has a pair of artificial feet to walk with me. I 
can walk a mile in 13 minutes and not hurry myself any. I do not take a back 
seat for any man that has got two good natural feet in a one-mile race. I will 
answer all communications sent to me by others in regard to the durability of 
the rubber feet. 

I am trying to get up five walking matches out here. I have sent five let- 
ters to-day to the following places, Syracuse, Auburn, Cortland, Binghamton 
and Scranton City, and by next Friday I will expect an answer from them. If 
successful I will write you again. Hoping to hear from you in the near future, 
I am, respectfully yours, 

Thomas Cleary. 

(Extract taken from a local paper.) 
WALKING WITHOUT FEET. 

The Best Record Beaten. — A fair-sized audience assembled at Ithaca 
Rink last night to witness the effort of Thomas Cleary to beat the best mile 
walking record made by a man with artificial feet. Cleary, it will be remem- 
bered, suffered the loss of both feet some two years ago. 

At 9 P. M. "the man without feet " made his appearance upon the floor 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIEICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 



197 



and began his task of endeavoring to I eat the best record heretofore made, 19 
minutes and 30 seconds, at Atlanta, Ga,, in 1881. Messrs. S. G. McKinney and 
C. J. Vivian were selected as time-keepers. The distance of one mile had been 
accurately measured, and consisted of 16 1 / 3 laps. 




No. 277. 

Mr. Cleary without apparent effort began his walk, going quite moderately at 
first, but as he neared the conclusion of the mile he quickened his pace and 
passed the mile-post in fine style in 16 minutes and 50 seconds, thus beating the 
best record by 2 minutes and 20 seconds, and making 17 laps in 17:10. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Mamaroneck, Westchester Co., N". Y., Dec. 20, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sro : — Over twelve years ago I met with the misfortune of having both 
my legs crushed by the railroad cars, which necessitated amputation below the 
knees. I was then a mere lad, and did not fully realize the gravity of my mis- 
fortune. By the advice of my surgeons and my many advisers, I placed my- 
self under your care for restoration. Your reputation as the one most 
competent in the land had so impressed me that, from the first, I felt that I 
was soon to realize the most that skill and ingenuity could possibly do for me. 
In this I have not been disappointed, for your labors have restored me to my 
feet, and I am, for all practical purposes, myself again. I well remember how 
proud I was when your genius placed me in a position in which I could in- 
dulge in youthful sports, how I availed myself of every advantage, playing 
ball, boating, fishing, and hunting in summer, and skating in winter. I even 
went so far as to swing my partner, on several occasions, in rural dances. I be- 
came quite an expert on the skates, and relished the applause my antics on the 
ice would excite. I have always felt that your artificial legs were wonders, and 
ought to be known throughout the land. My obligations to the pair that you 
made for me placed me in a position to feel a sense of duty to put them to the 



198 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



severest test and" boast of my accomplishments. For this reason I have indulged 
in many sports that really belong to the sound and rugged. 




No. 278. 

My latest prank is that of riding a bicycle. I found the task considerable at 
first, but, being determined, I succeeded, after repeated attempts, to ride toler- 




No. 279. 
ably well. I do not regard it as a fascinating indulgence for one situated as I 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



199 



am, and probably shall not continue in the practice long, My purpose was to 
prove that riding a bicycle is possible with one wearing two artificial legs, and 
I am proud that I have accomplished so much. Enclosed find my photograph 
"in the act." 




No. 280. 

I shall be only too happy to commend your rubber feet, and will do all I can 
to encourage their sale, believing, as I do, that they are incomparable. 

Respectfully yours, 

James McDonald. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES 

.burgh, New * 
August 4, 1889. 



Bloomsburgh, New York, ) 



Dear Friend Mr. Marks: 

I know I ought to have written to you and informed you how well 
pleased I am with the artificial legs you made for me. But as the "under- 
standings" have worked so much like a charm I have forgotten my 
gratitude to you. You probably will not believe me when I say that I have 



200 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



not been a day without my feet since I got them. There is no question in my 
mind that the rubber feet are the best in the world. I have worn the wooden 
feet with ankle joints and prefer your patents to them. 

Respectfully yours, 

Hattie Gowdey. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE IN THE KNEE JOINT AND THE 
OTHER BELOW THE KNEE. 

Leipsic, Putnam Co., Ohio, Nov. 2 1887 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City, N. Y : 

Dear Sir :— Having quite recently learned that you contemplate the publish- 
ing of a new pamphlet, and knowing that therein your patrons may have an 
opportunity to give their opinions of, and experiences with, the artificial limbs 
manufactured by you. I will avail myself of this opportunity to say what I have 
learned in more than ten years' practice with a pair of artificial limbs made at 





No. 281. 



No. 282. 



your establishment. On the 12th of April, 1875, I had the great misfortune to 
lose both my feet in a railroad accident, and after the stumps had healed up I 
began to look about for a substitute. My attention fell upon you, and I was at 
once impressed with the belief that, owing to the rubber feet, your make of 
limbs would be just what I was in need of. To-day I am fully convinced of 
the wisdom of my choice, for I am walking far better than I or any of my 
friends thought I would ever do. 

Since one of my limbs was amputated at the knee joint, and the other an 
inch and one-half below, it was the general belief of myself and my friends 
that I could not handle myself well enough to walk with any degree of safety 
or satisfaction. 

But that we were most agreeably disappointed is a fact patent to all to-day. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



201 



I now walk wherever I want to go, and am filling a responsible position in a 
railroad office, and giving as good satisfaction as any one. 

You have already been informed that I am a member of the Knights of 
Pythias, and frequently parade on foot with my lodge ; this is a proof that I 
am well able to take my part in the battle of life. My weight is now two 
hundred pounds, but with this excessive weight I have little or no trouble in 
walking, even in extreme hot weather. I have lately become a member of the 
Accident Insurance Company, whose general agent assured me that they had 
nothing to fear from my inability to take care of myself. 

I remark these things that you may know how well 1 am doing, and that my 
fellow unfortunates may. like myself, be fully convinced that there is no use 




No. 283. 



lamenting while there is an artificial limb manufactured which so successfully 
counterfeits nature as does the Marks limb. I could not be induced to weaV 
any other kind of a limb. The grandest feature of your limbs is certainly the 
rubber foot. Of this I can speak from experience, and that experience has 
forced me to the conclusion that there is no artificial leg complete without it. 
It is more durable than any other, and a person can walk with as much ease 
and comfort as with the natural. As you are aware, the limbs that I am now 
wearing I purchased four years ago, and in that time I have not been at any 
expense at all for repairing, nor do they now make the slightest noise when I 
am walking. Hoping that this slight testimonial of the true merits of the 
artificial limbs manufactured by you may be instrumental in deciding my fellow 
unfortunates in securing the best limb made, and assuring you that I will 
cheerfully answer all questions relative thereto, 

I remain, very truly yours, 

"A. A. Weaver. 



202 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 




No. 365. 

Cut No. 365 represents Mr. D. W. Huff, a switchman on a Western railroad. 
Mr. Huff wears a pair of artificial legs with rubber feet. He performs the duty 
of a switchman with the cleverness of one in possession of his natural legs, 
and to the entire satisfaction of the company. His artificials were constructed 
from measurements. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

East Bangor, Northampton Co., Pa., Jan. 11, 1888. 
Your rubber feet in Mrs. Weidman's case have given perfect satisfaction. I 
claim they have no equal. 

B. F. DlLLIARD, M.D. 



BOTH FEET AMPUTATED, ONE CHOPART'S AND THE OTHER 
BELOW THE KNEE. 

46 Dana Place, Wilkesbarre, Ltjzerne Co., Pa. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Ma res : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying to the satisfaction I have derived 
from the use of your artificial limbs. 

I have worn your make of leg and foot foi six years. 

I believe your rubber feet are easier to walk upon, more durable, and much 
more natural than any other kind. I was eleven years of age when I had my 
leg and foot taken off, and it was a year and fourteen weeks before I could go 
on crutches, and I wore a peg leg about thirteen years. I then engaged in 
learning the cigar trade, and in the year of 1881 was in New York, and there I 
looked around for an artificial leg and foot, and I came to the conclusion that 
your rubber feet were what I wanted. I have worn them ever since and would 
not be without them. I am glad to testify that your new foot for Chopart's 
amputation is far better than any I ever expected to get. I got it February 17, 
1887. It has not been out of order at all, and is as perfect now as the day it 
was made. I cheerfully recommend it to all in need. Hoping you will get a. 
large share of public patronage, 

I remain, yours respectfully, 

George Unbewust. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 203 

BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

3614 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 22, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : — I may state for your benefit that Louis Thomas is very well 
pleased with his legs. 

Very truly yours, 

F. H. MlLLIKEN, M.D. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED ABOVE THE KNEES. 

107 No. Water St., York, York Co., Pa., Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — As you are about to print a new pamphlet, a few words from 
■one that has used a pair of your artificial limbs for about eight years may be 
of some use to you, and to all those who have been unfortunate enough to need 
artificial limbs. 

After eight years' use of the pair of artificial limbs you made for me with the 
rubber feet, I must truly say that I think you make the best artificial limbs made, 
because they never cause me any trouble, in all that time, and have not cost me 
anything for repairs, and they are in good order, and look as if they were good 
for eight years more without any repairs. I wear them every day, and have not 
lost one day from the time I got them on account of their getting out of order. 
My work is not hard on limbs, but I am on my feet the most of the time. As 
my case is a bad one, I think I am doing very well. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Robert S. Lovegrove. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Nov. 19, 1887. 
A. A Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I would most cheerfully recommend your artificial limbs as 
in my judgment being superior to any I have ever seen. I have worn my pair 
for seven years, and although my position requires a good deal of walking, I 
Jiave never expended one penny to keep same in repair or had them away for 
repair, while several of my companions who wear the old style are not only con- 
stantly at an expense to keep them in repair, but are obliged to keep an 
extra one to wear while they are having them repaired. 

Would further state, they have from the first fit me perfectly, and give me 
comfort in walking, which I can do with ease. 

My right foot is off nine inches below the knee and my left six inches below 
the knee. With my weight over two hundred pounds, I know there is no man 
of my acquaintance of anywhere near the same weight, with only one limb gone, 
who can get along nearly as satisfactorily to himself as I do. 
Yours truly, 

Charles W. Glenn, Sr. 
Train Starter, Pennsylvania Railroad, Broad St. Station, 
8040 Riverview Ave., Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. 
P. S. It will be a pleasure to refer any one desirous of limbs to me, as I con- 
sider your make by far the most economical and serviceable in the market. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Allentown, Lehigh Co., Pa., Oct. 31. 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

I will inform you that my brother-in-law George Miller is getting along 
very well. He is working now two months by Nov. 1 for the Philadelphia 



204 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



and Reading Railroad Co., as a watchman on a street-crossing at Macungie. 
He feels very proud with his legs, and is proud of them. He recommends every 
body in need of legs and hands to call on your firm, and I do all in my power 
to advance your interests. 

Allen Christman, 

220 Union St. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Macungie, Lehigh Co., Pa., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am very well pleased with the artificial legs which I received 
from you. In two months I walked without a cane; on the 4th of July I walked 
one mile. The 1st of August I commenced work, and I have not lost a day 
since. I am on my feet from mornkig till night. I will cheerfully answer 
any letter addressed to George Miller. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 
(From the Comedian Henry Laurens Bascomb.) 

Forest Home, Sprlngbrook, 

HOLMESBURG, PHILADELPHIA Co., Pa., Oct. 28, 1887. 

A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : — I am very glad to testify to the comfort and durability of 
your artificial limbs. Mine have been worn since July, 1882, and, being per- 
fectly adjusted, they have enabled me to walk easily and naturally. 

The ladies and gentlemen residing here have examined and commended your 
work. The Forest Home estate is extensive, and I walk with the same ease the 
country roads or streets of Philadelphia. 

Concluding, let me add that you sent me a perfect work, and I am indebted 
to you for many kindnesses. In my present " Home," and under the care of 
Superintendent Wilson, a quotation from " Othello " will explain sufficiently : 

" My bark is stoutly timbered, 
And my pilot of very expert and approved allowance." 

Yours, 

Henry Laurens Bascomb. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

May 13, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Thos. Connolly, from Ashley, near Wilkesbarre, Pa., got a pair 
of artificial legs from your manufactory. I recommended your patent legs to 
him, because he could not get along with his old legs. Yesterday he sent 
word to me to come and see his new pair of legs from your manufactory, and I 
must say you made a good fit for Thos. Connolly. Mr. Marks, I recommend 
your patent artificial legs when I get a chance to do so, because they are bet- 
ter than any I have seen yet. I wear a pair myself, and know of what I 
say. 

Respectfully, 

J. Senghaas, 
141 Scott St., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Providence, R. I., November 10, 1875. 
A. A. Marks, N. Y. City : 

Dear Sir : — Having, worn a pair of your patent artificial legs for over five 
years, and had an abundance of experience of other kinds prior to using yours^ 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 205 

have no hesitation whatever in pronouncing yours by far the best in every 
essential point. I do a variety of labor on my pair of legs with ease and 
comfort, and take much pains to recommend your patent limbs to ail I see 
needing artificial ones. 

Yours respectfully, 

H. F. Hicks. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE KNEE BEARING THE 'OTHER 
BELOW THE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

333^ Union St., Memphis, Shelby Co., Tenn., Nov. 8, 1887. 
Me. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing a pair of your artificial limbs with rubber 
feet ever since 1884 ; they were made by measurements, and give full satisfac- 
tion in every respect. I am flagging for the M. & C. R. R. at Union St. cross- 
ing, and have not lost a day on account of my limbs, and have not had any re- 
pairing done to them since I got them. I get around so spry and fast that peo- 
ple don't want to believe that I wear artificial limbs ; I can go up or down 
stairs, three stories, get on and off trains, go anywhere I want, and need no 
help. I have a lifetime job as flagman with the same company I was working 
for when I lost my limbs. My left leg is off one-half inch below knee, with 
joint stiff ; right leg between knee joint and foot. 

Yours truly, 

J. E. Patterson. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Houston, Texas, Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter came to hand and it found me in good shape on the 
legs. I received the limbs on the first of Feb. , 1886, and put them on, and can 
say that my health is better, and I can walk anywhere I want to, night or day. 
I can go upstairs any height I want to. 

I can walk three miles per hour ; they never hurt me. I am a laborer, and my 
work is sitting a great deal. The length of the left stump is about five inches. 
Right about four inches long. You could not have done better if I had come 
to you. 

And as a poor colored man, and the first, I think, in the State ever in this con- 
dition, I can say I am more than pleased with your work. I walked on my 
knees three years and ten months, and walked on the artificial legs one year 
and nine months, and have not had a day's sickness. I can kneel down* and 
get up just like any other man. 

Ben. Nickerson, 

39 Dart St. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED AT THE ANKLE JOINTS. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Hot Springs, Ark., Nov. 10, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — It affords me great pleasure to testify to the comfort and enjoy- 
ment I now take in wearing a pair of your rubber feet, which I have been 
using for six months. 

I lost both my limbs from " frostbite "(Symes' and Chopart's amputation), in 
November, 1880, and since that time I have examined the advertisements of sev- 
eral different artificial limbs, and I could find none that had the appearance of dur- 
ability and comfort that yours have. Mine were made from measurements and 



206 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



are a perfect fit, just as good as I could possibly have procured had I gone 
to the expense of visiting the factory. They are as easily applied almost as 
shoes ; can be worn without pain. I am now Assist. P. M. at this place, and 
to perform my duties I am standing most all the time, and I defy any one 
that sees me walking around in the office to detect that I am a cripple. I use 
no cane, neither do I need one. I have just as perfect use of my limbs 
as it is possible for any one to have, laboring under a like misfortune. In conclu- 
sion I cheerfully recommend your rubber foot to all those who have been, like 
myself, unfortunate to have lost their limbs. Hoping you every success, 

I remain, yours, etc., 

G. W. Tattjm. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Dec. 12, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am attending the Platteville State Normal School at Platteville, 
Wis. In order to get to school I am obliged to walk a distance of about one- 
half a mile. I have had two pairs of artificial limbs, one pair from a firm in 
Chicago and the other from you ; but yours are far superior in comfort, and I 
think in durability. My feet were amputated about half-way between the ankles 
and knees, but as long as I have had your limbs, I have had no trouble of any 
kind with my limbs, not having needed any repairs as yet, although I have had 
your limbs over two years. Altogether I have worn artificial limbs over eight 
years. One great advantage in your limbs is that there are no springs or com- 
plex contrivances in the ankle joints. As I have worn such a pair, I can say that 
they caused me no little annoyance in getting out of order as well as making 
disagreeable noises. I walk a little lame with my right leg, otherwise a person 
not acquainted with me would not think that my feet were amputated. I sel- 
dom use a cane, preferring to walk without one. 

Your limbs have no superior. They fitted perfectly from the first measure- 
ments. They are very comfortable and never make my stump sore. They are 
more durable than all other limbs, as there are no springs or complicated joints 
to get out of order. As the feet are made of rubber, there is not the annoyance 
caused by feet with a complicated spring attachment in the ankle. I say that 
your feet have no superior. Address all further communications from date to 
June 21 as follows : 

John Conrad Nodolf, 

Belmont, Wis. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED, ONE ABOVE THE KNEE, AND THE 
OTHER BELOW THE KNEE. 

Nuttallburgh, Fayette Co., W. Va., Dec. 20, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

I like your legs better every day ; they are comfortable. I can stand on my 
feet ten hours a day and not become very tired. I have never had the least 
sore from wearing the legs from the start, they fit me so well. 

My legs are as good now as when I got them. I have had them eighteen 
months, having got them in August, 1886, and they have not cost me any thing 
yet for repairs. When I am walking they never make any noise, and the 
rubber feet are durable, and work fine. 

I can go about the store without any stick or aid of any kind. 

When they were building my store I went up the ladder from one story to 
the other with very little trouble. My left leg is off four inches above the knee, 
and my right leg is off four inches below the knee. I had no hope of ever 
having any comfort any more until I got the legs you sent me, and I can not 
praise you too much for the good you have done for cripples like me. 

Wishing you all the success, I am 

Yours truly, 

William Horrocks. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



20' 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED BELOW THE KNEES AND PART OF 

ONE HAND. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Eauclair, Wis., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks ; 

Dear Sir : — I take pen in hand with the greatest of pleasure to testify in 
regard to your limbs. I have worn them now for two years and am well 
satisfied with them. I can walk right along with them. I have astonished a 
great many of my friends, and I have met strangers that never suspected any 
thing of me being artificial. I can walk to school and walk to my class with- 
out my cane. I don't know what I would do without them. I am a poor boy, 
and if it wasn't for the good heart of the people I would be on my knees yet. 
But I have got these legs of yours, and they are almost equal to the natural ones. 
I hope that your rubber feet will always be in use and that every one that needs 
an artificial limb will give them the preference. 

But I hope there will never be any one in my fix or have the misfortune that 
I have had. I lost both of my feet at the ankle, and part of my left hand, three 
years ago in the western part of Minnesota in a snow storm. They were taken 
off in St. Paul in St. Joseph's Hospital, and there I found an advertisement of 
your artificial limbs, and the good will of the people got me a pair, and I hope 
they will last me forever. 

Yours truly, 

William J. McDoxough. 




Cut 298. 

Represents Mr. Win. J. Harmes, baggage master and station agent at Meadow 
Brook, N. Y., having moved from Naperville, 111., since his letter (see page 
188 ) was published. He is able to shoulder trunks of 125 lbs. weight and 
place them on the train. 



208 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW "SORK CITY. 



ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATIONS. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Fort Grant, Graham Co., Arizona, Feb. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Sir : — I am happy to say that I am very much pleased with the cork leg you 
sent me. I am around daily without the assistance of a stick, and can ride 
horseback as well as ever. 

I get around just as fast as if I had both natural legs. 

You can hardly tell the difference in my walk. After using it about a month 
the stump decreased about a quarter of an inch. 
It did not decrease so much that I had to use other padding. 
I use nothing but the socks. The stump has never been sore since I have 
been using the leg. 

Respectfully, etc., 

Edward Scott, 
Corpl. K Troop, 10th Cavalry. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Glenwood Springs, Garfield Co., Colo., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn limbs of your patent over twenty years, and I 
think none that are made will compare with yours. 

I wore three other kinds before getting yours. All the first three had ankle 
joints that kept me busy repairing. Since I have been wearing yours I have 
no repairing to do. I am running a ranch, digging sage brush, and all other 
kinds of rough work. 

I do not have to repair my limb. My stump is about three inches long. 
The fact of my wearing a limb of your patent tells more than I could write in a 
week. 

Respectfully yours, 

W. H. Royston. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Loveland, Colo., Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending your artificial legs with rubber 
feet, as I think they are the best made. 

I received one made from measurements, on or about the first of April last, 
and it is a first-class leg in every respect, and a good fit. I am an engineer in a. 
saw-mill, and am on my feet most all of the time. I thought when I lost my 
limb that I never would be able to wear an artificial limb, as my stump was so 
short, only being six inches long from the hip joint ; but I now think nothing 
of walking a half or three-fourths of a mile without a cane. I have had no 
repairs and do not need any ; the rubber foot is perfect, and I think superior to- 
all others in every respect. Yours, 

W. E. DlCKERSON. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 209 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

" I have nothing but praise to offer." 

509 Court St., Pueblo, Colo., Nov. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — When I purchased my artificial leg of you two years ago I said 
that I would write you my opinion of it when I had made what I considered a 
sufficient test of it. I have nothing but praise to offer. You followed my 
measurements in making it with such exactness that I can't see how it could fit 
better if I had gone to New York in person. 

I am farming out here, and can harrow, mow, and do all manner of farm 
work, although my stump is but eight inches long. 

The rubber foot is especially serviceable in that kind of work, as it is elastic 
enough, and has stability. The only repairs I have had, have been done to the 
shoulder strap. 

I will take great pleasure in recommending your leg when occasion offers. 

Yours very truly, 

Thomas Barber, Jr. 



HAS WORN THE RUBBER FOOT 24 YEARS WITHOUT REPAIRS-* 
AMPUTATION SIX INCHES FROM HIP JOINT. 

" Fitted from measurements and couldn't fit better." 

Box 104, Gunnison, Colo. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After wearing your artificial leg for the last 24 years I am well 
satisfied to state that I don't think a better leg can be made. The length of my 
stump is only six inches from the hip'joint, and you will hardly believe me when 
I tell you that I have to work hard every day in the year,' and that the arti- 
ficial leg never gets out of repair. I am a ranchman. 

I think it is the rubber foot that makes your leg so easy to the wearer. I 
have to thank you for the admirable fit you gave to my last leg from measure- 
ments ; in fact it couldn't fit better if I went to your office in New York. I can 
recommend your artificial legs to my brother soldiers as giving them the best 
satisfaction. 

Yours respectfully, 

August Biebel. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
" Can get on or off a train going eight miles an hour." 

Excelsior, via Grand Junction, 

Mesa Co., Colo., Nov. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

I have worn a leg of your make since 1880, and it has given me the best of 
satisfaction. My leg is amputated four inches below the body. I do consider- 
able hard work, can carry 125 pounds on my shoulder, get on or off a train 
going eight miles an hour, ride horseback, get thrown off occasionally, and am 
not in constant dread of breaking my leg as I have seen wearers of other legs. 
I especially recommend your rubber foot, as it sounds so much more natural 
than others. To those who are so unfortunate as to need an artificial leg I will 
take pleasure in answering any communication which I may receive. I sent 
my measure by mail, and I do not see that I could have done any better if I had 
gone to New York ; I got a perfect fit. 

Yours truly, 

Edwin Bulpin. 



210 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Having been using one of your artificial limbs for some time I feel quite 
pleased with it, and would always recommend them to any one in need of such. 
I lost a leg about 11 years ago by a running sore, and have only six inches of 
stump left. 

About one year ago I made up my mind to try one of your limbs, and 
although a good many said that I could never walk with it, yet I am able to 
walk well. Of course I do not walk perfectly, but I do not limp but very little. 
I walk a quarter of a mile to and from my work twice a day, and then do not 
feel tired. 

I have never had any repairing done on it, and it is as good as the first day I 
wore it. I do not think the rubber foot has any equal. It does not give that 
dull, heavy thump so common in all other makes, but instead gives a light, soft 
step, which cannot be detected from the step of my own foot. It also gives a 
nice bend across the toes and does not wear the shoe as fast as my other foot. 
In fact, I would not part with it if I could not get another like it. 

Matthew "Whelan, 
Torrington, Litchfield Co., Conn. 



LEO ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of Oct. 26 received. The limb you made for me about 
four years ago has proved satisfactory. 

My natural leg was amputated at the thigh, leaving only about one-third of 
its length. The rubber foot seems to be superior to any other. I am a mechanic 
and am obliged to stand at my work constantly. Yours was the first artificial 
limb I wore. 

Very respectfully, 

Augustine Lejenne, 
Plainville, Hartford Co., Conn. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Branford, New Haven Co., Conn., Oct. 27, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — The limb which I purchased from you recently is giving entire 
satisfaction, and is in every way as recommended. 

I am now doing my regular day's work, and am improving very fast in strength 
and gaining in flesh. I expect after a few months to be able to do any ordinary 
work with the aid of your artificial limb and will not feel the loss of the old one. 

Most respectfully yours, 

John Daley. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Worn a rubber foot for twenty- two years. 

Marbledale, Litchfield Co., Conn., Oct 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Kind Frlend : — I wish to say a few words in regard to your artificial limbs. 
I have worn them from childhood up. I can truthfully speak of their merits. 
The second limb you made for me was in November, 1863. That limb I wore until 
two years past. 

This was wearing a limb with a rubber foot for twenty-two years and doing 
ordinary housework. The rubber feet are the most durable. The cost of 
repairs for that limb was a trifle. 

Your rubber feet are a success. They are superior to the old style of wooden 
feet with heel cord. 

Respectfully yours, Mrs. A. Fleezer. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 211 



FATHER AND SON— THE FORMER ABOVE THE KNEE AND THE 
LATTER BELOW THE KNEE. 

391 Housatonic Ave., Bridgeport, Conn., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I was in the employ of the Housatonic R. R. as switchman for 
sixteen years when I caught my right foot in a frog. 

An engine backed on me and crushed my leg. The amputation was made 

three and one-half inches above the knee. I had an artificial leg made by ; 

it seemed as though I was having it repaired all the time ; after a while I heard 
of your rubber feet legs, and had you put a rubber foot on the leg for me. I 
afterwards had you make me an entire new leg, which I am glad to say has 
given me great comfort and much satisfaction. I have taken great pleasure 
in recommending your legs to others, and have always been thanked for so 
doing. 

There is a saying, " It runs in the family." The wooden leg mania seems to 
have no exception, My boy Willie was ten years old when he lost his foot by 
the cars on the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. The amputation was made three 
inches below the knee. 

He is now eighteen and works every day selling papers on the railroad. He 
runs and jumps on the trains, and is as active as any one with the naturals. 
He is frequently asked if it was not his brother that lost his leg. Through 
your great invention he is almost able to forget his misfortune. Willie says 
there is no one in the world that makes as noiseless a limb as you do. He and 
I both agree that your legs with rubber feet are without equals to build a poor 
fellow up after he has been mashed to pieces. 

Respectfully, 

Patrick Bray. 

LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Applied when a Mere Child. 

Jan. 21, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — I desire to offer you a slight testimonial of my gratitude for the 
comfort that my daughter has derived from the use of the artificial leg which 
you adjusted for her in May, 1882, and to say here, for the enlightenment of 
many who are as ignorant in such matters as I once was, that no one should 
ever hesitate to have a limb adjusted in childhood, as it is by far the best plan, 
though many persons advise cripples to wait until they have attained their 
growth. My daughter lost her leg in 1879, about three months prior to her 
sixth birthday, and she has worn the artificial leg made by you constantly 
since 1883, when she first realized the advantage to be derived 'from its use. 

She is a powerful child in frame, and when her leg was removed no hopes 
were held forth that she would ever be able to wear an artificial limb, owing 
to the amputation being made so close to the hip joint. The trouble was 
caused by blood-poisoning after a severe attack of chicken-pox, and a double 
amputation was made, leaving about one and one-half inches of bone. The 
case is considered a remarkable one, and your success in adjusting a leg satis- 
factorily to so short a stump speaks volumes for your work,' which can not be 
surpassed ; and not only has the leg given absolute comfort to the child, but she 
has grown to the age of fourteen years and developed to large and graceful 
proportions. 

Ever gratefully yours, 

Maggie V. Benner, 
945 T St., Washington, D. C. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Oct. 31, 1887. 
My Dear Mr. Marks : 

It affords me great pleasure to add my testimony to the excellence of your 
artificial limbs. I know whereof I speak, not only having had an experience 
of over twenty years in wearing an artificial leg, but also being a close and 



212 a. A. MARKS. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



interested observer of the work turned out by other manufacturers in this 
branch of industry, and my experience and observation lead me to the con- 
clusion that for comfort, durability, and the many advantages (including the 
slight expense of repairs) arising from simplicity of construction, yours are 
pre-eminently the limbs for those so unfortunate as to need an artificial for the 
natural limb. Trusting that all who require artificial limbs may come to know 
as I have, by actual test, the boon your benevolent and indefatigable talent has 
conferred on suffering humanity, I remain, 

Yours very faithfully, 

William Griffin, 
1632 16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Winter Haven, Polk Co., Fla., Nov. 2, 1887. 

Have worn artificial limbs for five years with an amputation two inches above 
the knee. Have been constantly walking as housekeeper and clerk in grocery 
store during this time. 

For nearly three years I have been wearing a limb made by you with rubber 
foot. I find it durable, noiseless, and light, needing no repairs except belt and 
shoulder straps, which are furnished by you at very low prices, and serve 
nicety as skirt-supporters as well as holding the limb in place. My limb is 
superior in every way to any I have tried, especially the rubber foot, being in 
shape and pliability similar to the human foot. 

Mrs. F. A. K. Harris. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Fernandina, Nassau Co., Fla., Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Permit me to say that your artificial leg with rubber foot attached, 
which I have been using continuously since September, 1886, is all that you have 
claimed for it. 

I have but seven inches of thigh stump. My occupation is U. S. Light 
House Keeper, North Beacon Ranges, Amelia Island, Fla., and I have to go up 
and down in one of the ranges 45 feet high, on iron-rod steps, at least twice a 
day ; so I have good reason to say your limbs are all you claim for them. 
You are at liberty to use this as you wish. 

Respectfully yours, 

John Miles. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Litesville, Bradford Co., Fla., November 10, '87. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — In 1875 I bought my first artificial leg from you. I am now 
wearing my second. Both were fitted from measurements, according to your 
instructions. I consider your make of artificial legs the best I have seen or 
worn, and with good usage would last eight or ten years. 

When I bought my artificial limbs I was living at Blackstock, S. C. South 
Carolina being my native home, I was the cause there of several getting your 
make, and since I have been here, nearly four years, several more, one by 
letter from Pittsburg, Pa. He selected me from your last pamphlet, as the 
length of our stumps were nearly equal, his being the longest, as you know I 
have only 5^ inches from hip joint ; therefore, you see, I must think your 
make go d, to recommend them so much. The rubber foot is a great improve- 
ment, and there is no clanking about the leg, which, if there was, would give 
me a case of the jim-jams, for I am very sensitive about my loss anyway. I 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 213 

. : 

i can stand as well as any of them, walk three and four miles without halting,, 
I ride horseback very well in any gait. I hope you will keep improving in your 
make until the poor maimed can forget that they are subjects of artificials. 

Yours truly, 

<Lto. Carroll. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Newnan, Coweta Co., Ga., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

I have used one of your artificial legs with rubber foot for two years. It is one 
of the best inventions of the kind. I can do any thing with this leg. After ten 
days it became natural to me ; it never troubles me anv more. 

C. L. Cook. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Buena Vista & Ellaville Railroad Company, 
James M. Lowe, Vice President. 
Buena Vista, Marion Co., Ga., Nov. 24, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — Replying to yours of recent date, I do not know how to give you 
a stronger endorsement of the superiority of your limbs than to say I have 
used them constantly for twelve or fifteen years. I cannot say now how long. 
I lost my leg at the second battle of Manassas, in 1862, and for several years 
after I got well I used several other makes before 1 procured one of yours. Since 
then I have worn your make exclusively. During this long term of years I 
have had many business transactions with you, and it is a pleasure for me to 
express the uniform fairness which has characterized your dealings. 

'Yours truly, 

Jas. M. Lowe. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Flovilla, Butts Co., Ga., Nov. 10, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, Broadway, New York : 

Dear Sir : — In the spring of 1876 I received from you an artificial limb, which 
you made for me by measurement. It proved a comfortable fit ; nearly 
eleven years' constant wear ; the india-rubber foot and every part of the limb are 
still in good condition. No repairs have been necessary, only a renewal of the 
suspenders once. It affords me great pleasure to offer my' testimonial of its 
great merit. 

Very truly yours, 

Rev. A. E. Chandler, 

Presbyterian Minister. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

311 AVest 17th St., Davenport, Iowa, Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A, Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I received your letter of Oct. 26. My business is manufactur- 
ing harness. I have worn artificial legs for twenty-three years. The first was a 
worthless patent. If all of the legs but yours are of the same style I would 
not take them as a gift. Point of amputation, seven inches from thigh. Cost 
of repairs on the one of your make, about three dollars. I have worn this 



214 A. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



one over six years, and it is as good to-day as when I left your office six 
years ago. I have boarded with parties six months, and they did not know 
that I had an artificial leg ; the rubber foot fooled them ; men that have traded 
with me for fifteen years get deceived the same way. For ease and comfort 
give me the rubber foot. I wish every man that has had the misfortune to 
have lost a leg would try one of your make. 

I remain, yours, 

Edgar Cronk, 

Late private, Co." C, 21st Missouri Volunteers. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Dr. R. F. Taggart, Dentist, 

9^ E. Eighth St., Chattanooga, Tenn, Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — For over nineteen years I have worn continually an artificial limb, 
of your make. I can cheerfully say that it has given perfect satisfaction. I 
am a dentist ; my stump is but five inches long. I can stand at my dental chair 
and operate six hours a day with comparative ease. 

The cost of repairs on my limb for nineteen years will not exceed $15 (sus- 
penders excepted). I most heartily recommend your limbs for comfort, dura- 
bility, and perfect fit from measurements. 

Yours respectfully, 

Robert F. Taggart. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements, 



Webber's Falls, Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter., Nov. 11, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I learn that you are going to print a new pamphlet ; if so I would 
like very well to tell my story. 

In July, 1884, I accidentally split my right knee joint with a chopping axe, 
which limb three days later was amputated four inches above knee joint, leav- 
ing me an eight-inch stump. 

In January, 1886, after looking around very thoroughly, I purchased my arti- 
ficial leg of you, by sending measurements taken by one of my neighbors and 
myself. I am now compelled to say that, after about two years of constant 
use, I feel confident I made no mistake in taking your patent. 

The repairs have been very small so far ; I often walk to church, over a mile, 
in company with others. My chief occupation is farming. I often saw wood 
all day, or I can pick a hundred pounds of cotton in a day, and that is about the 
amount I picked before my leg was amputated. To all persons who may wish 
to purchase artificial limbs by sending measurements, I will say that A. A. 
Marks' style of measuringjif closely and carefully observed, is as good for a neat 
and easy fitting limb as a dime is for a ginger cake. 

Yours truly, 

J. D. Cluck. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

919 W. Ohio St., Evansville, Ind., Nov. 16, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— On my return home I found your letter, and in reply I will have 
to say that the artificial leg you made me from measurements fits as perfectly 
as possible. 

If I had come to the shop and you had taken the measurements yourself, I 
doubt that results would have been better. 

I have worn it for about ten months. I put it on the next day after I got it, 
and have worn it every day since, from early in the morning till late at night. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 215 

3Iy occupation is circular and band saw filer ; I keep up all the saws for a large 
circular and band saw mill. I have to be on my feet most all day. I get around 
almost anywhere without a stick. As to the rubber foot, I think it is the finest 
thing out. Mine has only worn out two light socks in ten months, and it does 
not jar me when I make a misstep. I only have six inches of a stump, and I 
get around better than others I see that have worn other make of legs. 

James M. Pritcbett. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Worn four different styles, and likes the rubber foot the best. 

509 6th St., N. W., Washington, D. 0., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your letter of the 26th, I take pleasure in saying that 
your limb with rubber foot improvement is the best and most durable limb 
made. I had tried four different make of limbs before I procured yours, and 
your limb with rubber foot is the only one that has given satisfaction* 

I have given it a fair test for over two years, and during that time my total 
expense amounts to 75 cents for one yard of elastic webbing, while the limb I 
used before purchasing yours would either break at the ankle or snap the cords 
walking on the uneven ground in this locality, which kept me repairing it 
once a month at least. The principal advantage of your make over all others 
is its simple construction ; no cords or ankle joint to break, which causes me to 
feel perfectly safe in using it. I am considered hard on a limb ; my friends 
frequently remark that I get round on it as if I had not lost a leg. I weigh 
154 pounds, and have what is called an upper thigh amputation, and my duties 
here require me to be on my feet an average of twelve hours a day. 

Limbs of other make may be all right for those who have no idea of the 
great improvement you have made in the manufacture of artificial limbs, but 
iive me the limb with the rubber foot as the best substitute for the limb left on 
the battle-field. 

Respectfully, 

Jno. T. Brady, 

Co. C, 71st Regt, Pennsylvania Vols. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fairfield, Jefferson Co., Iowa, Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — As it has been some years since I purchased my leg of you, I 
think I ought to let you hear from me again. 

It is now about ten years since I got the leg that I am now wearing, and have 
worn constantly since (I think it was 1877 when I got the leg), and it appears to 
be perfectly sound and good yet, never having to be repaired, the rubber foot 
being firmly attached to the leg. The knee joint does not rattle or make any 
noise, and appears to be as good as when new, ten years ago. 

I own a small piece of ground in this city (Fairfield) on which I cultivate 
small fruit (strawberries, raspberries and blackberries, currants and goose- 
berries). I do all the hoeing, pruning, and a good part of the picking of the 
fruit. 

I am a carpenter by trade, and work at the business when not engaged in my 
fruit garden. I climb up and down ladders when at work on houses. Point 
of amputation at the middle third (or eight inches from the body). My weight 
is about 132 pounds. 

The leg I am now using is the second leg of your make, and the third all 
told since 1864 ; my limb was amputated 1863. 

I am very well satisfied with your make of leg, especially the rubber foot, and 
if this one gives out before I do I will surety have you make the next. 

R. Stephenson. 



216 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

(A Coal Miner by Occupation.) 

Dallas Co., Iowa, Oct, 29, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have used one of your patent limbs for six years, and am well 
satisfied with it, I am a coal miner by occupation. I think that your rubber 




foot is a splendid success ; it suits me A No. 1. I never tried any other, or do I 
wish to, as long as I can get one of your make. Mine is an upper amputation ; 
I have nine inches of a stump ; I can walk almost as fast as any ordinary man. 
I would advise persons needing artificial limbs to buy them from you. 

S. T. A. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Mtted from Measurements. 

Lawrence, Kansas, Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your legs for the past two years, and it has 
given entire satisfaction ; it has never been out of repair and is now nearly as 
good as new. 

Its especial excellence is the india-rubber foot. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



217 



I had worn four legs in the twenty-four years from 1865 to 1885, and although 
well made for their kind, not one of them ever lasted over two months without 
the ankle-cord giving way and the inside machinery breaking, leaving nothing 
but a rattle-trap to walk on. Your india-rubber foot so completely remedies 
this that, although my leg is amputated within two inches of the body, people 
generally do not observe that I wear an artificial leg. 

You made my limb from measurements I sent you from this place, and it 
fits me just as well as if the measurements had been taken by you in your office. 
I am in the abstract and loan business, and do a large amount of walking, and 
believe the " Marks Leg " will stand twice the wear of any other leg made. 

Yours truly, 

Swayze T. Criss. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Salina, Saline Co., Kansas, Xov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am very glad to put my stump on to brighten the fire. After 
having worn one of your artificial legs with the rubber foot for more than fif- 
teen years I have no hesitation in saying it is the best leg in use, as it is simple 

and the most durable of any I have seen, and I have examined the , the 

, the , and worn one of the , but would not use any other 

now if I can get the rubber foot with stiff ankle, as it never drags at the toe 




No. 285. 

from weight of mud or other matter on the toes, and is so simple a child can 
adjust it. 

I can heartily recommend the rubber foot as the most durable and easy to 
handle, and to any unfortunate one in need of such appliance I would say by 



218 a. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 



all means try the rubber foot. I have worn artificial legs since 1862 and do aL 
kinds of work. 

I am a blacksmith, and have shod horses, and I refer you to Mr. D. B. Pow- 
ers, Aug. Bellport, and a score of others. 

I have dug wells and quarried stone, and other heavy work. 
I can walk farther in a given time than any man can on any other kind of a 
leg with the same length of stump as mine ; it is only three inches from center 
of hip joint. 

Yours, etc., 

E. Lincoln, 
Late of Co. I, 12th, 111. Vol. Infantry. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Winfield, Cowley Co., Kansas, Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — It affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the excellence 
of your artificial limbs. I have worn an artificial leg for twenty-five years, 
having suffered an amputation at the thigh in June, 1862. I tried three differ- 
ent makes before using one of your make, and give yours the preference over 
all others. My experience with artificial legs having metallic springs in the 
feet was not satisfactory, for the reason that the springs became gradually re- 
laxed, letting the toe drop and catch on obstacles, causing an occasional fall 
and requiring frequent renewal of springs. 

Legs made with these springs may be said never to be in order after a few 
days' wear. I have found your rubber foot sufficiently elastic, and there being 
nothing to get out of order, it stands hard and long service. Living on a farm 
and walking over rough and often ploughed land is a trying test to artificial 
legs, and none that I have used will compare with your make for strength and 
durability. 

Yours respectfully, 

Arthur H. Greene. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



NlCHOLASVILLE, JESSAMINE Co., Ky., Nov. 8, 1887. 

Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — This is to certify that I have been using your artificial legs for 
twelve years, and have also used two different patents before I commenced 
using that of yours. 

I think that the legs you make are superior to all others I have used or seen ; 
the rubber foot beats all the click-clack of other patents. My stump is only 
four inches long from the body ; weight 210 pounds. 

I have been superintendent of national cemeteries for eighteen years, and am 
now constable of this county. I can ride a horse as good as any man, and with" 
perfect control. Trusting that the soldiers mayuse your limb, or give it a sat- 
isfactory trial, I remain, 

Yours truly, 

E. Schneider, 
Formerly of Co. H, 5th N. Y. Art. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Greenup, Greenup Co., Ky., Nov. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg made by you for twelve years with- 
out having any repairs done to it. Having worn other makes of legs I consider 
yours far superior for comfort to any other leg made, and the rubber foot is 
far ahead of any I have ever seen. My present occupation is a farmer, and I 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 219 

have done some plowing. My leg is amputated about five inches above the 
knee. 

Tours respectfully, 

Harrison Riggs. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measures. 

Cambridgeport, Mass., July 28, 1888. 
The artificial leg you made for the daughter of a friend of mine has proved 
more than satisfactory. It is considered by all who have seen it to he the very 
best thing that could be devised. 

Respectfully yours, 

Charles F. Harper. 

LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Limerick, York Co., Me., Nov. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your patented legs with the rubber foot 
for something over four years. My step is perfectly easy. I have been using 
the leg every day since I received it, and am well pleased with it. I go to 
school every day and walk over one-half of a mile. 

I play ball with the boys. I can skate, and in fact I can do any thing the 
other boys can do. I can get about so well I never notice but what I have got 
two sound legs, and in the future you may be assured of the heart-felt grati- 
tude I have for what you have done for me. Hoping you will continue as 
successful in the future, I remain, 

Tours truly, 

Freddie D. Holland. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Levant, Penobscot Co., Me., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — A word to you in regard to your artificial limbs. Your first 
artificial leg I got sixteen years ago last March. I wore it constantly for ten 
years. Tour last one I got in January, 1886, and have worn it with perfect 
ease every day. 

My weight is 180 pounds. My business is farming, driving teams, which is 
all laborious work. I am very sorry to say that once in a while I visit the ball 
room, and the ladies all wonder how I can get around so nicely on an artificial 
limb. 

What I have seen of other artificial limbs, it is my best judgment that yours 
are the best on earth. 

Tours respectfully, 

A. O. Wing. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Belfast, Waldo Co., Me., Oct. 30, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am glad to give my testimony in regard to your artificial leg, 
which I have worn for the last three years. 

I can say of its merits that it is one of the best the Government provides for 

its soldiers. My first leg was made by Dr. . The leg was a source of 

trouble to me. I was most of the time with a broken leg, and had to wear a 
peg leg of my own make. 

I have worn an artificial leg for 22 years. Three years ago when I applied 



220 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



to Mr. Marks for a leg, Mr. Marks sent me blanks for measuring for one of his 
with rubber foot ; I took my own measurements and sent them to him. He 
made the leg without my presence, and sent the leg to me. 

As soon as I received it I put it on, and have worn it ever since ; that was 
three years and a half ago ; it fits me the best of any leg that I have ever had ; 
it is the best and easiest leg that I have ever seen. I can say that he can fit bet- 
ter from measures sent him than the others did when I went to their places. 

His leg is easy and safe. I am a farmer, and have some hard work which 
tries a leg. 

Yours truly, 

Wm. J. Brown, 
Private Co. D, 19th Me. Vols. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



1301 Fremont St., 
Baltimore, Md., Dec. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I will say as near as I possibly can what I know about your arti- 
ficial legs. Superiority over others I know nothing about, for I never wore 
any other but yours. 

I will say this, that I had my leg amputated above the knee 21 years ago, and 
directly after got one of your limbs, which lasted me 14 or 15 years with little 
expense to me, only ten or twelve dollars in that time, which was my own fault 
for want of proper care. In fact I might say I have only had two of your 
limbs in twenty years, and it cost me but a trifle in that time for repairs or any 
thing else. As to the rubber foot, it can not be excelled. I would have no 
other, and never will have any other. I must say that as to measurements and 
fittings I have never had any trouble. Both my legs were fitted from measure- 
ments. My occupation for the last twenty years has been in the grocery busi- 
ness. This business is laborious for one who undertakes to load and unload 
wagons, as I am frequently called upon to do. In fact, I might say that I do 
every thing that is required of me, the same as others with natural limbs. 

It is no task for me to climb ladders, which I had to do when I had men 
building for me. 

Yours respectfully, 

Jeremiah Ready. 



LEG ABOVE IQnEE. 



1925 Aisquith St., Baltimore, Md., Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending your make of artificial limbs. 
I have been wearing one since December 10, 1880. It is an excellent fit, and 
well shaped, so that few are aware that I have an artificial limb. It has cost 
nothing yet for repairs, and seems to be as stropg as the day I received it. 

I have been engaged at manual labor most of the time (repairing furniture 
and upholstering). My amputation is above the knee, with about six inches of 
stump. 

I am respectfully yours, 

P. J. Cole. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Altamont, Garrett Co., Md., Dec. 15, 1887. 
Mr. A. A Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter of the 26th ult. to hand. I wish to say to my fel- 
low unfortunates I had my right leg mangled in a quarry ; it was amputated 



A. A, MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 221 

above tl;e knee in June, 1882. One year after I purchased one of Mr. A. A. 
Marks' patent limbs with rubber foot. I commenced wearing it shortly after 
getting it, and have worn it every day since. I was very prejudiced against 
the stiff ankle at first, but after a little patience I got along better than I ever 
expected to, as this was the first artificial limb I ever wore. The leg has far 
exceeded my expectations. 

It has proved to be just what Mr. Marks said was the beauty of the limb ; it 
does away with a lot of machinery that I have seen in other artificial limbs. It 
is not accompanied with rattling or an unpleasant noise when walking ; there 
are no springs, hinges, or bolts to get out of order. My leg has not cost me but 
twenty-five cents for repairs in four years. I have given my leg some hard 
trials ; I have done a great deal of walking ; I have been on my feet sometimes 
from seven o'clock in the morning till eight and nine o'clock at night. My occupa 
tion is a laborer. People have been surprised when I told them I wore an arti 
ficial limb. Mr. Marks is worthy of patronage ; what he says can be relied on. 
I cheerfully recommend his limb to all in need. 

Yours truly, 

P. Cline. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Mount Savage, Allegany Co., Md., Oct. 30, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having lost one of my legs on the railroad some years ago, I 
applied to you for assistance, and received one of the most valuable limbs 
made. I consider Mr. Marks' limbs without a rival, and any person wishing to 
purchase a leg can not do better than give you a call. Any person wishing my 
testimonial can have it by sending a stamped addressed envelope to, 

Yours truly, 

John Henry Paul. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

711 Baker St., Baltimore, Md., Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in writing a testimonial for your make of 
legs. By occupation I am a stone-cutter and work every day at setting mantels, 
vestibules and tiles and wainscoting. I go up and down ladders. My leg is 
off above the knee. My stump is but eight inches long. I have to fare the 
same as all the men in the shop. As much is expected of me as the rest, and I 
get as much pay. I have seen all other makes of legs, and yours exceeds them 
all. The rubber foot leg can not be beat for durability. I am wearing your leg 
seventeen or eighteen years, and it has only cost me about $2.50 outside of 
straps. I would wear no other make if they were given to me. I remain, 

Yours respectfully, 
George Smith. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Plymouth, Plymouth Co., Mass., Nov. 4, 1887. 
Dear Sir :- I have used one of your artificial legs with the rubber foot, for 
amputation above the knee, for the last fifteen months, and it has proved satis- 
factory. I am also using a pair of your new suspenders, No. 4, which I think 
are the best that can be obtained. 

Very respectfully, 

John Washburn. 



222 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE, GIRL SEVEN YEARS OLD. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

14 Sudbury Street, Boston, Mass., Nov. 6, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My daughter, seven years old, has been wearing the artificial 
leg furnished by you about seven months, and I am pleased to say that it has 
given entire satisfaction. 

Although the amputation was above the knee, and the little patient had not 
used the limb for more than three years previous to its amputation, she was 
able (greatly to our astonishment) to walk across the room without a cane within 
an hour after the application of the artificial. I consider the rubber foot the 
best substitute for the natural one that can be provided, and am happy to con- 
firm all that you have said in its favor. As you are aware, the leg was made 
by measurements, taken by myself and forwarded to you by mail. The fit was 
perfect, showing that your workmen were as careful in executing the order as 
I was in giving it. Shall be pleased to recommend persons desirous of pro- 
curing artificial limbs to patronize you, as I have found you as honorable in 
your dealings as the articles of your manufacture are satisfactory. 

Yours very truly, 

George C. Beckwith. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

17 Exchange Street, Harrison Square, Dorchester, 
Suffolk Co., Mass., Nov. 8, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial limbs for eleven years, 
and I feel as though I ought to thank you for your great invention. I had my 
leg amputated just above the knee, and thought I should be useless the rest of 
my life, but if you could see me go about my house and do the work for a 
family of five you would be astonished yourself. I have never worn any other 
kino* of artificial leg, neither could I be induced to even try them, as I believe 
there can be nothing more natural than the rubber foot. I thought of course I 
should surely have to go to the manufactory, but was spared the journey by 
your excellent method of self -measurement. I believe I have just as good a fit 
as if I had gone to the manufactory. About two years ago I had it repaired 
after wearing it nine years, and it is now in as good repair as ever it was, and it 
bids fair to last nine years longer, if I live to keep it going. 

Long may you live to see your great invention walk, run, skip, dance, and 
skate. 

Yours, very respectfully, 
Mrs. I. Kierstead. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Matt ap an District, 18 Richmond St., Boston, Mass., Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th inst. received this day. I must say that I am 
more than willing to testify in regard to your artificial limbs. In April, 1886, I 
was injured at Somerville, Mass., by a runaway horse so that amputation was 
necessary five inches above the knee. I sent for one of your pamphlets, and 
then started for New York, November, 1886, and that same month and year 
began to wear your artificial leg, and have not missed a day in wearing it since 
the first day I had it. I am a carpenter by trade, and in May, 1881, just twelve 
months after being hurt, began to work at the bench and have worked about all 
summer and am surprised to know that I ever could get around so well . I 
walk to my work, and stand all day, and am not any more tired at night than if 
I had both my legs. Without it I could do nothing, but with it can get along 
almost as well as before I lost my leg. My leg was very large when you 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 223 

measured it, so I had to get a new socket, and thought I would try and save 
time and expense, and had it done in Boston, but have been sorry ever since, for 
I have taken very little comfort since, for Boston parties do not have such a line 
of business, and therefore do not understand fitting a socket, for I suppose you 
fit ten to their one, and the one that they made for me is just like putting my 
leg into a lard pail, for the edge is so sharp it almost cuts the flesh, but the one 
I got from you was very comfortable and fitted like a glove. Just as soon as 
I need to make another change I shall come to you, regardless of time or money ; 
for give me your leg and no other. 

Yours very truly, 

Charles C. Moulton. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Linden, Genesee Co., Mich., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

With pleasure I endorse the rubber foot as the best artificial foot manufac- 
tured. In my opinion it has no equal for durability and stillness, and for my 
use is far ahead of any ankle joint limb I ever saw ; and I have seen a good 
many different men's make and worn one about two years which cost me $50 
for repairs. The limb I am wearing now was made by A. A. Marks thirteen 
years ago last winter, and has been in constant use ever since, and has not 
cost more than one dollar a year for repairs. 

Yours truly,' 

Wm. H. Meaker, 
Late of Co. G, 5th Mich. V. Y. Inft, 



Ovid, Mich., March 29, 1890. 
Dr. Marks: 

Dear Sir :— I thought I would write you a few lines in regard to the arti- 
ficial limb you made for me. I can say it is a perfect limb, both in ease of 
walking and fit. I can walk so much better than I could with the loose ankle 
flopping foot that I used to wear. After wearing a limb since 1864 I am able 
to judge, and am prepared to state that your limb is better than any other make. 

, Very respectfully, 

John N. Gilbert. 



BOTH LEGS AMPUTATED. 

Belmont, N. Y., April 12, 1890. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The pair of legs with rubber feet that I am wearing are doing 
finely, much better than I had hopes of their doing. The best kind of an 
ankle joint seems to be no joint at all. 



Yours, 



T. S. Tefft. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Crystal Springs, Copiah Co., Miss., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your patent artificial legs for over six 
years, and I have found it to be all you claimed it to be. I have done a great 
deal of heavy work on my farm since I have been using your artificial leg ; as 
I have never used any but yours, I can not say any thing about any other, but 
I can recommend your limbs to any one as being" good and durable legs. I 



224 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



would not use any other, as I know the rubber foot is a great improvement on 
artificial legs. My leg fits well. It has given perfect satisfaction. My leg 
was amputated just above the knee. Thomas Graves. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Roll a, Phelps Co., Mo., Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City: 

Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in recommending your artificial limbs, 
especially for their durability and superiority of the rubber foot over all others! • 
My left limb is amputated just above the knee joint. I have worn one of your 
limbs since April, 1884, and it has not cost me one cent for repairs to this date, 
I walk easily without a cane, and have no difficulty in following my profession. 
Your style of measurements is perfect, and by following your instructions any 
one can just as well be fitted at home as to go to the city. I have taken 
measurements for limbs, and among others when double amputation had been 
performed. In all cases perfect satisfaction has been obtained. 

Very truly yours, 

J. D. Carpenter, M.D. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fairbury, Jefferson Co., Neb., Nov. 13, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York: 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26 at hand. In reply would say I think the 
rubber foot is just the thing, as it is very durable, never getting out of repair. 
I am farming and have done some very hard work, but have not paid for or 
done any repairs yet, now over two years. 

I am yours, etc., 

W. P. Squires. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Weeping Water, Cass Co., Neb., Nov. 19, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — As far as your limb is concerned, I am glad to recommend it. It 
is a delight to use it. After wearing a limb for nine or ten years I know how to 
appreciate it. The foot movement is so noiseless and easy that I'd not think 
of going back to my old style. At first I thought I never could use it, but in a 
very little while (a day or two) I found I could. It has grown better and bet- 
ter right along. And now rather than go back to the old style I'd pay you $50 
a year just for the use of yours, and I'm not rjch either. Again it pleases my 
friends ; they say I walk better, easier, etc. Then there is your new strap ; it 
seems to me it is of equal value with the limb. It is as much an addition to 
comfort in sitting, reclining, and walking, lifting, etc., as the limb itself. Oh, 
how straps used to drag, and how burdensome when hot and tired and hur- 
ried. But this is so no longer. Some one may think that I had a poor limb to 
start with. Well, last winter I wrote to the Scientific American asking them 
to recommend to me the best inventor of artificial limbs, and they sent me your 
address and the address of the manufacturer whose limb I already had. That 
limb was a good one as far as a limb can be, I believe, that does not infringe on 
your patents. I would not take that limb now as a gift, even though I had to 
pay $500 down for yours and $50 a year royalty. Now don't you raise the 
price because I say this. Your straps move so freely through the little pulleys 
on the limb that the strap is not dragged back and forth over the shoulders 
in the least. Only those who use your strap can appreciate its value. 

Yours truly, 

Rev. C. H. Dalrymple. 



A. A. MARKS, AKTLFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 225 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Rogers, Colfax Co., Neb., Dec. 4, 1887. 
Dear Sir : Your limb has given me good service. 



Respectfully, 
«L 



ames Hill. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measures. 

Wymore, Neb., Feb. 10, 1888. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am a farmer ; have worn artificial limbs about ten years. I 
consider your artificial limbs superior to all others, as there are no ankle joints 
to wear out or clatter. The cost to keep your leg in order thus far has been 



comparatively nothing. 



Yours truly, 

Lansing Hlnman. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs nearly three years, and 
although I can not say how they compare with limbs made by others, as I have 
never worn any other kind, I think the rubber foot is a good thing, as it is per- 
fectly noiseless, and up to this time has not cost anything for repairs. 

I have had to have a new socket made, as my stump has shrunken since the 
limb was first applied. I can vouch for your success in fitting from measure- 
ments given. 

My occupation is that of a carpenter, some parts of which have been very 
trying to an artificial limb. 

Point of amputation, half way between the knee and thigh. 

Yours very truly, 

Herbert W. Fickett. 

TTentworth's Location, N. H. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

214 Second St., Jersey City, N. J., Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir :— I am well satisfied with your leg ; don't want any thing better, 
and don't think there is any thing better. I am now using limb made for me 
last summer ('86) ; this is the second one. The one previous was in continu- 
ous use for fifteen years, and with very little work could be fixed so it would 
go for several years yet. I never had any thing done in the way of repairs in 
all this time, only what I did mvself, which was very little. 

Yours, E. J. Buxton. 



-26 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Elberon, Monmouth Co., N. J., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — I can hardly find words to express myself in regard to the arti- 
ficial limb I purchased of you. I can go most everywhere, upstairs and down. 
I do for five in family, without crutches or cane. I can climb up step-ladders 
<ind wash wiDdows and work as well as any other woman. 

Yours truly, Mrs. Reed. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Hackensack, Bergen Co., N. J., Oct. 28, 1887, 
A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying to the satisfaction I have derived 
from the use of your artificial limb. About eight months ago I had my leg 
amputated above the knee, and have worn Mr. Marks' artificial leg now for 
three months with entire satisfaction. I wish particularly to recommend the 
rubber foot. It makes walking more natural and easy on account of its- 
elasticity than a wooden foot, and more confidence can be placed in it. In my 
opinion it can not be too highly recommended . 

I am, yours, etc. , 

Arthur Christie. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Newark, N. J., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am pleased to give my testimony in regard to your artificial leg,. 
which I have worn for the last four years. 

I have worked on it every day since, at, my trade as Currier, in a leather 
factory, where I have worked over thirty years. 

I was greatly discouraged at first, thinking I would never be able to wear it, 
I can do as much work as I ever did. 
It is a strong, durable leg. 

Truly yours, 

Arthur Johnson. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In regard to limb I have of your make, words cannot express 
the satisfaction it has given me. I have worn it five years constantly, and to- 
day can walk five miles, which is wonderful, I think, considering my limb is off 
above the knee joint. I have had no repairs except for lengthening in that 
time. The rubber foot has no worthy rival. I take great pleasure in 
recommending your rubber feet to those that use artificial feet. 

Yours respectfully, 

J. C. Green. 
Ticket Agt. D. L. & W. R. R., Rockaway, Morris Co., N. J. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Westfield, Union Co., N. J., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your limb since 1867. I think the india-rubber foot 
is the greatest of inventions. It gives ease to the stump. No clicking in the 



A. A. MARKS, ABTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 227 

•ankle. I have a seven-inch stump above the knee ; left leg. I walk eight 
.miles a day. 

My occupation is a farmer. I can walk without a cane. 

Charles Henry Holmes. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 
Testimonial. 



1st. Occupation since wearing your artificial leg : Book agent. 
Justice of the peace eight years ; township collector of taxes ; light ordinary 
work ; cutting wood ; gardening ; gathering fruit, etc. 
2d. How long worn : Since July, 1879. 

3d. Point of amputation : Left leg ; thigh ; eight inches below hip. 
4th. Comparative cost of repairs : No cost except for suspenders. 
5th. Other information ; Worn constantly with great comfort, because of its 
light weight and soft, flexible rubber foot. I can truthfully testify with 
pleasure as above. . 

Yours very truly, 

James Hofp, 
quakertown, hunterdon co. n. j. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Perth Amboy, Middlesex Co., N. J., Oct, 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — Yours of the 26th inst. at hand. In reply would say it affords me great 
pleasure to testify to the durability of the rubber foot and the ease in walking, 
especially over rough roads . The artificial limb I now have has been in con- 
stant use nearly six years and is in good condition yet. I walk a mile and one- 
half to my place of employment, morning and night, and am on my feet the 
greater part of the day. The limb has at all times given the greatest satisfaction 
and there has been no cost for repairing, only for suspenders, etc. which must 
necessarily wear out. Of course the ease and comfort to be derived from an 
artificial limb is in the fitting of same to the stump. 

I can say you have well pleased me in this respect, which was done from 
measurements taken on but one visit to your office ; and as my limb is amputated 
eight inches above the knee, the fitting is all that can be desired. Thanking you 
for past courtesies, etc., I remain, 

Gratefully yours, 

Jno. P. Kenna, 
Train Runner L. V. R. R. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Oct. 31, 1887. 
I have been wearing one of A. A. Marks' artificial legs for twelve years and 
find it superior to any other in use. 

I wore one of . The simplicity of the springs and durability of the 

Marks leg places it above any that I have ever come in contact with. I am a 
.man over 200 pounds and if not for its durability it would not last so long. 
I am a carpet weaver. 

Hugh Mulholland. 
Long Branch Village, N. J. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — A little more than twenty-three years ago I lost my right leg 
^above the knee from a gun-shot wound. 

When the surgeon examined it and told me that it would have to come off, 



228 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

- — I 

my first word was, " I wish the ball had gone through my heart," for I though* 
I would be a dependent the rest of my life. 

Being in Washington, D. C, I went to the patent office and looked over the- 
different models. I chose what I thought was the best. For three years 
I worried along with it, most of which time the leg was on the sick list, and you 
may well think that I had but little hope for the future. Twenty years ago 
next March, I think it was, I got one of your artificial legs with rubber foot. I 
had no faith in it at first. In 1870 I got another of the same kind, and I wore 
the two until 1885, with an expense of but a few dollars on both. 

In 1885 I got another, and am still wearing it, and I do nearly all kinds of 
work. I think nothing of starting out in the morning and spending the whole 
day gunning or fishing. I spent last winter canvassing and collecting as an 
insurance agent, but perhaps the best test was about two years' working in a 
factory, when I made packing boxes, put them under a press (when packed), 
nailed down the covers, put them on the scale, weighed them and put them 
away. 

The cases weighed from 300 to 500 pounds each. 

And not only that, but there are scores of people with whom I have been 
acquainted for fifteen or twenty years who do not know that I have lost a leg. 
If any person can make me a better leg than yours I would like to see it. 

Respectfully yours, 

E. D. Scofield. 
357 Harrison St. , Passaic, N. J. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A Marks, Esq. : 

I am still wearing the leg you furnished six years ago. I have worn it com- 
fortably with less than six dollars cost for repairs. My occupation (house 
painter) gives it a good test. I can and do work on scaffolds, ladders, in fact 
anywhere. I have but a three-inch stump. I am well satisfied. 

Yours truly, 

Robert H. Perry. 
52 Grand St , Bayonne, N. J. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

129 Liberty St., New York City. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

I have worn your make of artificial leg ever since the rubber foot was in- 
vented, and gladly testify to its many superior qualities. Enrol me as one of 



your lifelong patrons. 



Joseph Trow. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — Your new kind of suspenders are of great comfort to me. 
Designer by profession, I can work easier while sitting, and get up without 
strain. I am so satisfied with them that I do not hesitate to recommend them 
to all afflicted as I am. 

My leg was amputated -August 25, 1886, by the eminent surgeon, W.T. Bull, 
four inches above my right knee. I have been using the natural shaped arti- 
ficial limb you made for me in October, 1886, ever since. I thought to express 
to you my sincere admiration for your work. You can very well be proud of 
it. The rubber foot is in excellent order. It has kept its graceful original 
form, and usage has improved it. The joint above the toes being more flexible, 
its motion now is even more natural that it was when new. The mechanism 
under the knee is also in perfect order and as strong and sound as it was a year 
ago. Thanks to your successful manner for measuring and fitting with such a . 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 229 

small amount of trouble as I have experienced, I can say that you have given 
me almost another natural leg. Remembering with pleasure the courteous 
treatment I met with at your rooms, I remain, 

Sincerely yours, 

J. H. Sauer, 

147 West 16th St., New York City. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

252 West 52d St., New York City. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir: — I talk the Marks leg every opportunity I have. I consider it by 
all odds the best, most reliable, and most durable leg made. 

Your truly, 

T. Clelland, M.D. 
July 7, 1877. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



532 11th Ave., New York City. 

Patrick J. Monaghan wishes us to write his endorsement of the Marks artifi- 
cial leg. He says he can testify to its many good qualities. The rubber 
foot and fit are perfect and highly satisfactory. M. 

Nov., 1887. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I had the misfortune to have my leg cut off by being run over by 
a train some seven years ago. I was recommended by a friend to get one of 
your artificial limbs, and I did so. I have worn the same for the past six years. 
It has given me perfect satisfaction. It has cost me but little for repairs. I 
highly recommend it to any one having use for same. As for me, I would wear 
no other. I am now employed on road and get around well. 

Yours respectfully, 

John J. Murphy, 
859 11th Ave., New York City. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr, A. A. Marks : 

About three years ago I had the misfortune to lose my left leg by amputation, 
to save my life, and for the space of three months I had to use crutches. My - 
hands and arms became almost paralyzed, so that I could not lift them over my 
head. Then I thought I would try one of your limbs, and since then I have 
the use of my hands and am able to do my work satisfactorily, or as near as can 
be done in the grocery business. I am working in the store from five a. m. to 
nine p.m. every day. I do not know what I would do without it now. I 
have seen the limbs with wooden feet, but I prefer Marks' rubber foot. 
It has not got that click-clack sound so often heard from others. Another ad- 
vantage it possesses is that it is so simple in its construction that a child can 
take it apart ; consequently it is not so apt to get out of order. In the three 
years that I have worn your valuable limb it has cost me about two dollars 
for exchange of braces. 

William A. Kelly, 
20 Bedford St., New York City. 



230 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK .CITS. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

A Boy 8 Years of Age. 

321 East 117th St., New York City, Nov., 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — At first I thought it impossible to be able to use one of your 
artificial limbs, but after six months' trial I now find it gives me entire satisfac- 
tion. I can now run and walk nearly to perfection without my stick. I 
earnestly recommend any one who should be so unfortunate as to lose a limb 
to get one of your artificial ones. 

Respectfully, 

Earnest Hesse. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE 

April 5, 1888. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your patent artificial limbs for the past 
eighteen months, I take great pleasure in testifying to the excellency of the 
same. I work hard every day and earn a very comfortable living, which with- 
out your leg I fear would not be the case. I take great pleasure in recommend- 
ing it to all of my friends, and hope that you will have many orders as a reward 
for your excellent service. 

Yours very truly, 

82 Grand St., Amsterdam, N. Y. Wm " Williamson, 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

218 E. 38th St., N. Y. City, Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am greatly pleased with my limb, and am improving very 
rapidly. I do not use my cane. Miss Rosa Eagan, who has one also, is in the 
same house with me. Miss Eagan walks splendidly. I shall walk as well in 
time. As a testimonial, I will gladly state all that is possible, that I am much 
pleased. 

Miss Mary A. Gibson. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Brothers Dare, American Pantomine and Specialty Company. 
Tony Pastor's Theatre, Fourteenth St., 
New York City, Dec. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Allow me to say a few words in praise of your artificial leg with 
rubber foot. I consider it the best I have ever had. Having worn other 
makes for a number of years and as I thought the best, I was persuaded to 
have you make me a leg, and I am thankful that I did, for I can now walk with 
more ease and comfort and a greater distance with less fatigue than I ever 
could, with the other so-called best make of artificial legs. 

I consider the rubber foot a great advantage over the old style, as it makes a 
person walk with a nice easy motion. I believe my stump is as short as could 
be and wear a leg, amputation having been made two inches and one-half from 
the hip joint. I am a gymnast by profession, and known as Frank S. Dare of 
the Dare Brothers, and I do a great amount of walking'around, and use the leg 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 231 

very rough, but I must say I have less trouble and less repairs with your leg 
than any other I have ever worn. 

Frank Melrose. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your artificial legs for the past four- 
teen years, during which time they have given entire satisfaction. The last 
one I got about three years ago, and have not had to have it repaired in any 
shape since. 

The rubber foot acts splendidly. I think it is near perfection as any one could 
wish for. My occupation, that of gate-keeper, requires me to be on my feet 
pretty much all the time, and I do a great deal of moving around, which I am 
happy to say I can do without much difficulty. My leg was amputated about 
six or eight inches below hip joint, so I have but a very short stump to work on. 
I shall cheerfully recommend any one who is so unfortunate as to need an 
artificial leg to call on you. 

I remain yours respectfully, 

Cornelius Morrissey, 
Gate-keeper Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. Marks: 
Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial legs for about seventeen years. 
I have a thigh amputation, a five inch stump. I have worn five other legs 
of different makes, and I would not accept of any other leg, if I had to wear 
them if they were given to me, 

They are always creaking and out of order and eating the stockings at the 
ankles ; also the shoes, and in a short time they eat themselves away at the 
ankle joint. 

I am a carpenter and work at my trade. I have worn one of your legs for 
ten years, and I could have worn it longer. 
They never get out of order. The first one I wore seven years. 
I am now wearing the third leg I have had from you, and I have always 
recommended your artificial leg in preference to all others. 

Respectfully yours, 

Abram D. Clark, 
397 14th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 15, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In May, 1882 ,1 was so unfortunate as to lose my right leg above 
knee. In September, 1882, I was advised to procure one of^your patent artificial . 
limbs with rubber foot. 

It now gives me sincere pleasure to be able to inform you that the artificial 
leg which you made for me has more than realized my expectations. The 
durability of your patent has, I think, been fully established. The foot appears 
to be as good now as when I first commenced to wear it, over five years ago. 
I cheerfully recommend your legs to all needing them. I remain, 

Dear sir, 
Leonard Manz. 
115 Grand Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



232 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

The First Artificial Leg Made to Supply the First Leg Lost in the Late 

Rebellion. 

242 Fifth Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec., 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. , Artificial Limbs, etc. : 

Dear Sir : — Having lost my right leg four inches from the hip joint in 
defence of the Union at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, as 1st Sergeant of 
Co. I, 79th N. Y. Vols. (Highlanders), and coming home a paroled prisoner of 
war from Richmond, Va., October, 1861, the Hon. Simon Cameron was then 
President Lincoln's Secretary of War, who, when he saw me, most feelingly 
authorized me to procure the best artificial leg made and send the bill to him. 
There was formed a committee of gentlemen, of whom Capt. H. A Ellis, late of 
the 17th U. S. Army, was one, who examined several artificial legs of the day, 

amongst them yours, , , etc., and wisely decided that I should have 

one of your make, as in their opinion best for my purposes. 

I was measured, fitted, and received the leg from you in December, 1861 
(Gen. Simon Cameron sending his check in payment for same. This was before 
the Government provided limbs for its crippled defenders). Mine, I believe, was 
the first artificial leg made to supply a loss caused in the Rebellion. You 
remember that this leg, your own make, had an ankle joint ; well I remember 
its " clap, clap," every step I took. Your patent rubber foot came soon after. 
I had the rubber foot* applied to my leg, and no person but those afflicted as I 
am can appreciate such a magical change. In fact, I felt like a whole man 
again. 

So much so that my friends, acquaintances, and strangers whom I met in my 
traveling would not be convinced until I exhibited your leg, so near was it to 
perfection and nature. I wore that leg for some twelve or more years, doing 
some " tall " walking, riding over rough roads, being attached to the 9th army 
corps, army of the Potomac, as sutler, etc., in that corps, campaign in Virginia, 
Kentucky/ Tennessee, etc., and in all those years I wore the rubber foot which 
was substituted for the ankle joint foot. I have had two legs from you since. 
I am now wearing the third with the same perfect satisfaction, and I am will- 
ing to testify to its usefulness in a two-mile walk with any wearer of a diiferent 
make of artificial leg with the same length of stump. I have tried other 
makers' legs, hoping to better myself. This experience has convinced me 
that your rubber foot has no superior. My business is clerical, with a consid- 
erable share of standing and walking. 

It is with pleasure that I make the above statement and permit you to make 
what use you think proper with it. 

I am respectfully, etc., 

Jno. McKenzie. 
Late 1st Sergt. Co. I, 79th Regt. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



George W. Pinckney, Attornev and Counsellor at Law. 
26 Court St., Brooklyn, K Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 
My Dear Sir : — I have used one of your legs since 1868. 
It serves me well. I have become so accustomed to it that it has become a 

part of me. In 18661 used one of 's legs, but I got so "strapped" with 

that that I gave it up. 

Since you have allowed me to walk on your leg it has only visited you once 
a year, and that for the renewal of shoulder-straps. 

My leg is amputated above the knee. Your rubber foot is a great invention, 
and the longer I use it the more I wonder when I see people stumping along on 
one leg when they can use one of yours. I hope, for the benefit of the legless 
and footless, you may not fall short of a broad and extensive patronage. 

Yours, etc., 

Geo. W. Pinckney. 



A. A. MAKES, AKTLFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



233 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

" Your leg served me for seventeen years." 

137 Walton St., Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov., 14, 1887. 
~*\T"R a a 1YTat£*ks • 

I, Peter Schwartz, invalid from the U. S. Army, 46th Regt. Co. F., N. Y. 
Vols., had my leg amputated four inches from hip, and am wearing one of 
your legs which has served me for seventeen years, I have found your rubber 
foot to be the best. 

I have had a great deal of walking to do in my former years through rain, 
snow, and ice, and have never had any trouble. I remain, 

Yours, 

Peter Schwartz. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Flatbttsh, Kings Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. ' 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I think it but just as a tribute to your skill and ingenuity in the 
manufacture of artificial legs to state my experience of your make as compared 
-with other manufacturers. 

I have worn artificial legs for fourteen years, previous to obtaining one of 
your make, and must say that yours far surpasses any thing I have ever had as 
to ease, durability, and comfort. 

It is therefore with much pleasure that I assure all in need of help in that 
line that they will find it to their advantage to give you a call. I may state 
that I have worn your rubber foot now four years and it has not cost me any 
thing for repairs. 

My occupation is that of barber and hairdresser, which necessitates a good 
deal of walking and standing. 

Yours respectfully, 

John Stoll. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Oct. 29, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — While a policeman in New York City Aug. 26, 1874, I had the 
misfortune to have both of my legs broken while on duty at the French dock, 
foot of Morton St. After being in the hospital nearly a year, I had to have my 
right leg amputated four inches above the knee. In the spring of 1876 I got 
of you a leg with a rubber foot. I think the leg and foot are the best made. 
All the leg has cost me is for suspenders. I have been wearing the leg every 
day since I received it. I remain, 

Yours very truly, 

Jasper G. Terry. 
Asst. Postmaster, Riverhead, Suffolk Co., N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Woodside, QuEENf, Co. , N. Y., Nov. 4, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In August, 1887, I lost my leg by an explosion in a drug store 
at Winfield, L. I. Being young and my stump very short, I did not think that 
I could wear an artificial leg at all. When I grew to be of age my friends and 
neighbors begged me to try one. In the spring of 1882 I received one of your 
full-length legs, which I now use and have been using every day since without 
.any trouble. My occupation is a flagman and gateman on the Long Island 
R. R. , which requires me to be on my feet walking across three railroads 
changing signals every three minutes for twelve hours every day. I must say 
your leg does not make the noise that I have heard from other kinds. In fact, 



234 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



it has brought life back to me. again. I would not be without one of your legs. 
Any body wishing any information of me I will cheerfully answer any letters- 
addressed to me on the subject. I am, 

Yours respectfully, 



John H. Schaefer. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Ozone Park, L. I., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir :- -I have been wearing one of your limbs for nearly five years, and 
am fully persuaded that they are the best made. When I first wore one I was 
in the employ of the Long Island R. R. Co. , as an operator, and very little on 
my feet, so did not have a good chance to test the merits of it as I have since 
done ; under the pressure of business I wore the leg for one week, day and 
night, without having it off. At present I am in the lumber business, and find 
not the least trouble in getting over lumber and on to the highest piles we have 
in the yard. My leg is off above the knee, and I have considerable collecting 
to do and find no difficulty in walking any distance. This summer I walked 
four miles in one hour and fifteen minutes, which I thought good for a one- 
legged man. Few who have known me since I am wearing your leg know 
that it is artificial, unless I tell them. My ease in walking is owing, in my 
opinion, to the rubber foou The amount I have paid for repairs does not 
amount to more that $5. You are at liberty to use this in any way you may 
see fit. I am, 

Yours truly, 

F. T. Newcome. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Mount Vernon, Westchester Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I had the misfortune to lose my right leg when I was six years 
old. At the age of eight I tried my first artificial limb. I do not remember 
the name of the maker, nor do I care to, inasmuch as it was worthless so far as 
usefulness is concerned. It would probably have been my last if my father's 
attention had not been called to the Marks artificial limb with the wonderful 
rubber foot. He decided, after considerable deliberation (for he had come to 
look upon artificial limbs as mere ornaments), to give your leg a trial, and I can 
testify to its merits. I am a photographer and my business compels me to be 
on my feet the greater part of the time. I feel no fatigue whatever. I can say 
this, that having once used the Marks artificial limb I feel that I can never get 
along without one. 

Yours respectfully, 

Wm. B. Davis. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Office of Dr. H. Pearce & Co., Druggists, Main St.,. 
Pawling, Dutchess Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg for about twenty years, and one of 
Marks' patent for about fifteen years. 

I regard it far preferable to any other I have ever seen. 
My amputation is above the knee, and I don't meet any one that wears any 
other leg that can walk as well as I can. 

It is so simple and durable that there is no chance for any thing to give out. 
except the suspenders. So the cost of repairs is very trifling. 

Respectfully yours, 

Henry Pearce, M.D. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



237 



tiresome to wear than any I have tried ; in fact I would have no other, and think 
I am capable of judging the merits of the limb, having worn one for years. 

Yours truly, 

F. A. Webb. 
Academy St., Watertown, Jefferson Co., N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

McDonough, Chenango Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs for nearly five years, and 
am exceedingly well pleased with it. 

The rubber foot is a grand invention, no squeaking or getting out of order. 
It can be depended upon, and the knee joint is the strongest and best I ever saw. 




Ho. 286. 

I am farming and do all of my work, such as plowing, sowing, cradling and 
every thing that a farmer has to do. I have a farm of 100 acres of land and 
do not keep any one to work for me. I can recommend you very highly in 
fitting from measurements. You could not have fitted mine any better if I had 
come there to have had it fitted. I use a cane so little that I forget it and 
often leave it in the field where I have been to work. 

Yours respectfully, 

Charles E. Webb. 



238 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Chenango Bridge, Broome Co., N. Y., Oct. 30, 1887. 

Dear Sir : — In the month of June, 1874, you made for me an artificial leg 
above the knee with a rubber foot. I wore the leg for the first seven years, 
with only twenty-five cents expense for repairs. 

It is now fast approaching fourteen years since it was made, and during that 
time its use has been severe, constant, and protracted. With the exception of 
six weeks of illness in the spring of 1877 it has been in daily use. My occupation 
has been largely that of gardening, and that requires me to be moving about 
most of the time. Besides that, I have picked most of my apples, going into 
the tops of the trees on a ladder, and picking from 50 to 75 bushels 
every fall. I have worn artificial legs for 35 years, and ought to know 
something about them, and think that, excepting your improvements, there has 
been but comparatively little improvement made on the old Anglesea leg. It is 
true that for a short time some of the later styles worked well, but their 
mechanism is too complicated to last long, and their bearings would soon 
become worn and loose, and it seemed to the wearer as though they rattled, 
and made nearly as much noise as an old-fashioned horse-power threshing- 
machine ; and here is where your leg beats them all,— it has only one joint in 
the knee, and that never gets loose and rattles like other kinds, the rubber 
foot doing away with ankle and toe joints, thereby reducing the mechanism to 
a minimum, which in artificial legs is no small point in their favor. I would 
not knowingly lead any one wrong that was unfortunate enough to need an 
artificial leg or arm, but so far as my knowledge extends, and I have had some 
experience myself, besides noting that of others, I would say to unfortunates 
that I think they would consult their best interests by going to you for a leg or 
arm. 

Yours truly, 



To A. A. Marks, Esq, 



H. W. Parker. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

" Worn one leg over sixteen years.' 



Oct. 27, 1887. 



A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having heard that you were about to prepare a new pamphlet, I 
wish to say a few words in behalf of your artificial limbs. I have been wear- 
ing one of your legs for over sixteen years, and I would recommend them to any 
one in need. With your rubber foot there is no rattle in the ankle joints as 
there is in every artificial leg that has an ankle joint. As for comfort and 
natural walking, they cannot be excelled, and for durability they certainly 
cannot be equaled. I have had but two legs in nearly seventeen years, and the 
one I am now wearing is good for four or five years yet, from all appearances. 
My limb is amputated four inches above the knee. I am on my feet about 
ten hours every day, and it never gives me any trouble. I have never laid out 
one cent for repairs on my leg. My occupation is an engineer. I am now chief 
engineer of the Wagner Palace Car Works, at East Buffalo, and if any one 
wishes to see one of A. A. Marks' limbs with rubber foot in use, let him call 
and see me or write for information. 

Respectfully, 

J. M. Palmatier, 
1431 Bailey Ave. , East Buffalo, N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I would like to testify as to the merits or your artificial leg with 
rubber foot, if by so doing it would help one in like circumstances as 
myself. After wearing two different make of legs, each with ankle joint (one 
of them I did not get ten dollars' worth out of), I got one of your make with 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 239 



rubber foot about seventeen years ago, and have worn it most of the time, and 
it is now about as good as ever. The amount of repairs on it has been light. 
I have worked at farming, pioneered on the western frontier, and hunted in the 
north woods, and it has always stood by me. I seldom use a cane, and friends 
remark how well I get around with it. My occupation is wool-sorting, which 
requires constant standing. I consider your make of legs a godsend to any one 
who has to wear an artificial leg. For comfort and durability it has no equal . 

Chas. McDowell. 
Clayville, Oneida Co., N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Piermont, Rockland Co., X. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. 
I am very well satisfied with the artificial leg you made for me and take great 
pleasure in recommending it to others. 

Jeremiah Hanglon. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 1, 1877. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn your limbs for over twelve years, and being well 
pleased with them, I would not do without the rubber foot. I never saw a 
limb that equaled yours. I always got a good fit from you. My limb is 
amputated nine inches from hip joint. My business is traveling on the road 
selling stationery. I am on my feet a good deal and do lots of walking. There 
are three gentlemen living here with legs off, and I am doing more walking 
than the whole three of them. I haven't in twelve years seen but one gentleman 
wdth a limb off out on the road selling goods, and his leg was off below the knee 
instead of above the knee. I find it difficult to make men believe I have a leg 
off, they wont believe it until they have placed their hand on my artificial 
limb and felt for themselves. I hope that those requiring artificial limbs 
will find you and get them. The expenses for repairs can't exceed five dollars 
in ten years. All the expense I have is a spring, once in a while, and new 
nebbing. You have my thanks and best wishes. 

Respectfully, 



Edgar S. Kellogg. 



Norwich, N. Y. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



South Otselic, Chenango Co., N. Y., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial legs for about fifteen years, and they 
have done me first-rate service. 

They have all been fitted from measures. I have never been to your shop. 
My fight leg was amputated at the thigh. I am a farmer and do all kinds of 
farmwork, except plowing. I mow, cradle grain, hoe, etc., on one of your 
make of legs. I think the rubber foot is better than any other leg or foot with 
an ankle joint. I shall always wear one of your legs as long as I wear any. 

Respectfully yours. 

Woodal Eastman. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Masonville, Delaware Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I willingly add my testimony to the merits of your artificial leg. 
i believe yours to be one of the best if not the best manufactured. My opinion 



240 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

is based upon my experience in wearing one of your f ull-lengtli legs with rub- 
ber foot from, I think, about 1867 to the present time ; previous to that time I had 

worn one manufactured by , of Baltimore, and repaired by , of Rochester, 

but it was continually giving out and its noise and rattle was a great annoyance. 
The rubber foot is much more durable, inasmuch as it does away with the 
necessity of so many cords and bolts and at the same time imparts a more 
natural and elastic step ; it also sounds more natural when walking on the floor 
or pavement. My business heretofore has been farming and harness making. 
As good a fit as I ever had was made by you entirely by measurements. My 
leg was taken off at the upper third, leaving a stump about 7| inches in length 
from my body. The expense of repairs has been merely nothing, unless you 
take into account the wear of the suspenders. 

Yours, etc., 

J. A. Crawford. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

I have worn your make of artificial leg for little more than a year past, and I 
cannot speak too highly of the rubber foot. Although my work is not labori- 
ous I walk a great deal. I would recommend your make in preference to any 
other. 

Very respectfully, 

Hattie Brown. 
79 Market St. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Newton, Catawba Co., N. C, Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — The leg I purchased from you in 1876 has given me entire satis- 
faction. The fitting from measurements was perfect. My limb was amputated 
at the lower third of thigh. As I have used no other make of legs, I cannot 
speak comparatively, but were I to purchase another I would certainly give you 
my order. I think from experience and observation that the rubber foot is 
greatly superior to the old style. I am a farmer by occupation. The cost of 
repairs on my leg has been twenty-five cents since 1876. 

Yours truly, 

Geo. W. Kobe. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Canton, Ohio, June 22, 1889. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I received my limb and have worn it constantly. It fitted me 
from the first like a dandy. I tried to walk, but it was a little clumsy at first, 
but I soon overcame that, and I walk almost as good as before I was crippled. 
I have walked about four miles this morning collecting bills for my employer. 
Everybody that knows me in this city expresses great surprise at the progress 
that I make. I am not overrating myself when I say that I walk better than 
any one else in this town wearing an artificial limb. I am more than satisfied 
and am convinced that the leg is the best made. I take pleasure in praising 
your limbs to everybody, and will do all that I can to get others to purchase 
from you. 

Yours, 

Elmer E. Venrick. 



A. A. MAKKS, AKTLFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 241 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Johnson City, Tenn, Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I lost my foot by a mowing machine over seven years ago. My 
foot was amputated three inches above the ankle. I was induced to get one of 
your limbs with a rubber foot, which I did, and am wearing it yet, which has 
been about six years. 

It has cost me about two dollars for repairs. I ordered it from your measure- 
ment blank, and it was a perfect fit. I hope I shall be able to give you another 
order in the near future. I am, 

Yours truly, 

J. E. Crawford. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Gustavus, Trumbull Co., Ohio, Nov. 8, 1887. 
To Dr. A. A. Marks : 

My Dear Sir : — You desire a testimonial from me in regard to the merits or 
demerits of the Marks artificial leg. 

My opinion is based on actual observation by comparison with legs of different 
patterns in walking over rough and icy surfaces as well as on the smooth 
floor. The Marks leg is by far the safest and easiest managed. I do not fall 
any more in using it than I did when I had two good natural legs. 

There has been no repairs needed on my leg in the three years' constant use. 
And the simple construction of the leg leads me to think that it is going to be 
lasting. I am a farmer fifty years old. I can and do make a full hand most 
of the season. 

There are legs that cost much less than the Marks, but I look at it like this. 
The best artificial leg made is mean enough, and if one is so unfortunate as to 
need an artificial one, and is fortunate enough to have sufficient means to obtain 
a Marks leg, do it by all means ; then you'll own the best I've seen. 

Yours very truly, 

Frank A. Clisby. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, Nov. 18, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of Oct. 29 at hand. I lost my leg at Chancellorsville May, 
1863. June, 1864, I received and began to wear an artificial made by Mr. Marks, 
and wore it every day for ten years. During these ten years I worked as helper 
to a blacksmith at forge, as herder on the plains, as street car driver, etc. 
Repairs during the life of this leg were about $5. Dec, 1880, I received my 
second leg from Marks ; this leg lasted five years without repairs. Dec. , 1885, 1 

received a leg made by of N. Y., and have worn it nearly two years and 

find it much the worse for wear. If it reaches the end of five years it will be 
only by extensive repairs. My work for the last two years has been very light 
on the leg. If I live until Dec, 1890, I expect to ask for an order on Marks for 
another leg, who in my opinion makes the best leg offered to invalids in this 
or any other country for "general superiority," durability, natural sound of 
footfall, and ease to the wearer. 

An advantage beyond comparison with the iron- jointed styles, with all their 
side motion, double back action, and other infernal contrivances with which 
artificial leg makers afflict the poor fellows who survived the ravages of war, 
who with one leg are limping on toward the grave on some kind of support, 
the best of which after twenty-three years' experience I believe to be the Marks 
leg with the rubber fpot. I am, 

Very respectfully yours, 

Enos P. Robinson. 



242 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your artificial legs for the last seventeen 
years. I have been working on a farm most of the time ; I can plow and do 
all kinds of work on a farm. I- am well pleased with the rubber foot. I can 
walk over rough ground with ease. I am working from sunrise to sunset 
most every day. 

I get along wonderfully, considering that my leg was amputated six and one- 
half inches from body. There are some of my neighbors who will hardly 
believe that I wear an artificial leg. 

I think that the leg with the rubber foot is the very best that is made. My 
leg was made by measurements and it fits me perfectly. The expense of keeping 
the leg in repair is very small, considering how rough I have used it. 

Yours truly, 



Delaware, Delaware Co., O., Nov. 5, 1887. 



D. W. Pritchard. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Philo, Muskingum Co., Ohio., Oct. 30, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn artificial legs for twenty-two years, and think I 
ought to be a pretty good judge of them by this time. After wearing your 
artificial leg with patent rubber foot attached for over twelve years, it gives me 
great pleasure to recommend them to any person or persons wanting any 
thing of this kind. I have not had a cent's worth of repairs on my leg since I 
received it. There is one advantage this leg has over all other kinds. It never 
cries for grease like a dry wheelbarrow. 

The rubber foot saves all jarring. I walk with a great deal more ease and 
satisfaction to myself with your leg than any other I ever used. I expect to 
use your artificial legs as long as I shall need them. 1 would not .exchange for 
any other manufactured in the United States. Hoping this may be of some 
benefit to you and your patrons. I am, 

Yours truly, 

Silas W Fickel. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements 



Dec. 10, 1887. 



A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir :— I received my leg in due time. I think after a few days it will 
be a splendid fit. I get along admirably well. 

With my sincere thanks I remain, your friend, 



Portland, Multnomah Co., Oregon. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fred Legler. 



Dec. 31. 1887. 



A. A. Marks : 

I have worn one of your legs ten years, and am still wearing the same one, 
and am well pleased with it. My weight is 270 lbs, 

Yours respectfully. 

F. P. Jones. 
Philomath, Benton Co., Oregon. 



A. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 24$ 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

April 21, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs with patent india-rubber 
foot for one year and four months. My leg was amputated above the knee. 
I have walked five or six miles in a single day and could walk ten. I would 
advise any body who is so unfortunate as to lose his leg to go to Marks. 

Yours truly, 

James R. Benham. 
Bend, Oregon. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Buttonwood, Lycoming Co., Pa., Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have one of your legs, and have worn it three months, and am 
well pleased with it. I got it by measurements and it fits well. I can recom- 
mend it to any one. My leg is off above the knee. I can walk almost as well 
as ever. I am now doing all kinds of work and have had no repairing. 

Yours, 

Chas. Mover- 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 14, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Have been wearing artificial limbs thirty-eight years. I wore out six in 
twenty-two years. Costing me from twenty-five to forty-five dollars a year to 
keep them in running order. Did not enjoy the rattling of them. Have been 
wearing a Marks leg sixteen years ; expense one dollar a year and all the com- 
forts a veteran could wish for in using a first-class leg. My limb is in as good 
running order now as when I first commenced to wear it. I expect it to last 
many years. Would not exchange for half a dozen of the best artificial 
limbs that I have seen. " Nufced." 

James T. Sample, Mexican Veteran. 

Allegheny, Allegheny Co., Pa. 



Office of DR. C. M. MARTIN, 
Druggist, 

Masonic Block, Third St., Sunbury, Pa. 
October 31, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— The artificial leg you made for my patient has given great 
satisfaction and we are all greatly pleased with it. I shall send you an order 
for another patient very soon. 

Respectfully yours, 

Chas. M. Martin, M.D. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Bethlehem, Northampton Co., Pa., Nov. 11 1887 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your patent artificial leg for nearly two- 
years, and am exceedingly well pleased with it. The rubber foot is a success. 



244 a. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



It maneuvers admirably, and moves soft and nicely as can be desired . I have 
a four- inch stump from the body. People are astonished that I can get around 
so well, and often say no one would think that I had a wooden leg. People 
•often rsk which leg is the wooden. I walk every day to school, over a half mile. 

, tn ^ r. Yours truly, 

442 Geopp St. Ervin p . Miller, 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



2242 12th St., N. W., Washington, D. C, Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

My Dear Sir : —In response to your letter of 26th instant requesting a state- 
ment of my experience as a wearer of artificial legs I will state : 

I lost my leg in front of Atlanta, in July, 1864, and came north with a stump 
but a few inches long, and the end of the stump poorly protected on account of 
the flesh being eaten away by gangrene. After worrying along for fifteen 
years, part of the time on crutches, and part of the time on the old style wooden 
foot legs, of which I had three kinds, I finally made a trip all the way from Santa 
Fe, New Mexico, to your office and got one of your rubber-foot legs. I was then 
mining and smelting at Bonanza City, N. M. , and the leg gave good satisfaction 
in that rough business and rough country. In 1881 I entered Uncle Sam's ser- 
vice and since that time have travelled over most of our territory, part of the 
Rocky Mountains, going in all kinds of weather, and in every conceivable con- 
veyance, as a special examiner of the pension office must of necessity do, and I 
have found your leg much better than you recommended it. The first leg I 
got in 1880 never had a cent's worth of repairs on it during the five years I 
wore it, and is now laid away ready for use in case of an emergency. The one 
you made me two years ago "bids fair to equal the old one. Previous to getting 
your rubber foot I was constantly annoyed by loose joints and rattling sounds, 
and the ankle cords were especially aggravating, for they would stretch, break, 
or wear out just as soon as I got away from shops where repairs could be made. 
Now I walk several miles each day without any fear of a break-down, and 
without that unpleasant dead thud that follows that step of a wooden foot on a 
plank sidewalk or bare floor. 

Very respectfully, 

Melville Davis, 
Vet. late of Co. E, 15th Iowa Vols. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Olivia, Blair Co., Pa., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I received one of your patent artificial legs with rubber foot 
fitted from measurements some two years ago, and from that time to the pres- 
ent writing I have worn it every day. 

I am a farmer living in the country, and have rough roads to travel, but I 
can walk five miles a day. I would advise all who want a good leg that will 
not get out of order to get one from you, as my leg has not cost me one cent for 
repairs yet. 

Yours truly, 

?>Iiles Lewis. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Dec. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in writing to you in reference to the " Marks 
Patent Artificial Limb " I received from you eighteen months ago. I have 
worn it constantly ever since, and have experienced no pain or inconvenience 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 245 



from it. I can walk four or five miles without any trouble. The rubber foot 
is as good now as the first day. I travel up and down hills during the winter 
when they are very slippery, and never fall. 

I remain, yours respectfully, 

Jno. J. Crane. 

GlRARDYILLE, SCHUYLKILL Co., Pa. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Mill Tillage, Erie Co., Pa., Oct. 27, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am a telegraph operator and live two miles from the office. I 
walk that distance every night and morning. I have worn one of your arti- 
ficial limbs for over two years, and I can cheerfully say that I think it has no 
equal. 

My limb was made from self-measurements and is a perfect fit. 

It is just as good to-day as it ever was ; in fact, there is nothing that I can 
see to wear out. My limb was amputated about six inches from the body. 
But I can walk almost as good as I could with the natural limb. The rubber 
foot is a success. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Frank Porter. 



LEG ABOVE KXEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Oct. 27, 1887. 



A A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th to hand and contents noted. 

In reply would state that I will endorse any thing you wish to put in the 
pamphlet, for I think that the rubber foot is "the best in the world. I am a 
segar-maker by occupation. I have stump 10 inches. I have worn leg nine 
years. I have walked as far as 20 miles in one day, and did not mind it as 
much as one of the men with me, for he had to go to bed and he had two good 
legs. 

Respectfully yours, 



246 Hummel Street, Harrisburgh, Pa. 



J. F. Sourbeer. 



LEG ABOVE KXEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Diamond, Ohio, Oct. 29 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial leg which I received of you in October 1885, with 
rubber foot is giving me perfect satisfaction in every respect. I have worn 
four different makes of legs inside of twenty-two years with ankle joints, and 
can truly say that I would not have a new leg with the a rikle joint as a gift 
since I have been wearing your rubber foot. The first experience I had in 
wearing your rubber foot was in 1878. It was attached to a leg which I wore 
for seven years before. Then you made an entire new leg in 1885. I always 
used to have trouble with the ankle joint. At one time it left me walking on 
the end of the ankle without a foot. I have often been put out of my wits by 
having to get the joint repaired, and in fact they are only rattle traps at the 
best. My limb is a full-length limb. Stump about ten inches long. I am on 
my limb about fourteen hours a day. My occupation is a barber. Around 
town I hardly use a cane except in winter time. I can say I am proud of my 
rubber foot. No flap at each step, and one hundred people gazing at my fee*. 



246 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

I hope this may be the means of many a poor cripple's choosing your rubber- 
feet limbs to replace those they have lost. They come as near to the natural 
limbs as can be made. 
I claim that from experience, which is the best schoolmaster. 

Respectfully your friend, 

E. E Rose. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Emanuel Rectory, Newport, R. I., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter I have nothing to add to the letter I 
wrote you some years ago, save that a larger experience has only served to 
make me more satisfied with the work that you have done for me. The espe- 
cial points that have given me satisfaction are three — viz : the leg fits well, 
it makes no noise, and needs no repairs. 

Truly yours, 

R. B. Peet, Rector. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Westerly, Washington Co., R. I., Nov. 30, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir: — I do not see why any one needs a testimonial to convince them 
that your legs are the best, when they need only to consider their construction 
to be convinced that it is so. 

Yours respectfully, 

O. S. Chapman. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

S. J Douthit, Master, Greenville County. 
Greenville C. H., S. C, June 22, 1885. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I received my artificial leg of your make, on the 6th inst., but 
have delayed acknowledging it, as I preferred to give it a trial. I have been 
using the leg every day since I received it, and am well pleased with it in every 
respect. It fits me perfectly; much better, in fact, than any I have had made 
by other manufacturers who had me present at the fitting. I think I can 
safely say that you may put me down as one of your customers from this on. 
I have three legs of other manufacturers, but I doubt that I shall ever use 
them after wearing yours. 

Very truly yours, 

S. J. Douthit. 
Judge of Probate. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

P. Monserrat, Fashionable Boot and Shoe Maker, 
167 Meeting St., Charleston, S. C, Nov. 9, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have much pleasure in stating that the artificial leg I bought 
from you over four years ago has given me entire satisfaction and I can heartily 
recommend any one so unfortunate as to require such assistance to you. I 
have never lost an hour since I put your leg on. I never use a cane unless 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 247 



.going a long distance from home. I wear your leg all day long the year 
around without trouble. 

Yours truly. 

Sebastian Monserrat. 



LEG ABOVE KXEE. 

Reed's Ferry, Hlllsboro, K". H., Oct. 31. 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am a hard-working farmer, and have worn your artificial limb 
for over seventeen years, and still prefer it to any other make. I tried several 
kinds, but never found one that could compare with yours either in durability 
or comfort. 

I have never paid a cent for repairs, and if I were to have another I should 
not hesitate to send to you. My limb is amputated below the knee. I have 
always had a perfect fit.' If I were to give any advice to the world I would say 
to all, get A. A. Marks' artificial limb on account of the rubber foot. 

Very truly, 

Charles A. Sargent. 



LEG ABOVE KXEE. 

Enosburgh Falls, Franklin- Co.. Vt., Xov. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Prompted by a desire to aid any of my fellow-beings who mav 
be afflicted like myself with" the loss of a limb, 1 thought I would write you my 
endorsement of your artificial legs. During the past six years I have worn one. 
The point of amputation is about half way between the knee and hip, and 
although my occupation is very laborious, being that of a tanner, yet I experi- 
ence very little inconvenience from using an artificial limb, owing to the per- 
fect fit you gave me and excellent manner in which the leg works, especially 
the rubber foot. I would advise all who are in need of any thing of this kind 
if possible to get one of your make. You are at liberty to use the above in any 
manner you deem best in the interest of suffering humanity, while I remain 

Gratefully yours. 

Charles Lucia. 



LEG ABOVE KXEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

London Bridge, Prixcess Axxe Co., Va. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I hereby testify that I have for a period of five years worn an 
artificial leg with rubber foot attached, manufactured by you for an amputa- 
tion above Ae knee, the fitting of which was from measurements. 

I claim it to be superior to any other for durability and comfort ; during said 
five years cost of repairs has been fifty cents for spiral springs. I am, sir,° 

Yours trulv, 



Occupation, Farmer. 



Johx F. Dozier. 



LEG ABOVE KXEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Almoxd & Pitman, Importers, Manufacturers, 

and Dealers in Drugs and Medicines. 

1011 Church St., Lyxchburg, Campbell Co.. Va 

Xov. 1, 1887! 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I am well pleased with your rubber foot, and find it easier to walk 



248 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



on and less expensive in way of repairs than any limb I have ever seen. I have 
worn limbs of several manufactures. 

My limb was amputated at lower third of thigh. Occupation, Physician and 
Druggist. I am pleased with your new style of attaching suspenders. 

Yours, etc., 

W. E. Pitman, M.D. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Faulkner & Craighill, Druggists, 
60S Court St., Lynchburg, Va., April 6, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, N. Y. : 

Dear Sir : — I have waited to write until a fair report could be made on the 
artificial leg lately furnished through us for Lloyd Cheatham. It is question- 
able if in your whole experience you have ever succeeded more perfectly in 
satisfying in every particular than in this case. All the measurements were 
taken very carefully, and the proof of their accuracy is evidenced in the fact 
that the leg fitted perfectly in every icay and was put on as soon as received and 
has been worn every day since. He had never worn an artificial leg, and as soon 
as he put it on started off, of course on his crutches, and walked to his home 
on the leg more than a mile away. This was on the 10th of February. I 
never saw him again until about three weeks later, when he walked in our 
house, having discarded one of his crutches. In the course of another week he 
had discarded the other, and used only a cane. He can walk now without that, 
and with almost imperceptible limp, and there is reason to believe that that 
will disappear in time. From his appearance in walking or standing any one 
would never for a moment suppose he had an artificial leg, and when it is 
remembered that his amputation is above the knee, and that he has worn his leg 
less than two months, and that he has never had to leave it off from tender stump 
or other cause, his is a most remarkable case. He is perfectly delighted, and at 
his request this letter is written. 

Respectfully yours, 

Ed. A. Craighill, M.D., 
of Faulkner & Craighill. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Steelton, Dauphix Co., Pa.. Oct. 29. 1887. 
Dear Sir : — The artificial leg I received from you in 1886 when at Lititz to 
replace the one I lost at Pueblo in 1882 has satisfied me fully. I had little con- 
fidence in artificial legs, as my stump had been out of use for four years and had 
become weak and stiff. After a few attempts on your leg I found that I could 
do very well on it. At this date I never use a cane and travel long distances. 
In regard to the rubber foot, I am so attached to it I would not consent to wear 
any other ; its movements are all I can ask foi. My leg is in as good condition 
as when I received it and to all appearances will last six or eight years. I am 
five feet seven and one-half inches high and weigh one hundred and eighty- 
nine pounds, and am thirty-four years of age. I heartily urge all in need of 
artificial limbs to patronize you. 

Respectfully, 

Wm. F. Duncan. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Boller & Kuoni, dealers in General Merchandise 
and Produce, Wool, Seed, Dressed Poultry, Butter, Eggs, 
Sauk City, Sauk Co., Wis., Dec. 8, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. , New York : 
Dear Sir :— In answer to your letter of Oct. 26th I state that I have worn 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 249 

an artificial leg of your manufacture since 1881, and so far am well pleased 
with it. 

Respectfully yours, 

C. Kuoni. 

LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fort Atkinson, Jefferson Co., Wis., Nov. 6, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

My Dear Sir : — Two years ago to-day I put on one of your artificial legs 
with rubber foot. My left leg is amputated seven inches from my body, and 
by occupation I am a carpenter. I have worn artificial legs for over twenty-two 
years of different makes, and I must say that your make of leg beats them all. 
I hesitated a long while about getting your leg with rubber foot, but after 
wearing it two years I can say it has given perfect satisfaction. I can go up 
and down hill or up a ladder with it with perfect ease. It is apparently as 
sound to-day as it was when I took it from the factory, and I recommend it 
most highly to all who need an artificial leg. 

Respectfully yours, 

M. S. Moses. 
Late Corpl. Co. E, 81st N.Y. V. V. I. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Belmont, La Fayette Co., Wis., Jan. 26, 1888. 
To Whom it may Concern : 

When but eleven years old I had my left leg amputated about four inches 
from the body, and soon as I was able I purchased a leg from A. A. Marks of 
N. Y. City. After using it for three years it gives me pleasure to testify to its 
wonderful utility. When not in school I work on the farm, doing any of the 
ordinary work found there to do, as chopping wood, pitching grain, etc. 

While attending school in Chicago I met many persons wearing different 
makes of artificial legs, but I can truthfully say that none walk with the ease 
and agility that I do. Aside from the superior merits of his limbs I recommend 
Mr. Marks for his very prompt and fair dealings. Any letters of inquiry will 
be promptly and cheerfully answered. 

Respectfully, # 

O. L. Trenary. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 



Nov. 12, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir and Friend : — I mtist drop you a few words of thanks. I have 
worn one of your artificial limbs for twelve years, and I consider it is the best 
leg made. My occupation is auctioneer and land agent, and some days I stand 
on my feet all day. I can and do travel from ten to fifteen miles per day. 

I have been in company with men for years ; and they never knew my leg 
was off until I told them. My leg is off above the knee. I know of a man 
who has worn one of your legs for eighteen years. He has bought two since, but 
he falls back on the Marks leg. Whenever I see a man with a limb off, I 
advise him to get a Marks limb. I consider the rubber foot a great benefit and 
also the simplicity of the knee joint. I could say lots more about your legs, 
but it is not necessary, as your limbs are widely known. 

Ever your friend, 

J. O. Cushman 

Mifflin, Iowa Co., Wis. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Petite River, Nova Scotia, April 7, 1888. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am happy to inform you that the artificial leg you made for 
me works splendidly. I feel like a new man on it. This feeling is encouraged 



250 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



by the kindly comments of my friends. I regard the rubber foot as a great 
improvement. 

Yours truly, 

W. S. Freeman, M.D. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

St. Rosalie Junction, Quebec, Canada, Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial limbs over three 
years with the utmost satisfaction. Point of amputation about six inches from 
the hip joint, and I weigh two hundred and sixty-nine pounds. I am a watch- 
man in the G. T. Ry. and work from 7 at night until 7 in the morning. My 
limb has cost me nothing for repairs in all this time. 

Respectfully, 

G. P. Hamel. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is now seventeen months since you fitted my son Edward 
(aged at the time eleven years) with one of your artificial legs above the knee. 
I desire to say that it has exceeded my expectations in every particular, not 
having had to use a walking-cane in twelve months. My acquaintances 
frequently express their surprise when they see him walking so well. 

He has never neglected your advice as regards the proper care and preserva- 
tion of the leg. It is as good now as it was the day you fitted it on. My wife and I 
shall always feel grateful to you for your marked kindness and attention to our 
boy during his stay at your establishment, and recommend you to any person 
desiring an artificial limb, as we know by the experience of our son that your 
rubber limbs are vastly superior to any other kind made. I remain, 

Yours very truly, 

William Walsh. 

285 Brussels St., St. John, N. B., Canada. 



• LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Dec. 14, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Being among the many who have been so unfortunate as to have 
lost a limb, and tired of going about on crutches, I came to the conclusion to 
purchase an artificial leg. 

Having consulted several makers (you being one of the many) I concluded 
to give the " rubber foot" a trial. It has since resulted that I made a very 
wise choice. My leg, as you are already aware, was amputated above the knee 
(four inches) nearly three years ago. About nine months after amputation had 
taken place I began to wear one of your patent artificial legs made from 
measurements sent you. I do not hesitate to state that I could not have had 
a better fit had I gone to the manufactory. 

The advantages which your leg possesses over the other make of legs is, I 
think, due to the rubber foot. Since I have been wearing this leg I have met 
other persons wearing different makes of legs. Before leaving them they 
wished they had one like mine. The noise made by them when walking was 
like a wheelbarrow being pushed over a pebbly walk. I am at St. Bonaven- 
ture's College, and indeed I think college life a pretty severe test for an artificial 
leg. 

Yours truly, 

Richard Dwyer. 

River Head, Harbor Grace, Newfoundland. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 251 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Scilly Cove, Trinity Bay, 

Newfoundland, June 17, 1889. 
A. A. Marks, Esq -. 

Dear Sir : — I take very great pleasure in adding my testimony to the superior- 
ity of the rubber foot as connected with your artificial leg. I have worn an arti- 
ficial leg of your make for the last five years, during which time it has given me 
entire satisfaction. I have had to have no repairs whatever. Said limb was 
made from measurements and proved to be an excellent fit. Since I received 
my leg from you I have measured several other parties, and the legs furnished 
by you for them proved satisfactory in every respect. My occupation, that of 
schoolmaster, entails upon me an amount of standing, but, thanks to your well- 
fitting limb, I never feel the stump sore or even tired. For seven years I wore 
one of another make, but yours is superior to it in every respect. I am, dear 
sir, 

Respectfully yours, 

H. C. Morris. 

[N. B. — Mr. Morris is competent to take measurements and attend to the de- 
tails of ordering, receiving and adjusting artificial limbs ; any person in need 
can place himself under his attention with the assurance of receiving proper 
care.— A. A. M.] 

LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Dec. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — About two years ago I caught a heavy chill in my leg and had 
to have it amputated. I have been wearing one of your legs a little over 
twelve months, and I can do almost anything but fly. I have walked twelve 
miles in a day. I go shooting, fishing, and I don't care for any man. I have 
heard so many complaining with corns and with chilblains ; I have one leg free 
from all this. I often wish I could tell everybody what a change I have had in 
my life since I have worn one of your artificial legs. I am not going to be like 
the fox who lost his tail and who wanted his brother foxes to cut off theirs ; no, 
just come and see me and you will see about one of the happiest men in the 
world, who was once one of the most miserable. 

Yours very truly, 

Uriah Bursey. 
Old Perlican, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measuremen ts. 



Mount Pleasant, Runcorn, Cheshire, England, Nov. 17, 1887. 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter I have great pleasure in testifying to- 
the merits of your artificial leg. I have now worn it for five years, and am. 
very glad to say I am quite satisfied with it. Not having worn any other make 
I am not able to speak from experience of the merits of yours over any other. 
But from what I have seen other people wearing, I am convinced that it is far in. 
advance of all. The india-rubber foot is quite a marvel to everybody, and for 
neatness and durability of construction it cannot be surpassed. I was fitted 
from measurements taken by a resident surgeon of the Liverpool Royal In- 
firmary (Mr. McCormick), and received an artificial leg from you and found it 
fitted quite comfortably. The point of amputation to which I have been sub- 
ject is about two inches above the left knee. My occupation is that of a grocer, 
in a co-operative store, and the longest hours I am on my feet are Fridays, 
about ten hours, and on Saturdays, from about 11 a. m. till 10:30 p.m. 

I do not feel very tired after my work. I am glad to be able to say the cost 



252 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



of repairing the limbs made by you is so little that I could not attempt to 
reckon it up. You are at liberty to make whatever use you like of thte 
testimonial, and if it should prove an inducement to any unfortunate fellow- 
being to try one of your artificial limbs, I should be glad to think I have do-ne 
something to help relieve suffering humanity. 

Yours truly, Walter Lacy. 

To A. A. Marks, Esq. 

LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Shag Valley Station, Waihemo, Otago, New Zealand, July 10 , 1884. 

You may be pleased to hear that Mr. Trapski is successfully using the leg 
you made for him and can walk easily and quickly. He has every reason to 
be grateful to you for the trouble taken in his case, and will, I'm sure, readily 
recommend your firm to any one suffering from a like misfortune. In this 
recommendation I shall gladly join. 

Frank D. Bell. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Amsterdam, Holland, Nov. 23, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your circular Oct. 26th, I take much pleasure in 
certifying that the two new legs you furnished me from measurements, give me 
great satisfaction in every respect. I have never seen legs of better construction, 
and I do not believe that any other kind would need less repairs. 

The rubber foot and the knee joint are far superior to all others I ever saw ; 
hence, I can strongly recommend your highly respectable firm to all others 
who need artificial limbs. I lost my left leg above knee, in the year 1872, 
crushed by an engine. 

Allowing you to publish the above, if agreeable, I remain, dear sir, 

Respectfully yours, 

Francis Herckenrath. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE— STUMP ONE AND SEVEN-EIGHTHS 
INCHES LONG. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — When thirteen years old, I lost my right leg and used a common 
wooden leg till I reached 44 years. By this time my attention was called to 
yonr artificial legs with rubber feet. I sent you my measure and got a leg 
from you which I have used ever since, now for about six years. I am very 
well satisfied with it. It fits me admirably, %nd has required no repairs worth 
mentioning. The new suspenders are a real improvement. The stump, though 
only one and seven-eighths inches, has never been sore since I used the leg, 
which was formerly a usual occurrence. 

Yours gratefully, 
Copenhagen, Denmark, Nov. 21, 1887. G. Heineman. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Translated from the Spanish. 

Private Correspondence of the Postmaster General. 

Orizaba, Mexico, Nov. 20, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : 

Dear Sir : — Five years ago I was afflicted with the necessity of having my 
right leg amputated four centimeters above the knee joint, and since that time 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 253 

have used one of your patent artificial legs with rubber foot. Up to this time 
I have not only found it unnecessary to repair the leg, but can, with a 
few touches of varnish, give it an appearance equal to new, in spite of the 
constant use I put it to daily, both on foot and on horseback. 

It is solid in construction, extremely light, perfect in form, and easily 
managed. It is difficult by mere sight to distinguish from a natural leg, as 
it possesses a close resemblance to nature, that is only rivaled by that extreme 
similarity between one drop of water and another drop. I walk perfectly with- 
out a cane every day, and every day congratulate myself more and more on 
having sent my order to you, because I believe that without any question you 
are unequaled by any other house in the world in the manufacture of artificial 
limbs. 

I constantly recommend your house on all available occasions, and I listen 
with pleasure to the praise my leg elicits from persons who admire its sim- 
plicity and perfection of workmanship. 

In making this statement (in a form suitable for publication) I am merely 
rendering due homage to the truth and to the indisputable merits of your 
establishment. I am, sir, 

Very respectfully yours, 

E. Guasp de Peris. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Translated from the Spanish. 

Mexico, Nov. 27, 1882. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have taken pleasure in recommending your artificial legs ta 
parties needing them, whom I have met in this city during my present sojourn 
here. I use the leg you made for me daily, and find it more firm and simple 
than any I have had made elsewhere. I remain, 

Yours, 

Federico Larranaga, 
Consul General of Peru in Panama. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Translated from the Spanish. 

Ferreria de San Miguel, Zacualtipan, Mexico, 
Nov. 27, 1887, 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : 

Dear Sir : — In compliance with your request I would beg to say the leg you 
made me is much more satisfactory than the one I used before. * I can walk 
perfectly with it, although the ground is very uneven here. I feel very grate- 
ful to you, as all should be who have been relieved by you as I have been, after 
so much suffering. You are at perfect liberty to publish this if desired 

Respectfully, 

Adolfo Perez. 

LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Perez & Parraga. 
San Salvador, Central America, Jan. 24, 1883. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Most Esteemed Sir •. — I have been for a long time desirous of writing you 
and expressing my continued satisfaction with the artificial leg you made for 
me, and now avail myself of the opportunity. 

It is six years since I obtained an artificial leg from you ; during this period 
I have not had an opportunity to find the least fault with it. I walk very much 
and without a cane or support. I suffer no pain or uneasiness from it. 

Since I have returned to Central America I find it necessary to make long 
journeys on horseback. In this the leg has assisted me very much. I pride my- 



254 Ao A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



self oru my easy and graceful movements and the facility with which I mount, 
and dismount. 

The india-rubber foot which is on the artificial leg is a most excellent inven- 
tion ; without it I question my ability to walk with safety in this country, the 
streets are so very rough and stony. 

My leg is my best friend ; it is what I love the most, and without it my life 
would be miserable. I shall always feel grateful to the esteemed inventor, ana, 
wishing him abundant business and a happy new year, I am, 

Your attentive friend, 

Manuel A. Parraga. 



LETTER FROM THE SON OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC 
OF PERU.— LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Translated from the Spanish. 

Lima, Peru, South America, Nov. 25, 1885. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

My Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in assuring you that the artificial leg 
which I ordered of you, to replace the one I lost in the engagement of August 
27, 1884, has proved to my entire satisfaction. 

It is just that I should recommend your work, since I have been enabled to 
avail myself of it to such advantage. 

In tendering to you this testimony of my gratitude I would add that you are 
at liberty to publish it if you desire. I am, 

Yours very truly, 

Absolon M. Yglesias. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
Translated from the Spanish. 

Lima, Peru, S. A., Nov. 24, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. . 

Dear Sir : — Words fail to express the gratitude I feel towards you for 
the great invention you have achieved in your "Patent Artificial Legs"; 
it would be impossible to conceive of greater perfection in the imitation 
of nature. The naturalness of movement, simplicity of mechanism, weight, 
and in fact, every thing render it possible to manage them with the utmost 
ease. I at first despaired of managing my leg, as has been done in some 
instances cited in your pamplet, but by dint of untiring perseverance I am 
convinced now that all you claim for them is true." And to-day no one not in 
the secret, could tell that I wear an artificial leg, the short time that I have had 
it notwithstanding. I should like this letter brought before the notice of all 
those persons who like myself have been unfortunate enough to lose a limb, 
and for which you are the only person competent to supply a substantial and 
perfect substitute. 

Renewing my expressions of gratitude, I take pleasure in subscribing myself 
Yours very respectfully, Miguel P. Bravo. 



WEARING KNEE-BEARING ARTIFICIAL LEGS. 
KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

126 Front St , Boston, Mass., Feb. 21, 1888. 

A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — It will give me pleasure to add my testimonial to the many you 
already have. The artificial leg you made for me, which I have now worn for 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 255 



jome time, has given me very great satisfaction, and has not cost me one cent 
for repairs. Although my amputation is in the knee joint, I am able to walk 
perfectly naturally. I do not regard the amputation of a limb half as serious 
Is a fever, as you stand ready to fit a man out as good as new. With many 
thanks for your excellent work in my case, I remain, 

Respectfully yours, 

Chas. A. Dodge, 
CareN. Y., N. H. & H. Ry. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Oct, 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir: — I am writing to express my thoughts about your artificial limbs. 
I have worn one of them seven years continuously, and have not had it repaired 
once during that time. I cannot express my delight in having found so great 
a treasure. I have worked nearly all the time during the seven years, and can 
safely say that without the leg I could have done nothing. And also if I want 
another I shall know whereto get a good one, and that at the place I got this 
one. I am, 

Respectfully yours, 



"Westport, Fairfield Co., Conn. 



William Hickerson. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Seventeen years on a " Salamander" leg. 

P. O. Department, Washington, D. C, Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Esteemed Friend : — Your favor of the 26th (yesterday) received and read 
with extreme pleasure, and any thing I can say in regard to your Salamander 
leg will be said in a few words. 

You made one for me in September, 1870, and I have worn it with the excep- 
tion of about five months up to the present time. 

It has cost me about $2.75 for repairs, and I intend to wear it three years 
longer. The rubber foot is a grand success, and I do not want any better leg 
(except the natural one). 

I wore one of legs for five years, and it cost me fifty dollars for the grand 

improvement, and it cost me in the five years nearly sixty dollars for repairs, and 
I would not wear one of them for a gift. I am a clerk in the post office de- 
partment. 

My leg is off \\ inches below the knee, and the leg is knee-bearing. 

Sincerely yours, 

Wellington Glenn. 



KNEE JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Wears No. 115 leg. 

Saybrook, McLain Co., III., Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr A. A. Marks: 
Dear Sir :— I have worn your artificial leg for about seventeen years. 
I am a shoemaker by trade. Knee amputation. 
Repairs amounted in the whole to about four dollars. 
I think that the rubber foot is better than any other kind. 
It is more pliable. 

Yours respectfully, 

R. C. Chainey. 



256 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Boulder, Montana, Nov. 19, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — In regard to my experience in using an artificial leg will say 
that I have worn an artificial leg 22 years. 

Two of , one , and one of A. A. Marks' rubber feet. 

The rubber foot I have worn for twelve years. Repairs and oil, 25 cents. 
It cannot be any more and be artificial. It gives a soft-lik,e, safe step. I am 
a stone mason and builder. My work is on rough ground, with spall, frag- 
ments, and rubbish as usually seen about stone buildings while under construc- 
tion. This is the place to test an artificial leg. No other leg ever did so much 
good until I tried the rubber foot. I will give a few rough ideas of the com- 
mon sense of it. 1st, It has a stiff ankle joint which, though apparently a dis- 
advantage, is really its charm. 

I can stand on the heel or toe at will ; this gives me great advantage in turn- 
ing about and getting around lively. The joint will flap on all other legs as 
soon as a little weight is applied to them. They will then be flat on the ground, 
and it will be impossible to turn until the weight is relieved. 

If on a sidehill, roof, or ladder the joint is not safe, but the rubber foot is 
always safe. I got my leg on Government order. I have twice drawn com- 
mutation money, $75 each time ; total, $150. Mr. 's limbs cost me $25 to 

$50 every five years in repairs. I might say much more in favor of your limbs, 
but space forbids. Any person wanting to know about your limb I will cheer- 
fully answer all communications if a P. O. stamp is enclosed. Last year I 
accepted the foremanship on the Kansas division of U. P. R. R. I had from 
forty to fifty men. This year I accepted the foremanship of the Pioneer 
Town Site Co., doing business at Russell Spring, Logan Co., Kansas. I built 
the court house. It is a fine stone structure, one of the finest buildings in 
Kansas. I directed all the building for the company, perhaps $100,000 
worth. I now have the superintendence of 150 men. 

Any thing I can do for you in the loyal State full of old vets will be only a 
pleasure. 

Respectfully yours, 

Geo. D. Kerns. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

221 N. Capitol St., Washington, D. C, Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — Your leg made for me fourteen years ago I am wearing yet ; it 
has given the best satisfaction. 

I have worn it continually and it is in good order yet. 
If I should want another leg I would send to you and get it. 
I am on the road continually and have given my leg some pretty hard trials. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Heman Blodgett. 



KNEE- BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Coldwater, Branch Co., Mich., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : 

I have worn artificial legs for twenty-two years, have during that time 
worn out two, and have had the third one now three years, this last one being 
of your make. I regard the one I am wearing now as being far superior in 
many ways to the other two. I wear what is termed a knee-bearing leg, it 
being so constructed that the superincumbent weight is borne by the bent knee 
in a socket fixed to receive it in that shape. 

Your make of leg gives me a better gait in walking than the others. I have 
had a great many people ask me why it is that I am not near so lame as I used 
to be. This leg does not give me near the trouble to keep in repair, as the 
others, the rubber foot doing away with need of machinery below the knee. 

I would state that I regard the rubber foot as being one of the greatest im< 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOEE CITY. 257 

provements in artificial limbs. In point of durability, from what I can see now, 
it seems that this leg will outwear the others. I am a country merchant, and 
actively engaged in the details of my business. 

Charles Carroll. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In 1 874 I heard of your making rubber feet. I took my measure 
and sent it to you for one of your knee-bearing limbs. I have worn it every 
day now for 13 years without any repairs, and I think it will last 3 or 4 years 
yet. I have examined all makes of artificial limbs both in this country and 
Europe during the last twenty-five years that I have been wearing an artificial 
limb, and will say that for practicability, durability, and comfort they sur- 
pass any artificial limb made in the world. 

Yours truly, T. N. Weeks. 

Butte City, Silver Bow Co., Mont. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Brighton, Polk Co., Mo., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After wearing one of your artificial limbs for six months and 
over, I am well satisfied with it and more than pleased with the rubber foot. 
It works like a charm, far superior to the old-fashioned wooden foot. I wore 
one of them for five years prior to yours. As to the durability of your leg I 
think it will last a lifetime. My leg was amputated at the knee joint and is a 
hard stump to fit, but your artificial leg fits superbly. 
I can now walk with ease and enjoy life. 

Yours ever, 

C. W. Sherman. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

W. W. English, 
The Celebrated Door Check. 
Lincoln, Neb., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn artificial limbs for twenty-three years. During that 
time I have had three different kinds. The leg that you made for me is the 
boss ; I have worn it now for one year, and I like it better every day. The 
rubber foot cannot be excelled. There is no clank or clatter in the rubber foot, 
as there are no joints to be wearing out, or springs to break, as in the old style. 
I walk two or three miles every day, going to and from my office, with perfect 
ease. My limb is amputated below the knee, and I use a knee-bearing limb. 

It fits me splendidly ; I do not have to wear straps or suspenders to keep it 
on. A lady met me on the street to-day and said : "Why, Mr. English, you 
walk so well no person would hardly know that you wear an artificial limb." 
I heartily recommend your limbs made with rubber feet to every person in need, 
and especially to my old comrades in the late unpleasantness. 

Respectfully yours, 

W. W. English. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Omaha, Douglass Co., Neb., Oct. 30, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I beg to add my testimony to the* merits and superior qualities of 
your excellent artificial legs. Having worn one of them long enough to be able 



258 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



to judge, I will say that in my estimation they can not be surpassed in any 
thing that goes to make a perfect artificial substitute, to say nothing of their 
simple and common-sense construction, which alone should commend them to 
favor. 

I desire especially to speak for the rubber foot, which is truly a great dis- 
covery and a blessing to the wearer. The very fact of its being rubber, which 
is soft, ought to lead to its adoption by every one hearing of it or requiring it, 
approaching nature as it does more closely than a wooden foot ever can. I also 
desire to express to you my admiration for you as a skillful artisan, having made 
a leg for me from measurements only, which fits perfectly, is very comfortable > 
and enables me to walk about with an easy, natural step, notwithstanding that 
my case differs somewhat from most others, being an amputation in the knee 
joint and requiring a knee-bearing leg of special construction. 

I shall always take pleasure in recommending your house, and with best 
wishes for your prosperity, I am, 

Very truly yours, 

H. G. J. Lehman, 
1619 Howard St. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Lakeview, Passaic Co., N. J., Oct, 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In complying with 'your request of the 26th, I hasten to say I 
will give with pleasure my recommendation of your limbs. I will say that 
I have worn your legs for the last 25 years, and in that time put them to 
the severest test. Having worked at my trade, that of a machinist, up to a few 
years back, I have taken my part in handling the heaviest machinery in all con- 
ceivable positions both in marine engine building, locomotive work, and in 
pedestrianism. 

I have acted as a sewing machine agent in this and other cities, and would 
carry a machine on my back two and more flights of stairs and think nothing 
of it. The lasting qualities of your leg without repair, in my experience, which 
I judge to be tougher than most other people's, is on an average seven years. 
The elastic rubber foot is one of the most charming features of your artificial 
limbs, doing away with the disagreeable clicking noise which ankle joints give 
to most legs, also giving a firmer step and more natural tread to the walking, 
so that you are not in constant dread of breaking down and becoming help- 
less on some lonely road, as I have been with some of the old-fashioned 
joint legs. So far as my judgment goes, your legs will last longer, give 
better satisfaction, and cost as little as any of the legs that are now made or 
before the public for the use of the unfortunates. 

Respectfully yours, 

James Rawson. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 4, 1887. 

Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn an artificial limb of your make, 1 would say that 
for comfort, ease, and durability they are far superior to any artificial foot I 
have ever used ; this is the second one I have had of yours, and it is in the 
neighborhood of 13 years that it has been in constant use, and it is much better 

than Dr. 's to-day. I have done all kinds of farming work, and all kinds of 

lumbering work, hauling logs, etc. , and also a great deal of hunting, which is 
hard on a wooden leg ; it is a very honest, upright leg, and as long a time as I 
have worn it there has been no rattling whatever. I do most heartily recom- 
mend them to all, or any one who may be in need of an artificial limb. I ex- 
pect to take the third one soon, if I am spared to need its use, as I do not intend 
to wear any other parties' make. 

Respectfully yours, 

Jonathan Burrelu. 

Washington, Warren Co., N. J. 



A. a. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 259 




No. 392. 



No 393. 



No. 394. 



Cut No. 392 represents the double amputations of Mr. Alonzo J. Sterner, 
the right leg amputated in the knee and the left in the ankle. Cut No. 393 rep- 
resents the same gentleman with a knee bearing artificial leg attached to his 
right stump, and a natural crook artificial leg attached to his left stump. 

Mr. Sterner makes a presentable appearance with his artificial legs dressed as 
represented in cut No. 394. He walks naturally, attends to his vocation with- 
out difficulty or hindrance. Under date of February 27, 1892, Mr. Sterner 
says : 

" I like the artificial legs that you made for me August, 1891, and I cannot 
speak too highly of them. I can walk first rate, so naturally that I do not be- 
tray the fact that I am wearing artificials. I am able to climb a ladder without 
danger of slipping or falling. I take pleasure in sending you my photographs," 
•etc., etc. 



KNEE-BEAKING AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 26, 1887. 
.A. A. Mauks : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your patent artificial limbs for the past 
twenty years, I have no hesitation in saying that with the improvements made 
in my last limb, which I procured a short time since, the rubber foot far sur- 
passes any that I have ever used, one of which was that of the best of other 



2^0 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



makers, the cost of keeping your leg in repair being but very trifling, as there 
is nothing about them to require much expense in so doing. 

Respectfully yours, 

Mrs. Alfred Roberts. 
506 Hudson St., New York City. 
P. S. You are at liberty to refer any of my sex in need of such aid as you 
can give, to me, and I will give them ocular proof of what I say. 



KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 14, 1887. 
Dear Mr. Marks : I have worn the leg you made for me nearly six years 
and I have no fault to find with it. My limb is amputated in the knee joint. 
I never used any thing to help me to walk, a cane nor any thing else. My 
occupation was a dressmaker, but now I am housekeeping for myself. 
My address is 670 9tlfAve., New York City. 

Maggie Duffy. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — In 1864 my right leg was amputated near and below the knee. 
I procured one of your knee-bearing rubber-foot limbs, one of which I used' 
nearly fourteen years without repair and it is a pretty good limb yet. I walk, 
considerable, and I think, judging from seeing others walk who use a different 
make of limb, I get around as well if not better than they. I would not 
exchange for any other that I have seen in use. 

Yours respectfully, 

J. Parmerter. 



KNEE BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Cazenovia Seminary, Cazenovia, Madison Co., N. Y., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial limb of your make for about fifteen! 
years. Previously I had worn one of a different manufacture, but I did not 
like it. Since wearing one of your make I have walked more easily and with 
much less noise. The expense of keeping the leg in repair has been very little 
indeed, and I am confident that no other could have been more satisfactory. 

Very truly yours, 

I. N. Clements, Principal. 



KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 



Oct. 28, 1887. 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your make of artificial limb with rubber- 
foot for about nine years, and I must say that I consider them the best that are 
made for durability, elegance, fit, and movements. The expenses for repairs 
have been trifling. My limb was amputated in the knee, and the artificial limb 
assists me in doing my housework. I can do all my work as well as though I 
had my own natural limb. I can recommend your make of artificial limbs, 
with rubber feet to be the best manufactured. 

Mrs. Ella E. Miller. 

2113 E. Tioga St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 261 



KNEE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Walks up and down Stairs Three Stories High. 

Sublimity, Marion Co., Oregon, Nov. 19, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial limbs sixteen years, and I must say 
that I am entirely satisfied ; it is the most durable leg that I have ever had ; 
my leg is amputated at the knee joint, and must say that I have walked as far 
as fourteen miles in a rough country. I have worked at haying and hoeing, 
and worked with a threshing machine. I have also been night watchman at 
the Oregon State Insane Asylum for one year, going up and down stairs in the 
building, which was three stories high. 

I have had three legs from other makers before I tried yours, each one being 
of a different construction ; they were all unsatisfactory. I use a cane very 
seldom, because I leave it stand or forget when I go about. I recommend your 
limbs to all who are in need of them. 

Yours truly, 

Ernst Baker. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Mt. Pleasant Mill, Snyder Co., Pa., Ncv. 2, 1887. 

Having had the misfortune to lose one of my legs the 27th of September. 
1886, amputated at knee joint with the patella retained, I can now wear one of 
A. A. Marks' artificial legs, and must say it gives me perfect satisfaction. I 
consider the india-rubber foot a great improvement. Dispensing with the 
machinery of the ankle joint, it also gives as much lateral motion on uneven 
ground as is necessan T , and I am delighted to say that he has accomplished the 
difficult problem of enabling me to get support during progression on the end 
of the stump instead of entirely on the sides. 

His plain and simple mode of constructing artificial limbs is to my mind 
unquestionably the best, and when asked by poor legless persons as to whose 
make of artificial limbs would be the best to secure for comfort and utility, I 
most decidedly say, without any hesitation, A. A. Marks'. 

Yours with respect, 

Mar and Rothrock, M.D. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Blacks, York Co., S. C, Nov. 23, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., 701 Broadway, N. Y. : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th to hand. I would say that I am very 
glad to recommend your artificial limbs to any one, as I have been wearing one 
of your knee-bearing legs for over twelve months with much ease and no ex- 
pense to me at all. I am a clerk in a retail store, and do a great deal of walking, 
but I find your rubber foot the very thing for walking all day on the floor, I 
can also say that my limb was fitted from measurements and is a perfect fit. I 
am willing to answer any letter of inquiry that may be sent to me. I am, 

Yours truly, 

W. B. Anthony. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Box 60, Martinsburg, Berkeley Co., W. Ya., Dec. 15, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Now as to the merits of your rubber foot I will say they can 
not be excelled. The leg you made for me in 1870 was in constant use for 
fifteen years, and I know it did not cost me over one dollar for repairs. I 
neither used shoulder straps or front strap on it. The leg you made for me in 



262 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



1875 I only commenced to wear in 1885. I don't retract any thing I wrote 
you in 1875, which you will find in your pamphlet of 1884, page 52. When the 
time comes for me to receive another, I shall call on you to make it. 

Yours respectfully, 

William Dean Smith. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Translated from the Spanish. 

Santiago de Cuba, Dec. 12, 1885. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Gratitude is one of the noblest sentiments of the human heart. My duty is 
not only to express my gratitude to you, but to pay a tribute of justice to merit. 
While at sea I was thrown from the walking-beam of an engine and lost my 
leg. During the period of convalescence I learned of your celebrity and pro- 
cured one of your legs. Thus I find myself with my left leg replaced by your 
skill to such remarkable perfection that I am actually restored to my usefulness. 
Your obedient servant, 

Joaquin Ricalo Muquercia. 



KNEE-BEARING AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Translation from the Spanish. 

Arroyo, Porto Rico, Nov. 17, 1885. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in stating that the artificial leg you made 
and sent to me I have worn constantly. It gives me complete satisfaction. 
Four times daily I walk from one town to another, a distance of four miles, 
without fatigue. 

Jose Marie Lebron. 



LEG ABOVE KNEE. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Leipsic, Germany, August 8, 1888. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir:— I received the artificial leg made for me the beginning of last 
June in good order. I have been wearing the leg since that time, and can say 
that I prefer your make of artificial limbs from all others that I had been wear- 
ing before ; especially the rubber foot is a great improvement, by which my 
soft, natural walking is caused, which is impossible with a wooden foot. After 
I had worn the leg for about two or three days, I was perfectly secure. I ex- 
perienced the good qualities of the leg the first time I put it on. The straps 
also fit very comfortably, which is a thing of great necessity. 

Yours respectfully, 

Frederick Voss. 



Waseda, Tokio, Japan. 
I am desired by His Excellency Count Oku ma to inform you that the artificial 
leg which you made for him reached here some time ago in very good condition. 
The Count is exceedingly gratified with the admirable workmanship of the leg, 
and has already made considerable progress in walking with its assistance. The 
artificial leg suits him remarkably well, and apparently requires no alteration. 
His Excellency requests me to thank you sincerely for the prompt and satis- 
factory manner in which you complied with his order, and to add that further 
progress will be reported to you in due course. 

Yours truly, T. Kato. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



263 



WEARING BELOW-KNEE LEGS. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Troy, Pike Co., Ala., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with your foot. I have been wearing your 
leg fourteen months. I have been going to school and preparing for business. 
Mr. Marks, I walked twelve miles Wednesday night, serenading, all around the 
neighborhood. 

Yours truly, 

M. V. Thrasher. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Main St., Plano, Tulare Co., Cal., Nov. 15, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The leg and foot that you sent for my son in 1876 lasted remark- 
ably well for such an energetic fellow, hardly still a moment, and when he goes 
he will get there as soon as the best of them. The limb performed to satisfac- 
tion in every respect and has lasted ten years. 

Respectfully, 

Wm. Thomson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Tehama, Tehama Co., Cal., Dec. 26, 1887. 
A. A, Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My leg was amputated about three inches above the ankle joint. 
I have worn an artificial leg made by you for more than three years. It has 
given me entire satisfaction, inasmuch as I am enabled to attend to all my 
former duties without interruption. I frequently follow a plow all day, often 
twenty miles, run a header, and do other such arduous work. 

The cost of repairs during that time has not exceeded three dollars. I can 
conscientiously recommend your work to all persons in need of artificial limbs. 

J. T. Stillwell. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurement*. 

Dec. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The leg you made for me four years ago from measurements 
which I sent you has given entire satisfaction. 

I have seen a great number of people wearing artificial limbs, but I have not 
met with any one who can get around as well as I can. Have been in rough 
places in the mountains where any one would think it was impossible for a 
man wearing an artificial limb to climb around. Can ride horseback or walk 
long distances almost as good as any man who has two good legs. 

Therefore I can recommend it to any person as the best artificial limb made, 
as I have seen nearly all that are in the market. 

I am by occupation an engineer, and my leg has had pretty rough usage at 



264 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



times, but has not cost me a cent in repairs for the four years I have been 
wearing it. 

Yours truly, Wm. Willoughby. 

Colfax Ave , Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Cal. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After using one of your artificial legs for ten years I am glad to 
give a testimony to its merits — a good fit, perfectly easy, and for durability it 
has no equal. The cost of repairs is not worth mentioning, and the value of it 
for one who has lost a leg where I have, which is about eight inches from the 
foot, can not be estimated. Thousands of dollars could not give me the comfort 
that my artificial leg has. My occupation since I have had the artificial limb is 
keeping a clothing store. 

Yours very truly, John Farrel. 

Grass Valley, Nevada Co., California. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 9, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs with a rubber foot (below 
the knee) for over seven years, for which I sent the measurement from this city. 
It proved a perfect fit, and never gave me any trouble during this time. I have 
given it a thorough trial, having worked in a hay and grain store and wood 
and coal yard, where there is heavy lifting, and it has only cost a trifle 

to repair the shoulder-strap once. I had worn the artificial leg for several 

years, and the springs and cords were continually breaking and needing repairs. 

I consider your leg with rubber foot far superior, more durable, easier, and 
more comfortable to walk with than any artificial leg made at the present time. 

I shall certainly recommend your legs in preference to any other as the best. 
Wishing you success in your business, I remain, 

Yours respectfully, Daniel W. Holmes. 

390 Francisco St., San Francisco, Cal. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Windsor, Cal., Dec. 11, 1887. 
To all those who are so unfortunate as to have to wear artificial limbs : 

I have been wearing A. A. Marks' legs for seventeen years. 

They have always given good satisfaction ; for durability they can not be 
excelled. I have been roughing on them for years, climbing mountains where 
neither horse or mule could travel, and intend to continue to wear them while I 
live. I can recommend them to any one that is'' so unfortunate as to need an 
artificial leg. 

I have been mining and prospecting in the Shasta Mountains, and it tries the 
metal of artificial legs. 

Yours, Benj. Speelman. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
" Run, jump, climb, and skate." 

San Bernardino, San Bernardino Co., Cal,, Nov. 10, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — My son John Jerome Booth, aged ten years, who had the mis- 
fortune to lose a foot about five years ago, has used one of your artificial limbs 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 265 



for the past four years with complete satisfaction. Soon after procuring the 

Marks limb I concluded to try , and for that purpose ordered one with lateral 

motion. Here, then, I had a fair opportunity for competitive trial. As a 
result, the leg was returned for repairs in six months, while the Marks is at 
present in use, having been returned but once during the entire time, and that 
only for lengthening to suit the height of the growing boy. The little fellow 
runs, jumps, climbs, and skates as well as any of his companions, and the closest 
observers, when informed of his misfortune, are at a loss to determine which is 
the real and which the artificial limb. 

I would be ungrateful, too, if I did not refer to the universally prompt, polite, 
and obliging manner which has characterized your dealings with me. Heartily 
recommending the Marks artificial limbs to the maimed, I am, 

Your obedient servant, 

James P. Booth, M.D., 
Surgeon A. & P. R. R. Co. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am now wearing the leg that was. made for me in September, 
and it fits me very well. As you perhaps remember, I purchased a leg from you in 

1863, before you used the rubber foot, and since then I have worn the leg, 

and the leg, and, as you know, I have used the rubbor foot a great deal of 

the time, since you introduced it in the market, and I think it is far ahead of any 
leg that I have worn, for durability and economy, and I always feel safe when 
wearing the rubber foot, as there are no springs or cords to break, no squeaking 
or clattering sound to attract the notice of people as I pass by, and there is 
nothing to oil, except the knee joints, which can be done in a few moments, and 
then my mind is easy, so far as the leg is concerned, for the next two or three 
days. As for repairs, I would state that I have worn the rubber foot for a straight 
seven years without spending a nickel, except for oil for the knee joints, and 
25 cents will cover that item. My leg is amputated about four inches below the 
Knee, and my occupation is a clerk. 

I do considerable walking every day. My weight is about 163 pounds. 

Respectfully yours, 

Thomas Gibson. 

14f Ritch St., San Francisco, Cal. 

N. B. You will perhaps remember that the leg I got from you in 1863 was 
a present from my comrades of Co. B, 5th New Jersey Vol. Infantry. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Office of County Coroner, 
Manitou Springs, El Paso Co., Colo., Jan 14, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I wish to state to you that the last leg ordered from you for 
W. C. Allen, is in everyway satisfactory. He can work on his ranch, plow, cut 
timber, or any other work. Few would know he had an artificial limb. 

Very respectfully, 

Isaac Davis. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

1415 15th St., Denver, Colo., Nov. 18, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It affords me great pleasure to express my views regarding your 
most excellent artificial limbs with rubber hands and feet" I had the misfortune 
to lose my left leg while engaged in action in the late war of the rebellion, and 

received my first artificial limb of Mr. in N. Y. City in the fall of 1865. 

-At that time I knew nothing about the different limbs, their good or bad 



266 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



qualities, but took the first one offered to me ; although it was a great improve- 
ment on crutches, it did not give satisfaction, and I soon threw it away. After 
examining the different kinds of limbs I could see or hear of in the United 
States, and some from Europe, I secured one of your legs, and have continued 
to use yours ever since. , 

During the past 22 years, I have traveled around considerable, and met 
persons wearing all kinds of legs, but I have yet to see the colors of the banners 
of those that can walk better than I can, if they use any other limb than yours. 
Your limbs have given me perfect satisfaction, combining, as they do, easy, com- 
fortable, graceful, and natural motion and durability. I wore one for ten years 
constantly, and was engaged in rough outdoor work all the time in this 
mountain country. Several of my acquaintances who have lost their legs, and 
having seen my leg, sent in their orders and measurements, and have always 
been highly pleased with the result. Wishing you all the success you can 
possibly desire, and that your efforts to benefit the disabled may continue to be 
duly appreciated, I remain, 

Yours very truly, 

Richard McCloy, 
Formerly Private Co. A., 10th Regt,, N. Y. Cavalry. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Denver, Colo., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have used artificial legs for over twenty years, and I think I 
ought to be a good judge. The first two or three weeks I thought I would not 
like the leg, but since I have got used to it I like it first rate. I can walk easier 
with your leg and rubber foot attachment than with any other leg I have ever 
tried, and I have tried four different kinds. 

I am a plasterer by trade, and work with your leg on the scaffold every day 
now, and can safely recommend your leg to any one who is so unfortunate as to- 
need one in preference to any other make I have ever tried. It fits me better 
than any leg I have ever tried, and it was made from measurements. Any one 
wishing to ask any questions can write to me at Platteville, Weld Co., Colo. 
Very truly yours, James Dimmick. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 6, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir :— Your favor of the 26 ult. is received. 

In August 29, 1884, I lost my right foot, which was amputated ten inches be- 
low the knee. Having a large coasting vessel under construction at the time, I 
wanted to apply the best limb, one that would be the most suitable for my busi- 
ness. I therefore made a careful study of artificial limbs of different makes, and 
with advice of my doctor selected yours. I applied one of yours on the first of 
December, thirteen weeks after amputation, arid in a short time I was able to 
walk so well that hardly any one knew I had lost my foot. I have not had any 
repairs made except what you have done free of cost. 

I work and do all my business now with all ease possible for any one with a 
false limb, and feel as well as ever. 

I think your artificial limb with the rubber foot is the best one that is made. 
There are no cords or joints to break down, and the rubber foot soon gives one 
all the movement in order to walk, and then one always knows there is no turn- 
ing-over motion of the foot. I like it better than any other I have ever seen. 
I have used this one nearly three years, and like it more and more. I always, 
know where to find it. 

Hoping you will live many years to bless the afflicted with still other improve- 
ments, I am, 

Yery truly yours, 

Lucius J. Stevens. 

Clinton, Middlesex Co., Conn. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY, 



267 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

E. A. Nellis. 
Winsted, Litchfield Co., Conn., Nov. 8, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sin : — In answer to your letter of October 28, I would say : In 1864 I 
lost my leg by amputation below the knee. In I860 I procured, as I supposed, 
one of the best artificial legs in use, the wearing of which gave me much 
pain, and I was often obliged to go back on crutches until the irritated and 
swollen stump was again in condition to wear the leg. It also annoyed me very 
much by frequent rattling of the ankle joint. Repair bills were from $6 to $8 
a year. I was obliged to use a cane when walking, and walk only when obliged 
to do so. I wore this leg about two years. I met a great many wearing arti- 
ficial legs made by various firms, all of whom were laboring under difficulties 
similar to my own, the same chafed stumps, the same rattle of ankle joints, and 
heavy thud in walking which distinguished any one wearing an artificial leg 
with wooden foot and ankle joint. I think it was in 1867 or 1868, while in 
Watertown, N. Y., I met a gentleman wearing one of your artificial legs with 
rubber foot. I was surprised to see this man go up and down stairs actually on 
;a run. He also moved about among the guests at the hotel noiselessly and 
quietly, with the grace and ease of natural motion. I have forgotten the name 
■of this gentleman who advised me to get one of A. A. Marks' artificial legs with 
rubber foot. I at once wrote to you, requesting you to send me instructions 
-and blanks for taking measurements. 

I received a prompt reply, followed instructions, sent in measurements and 
•order for a leg. I soon received notice from you that the leg was ready to be 
fitted. I went on to New York, and when the leg was fitted and finished I put 
it on at your office and walked down to Fulton St., after eating supper walked 
down to Peck Slip, took boat for New Haven, feeling like a new man. I am 
now wearing the third leg made by you. I have worn your legs constantly 
from the time I first received one, never having lost an hour's time from its use. 

I go up and down stairs, up and clown hill, through the brush, hunting and 
fishing. In fact, I go when and where I please with ease and comfort. I think 
my repair bills for the last two years amount to about $2.50. I can only say, 
.as the gentleman in Watertown said to me, try one. 

Very respectfully, 

E. A. Nellis. 




N BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

New Britain, Conn., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — In response to } 7 our inquiry as to how I am satisfied with my 
leo - , I would say that it has more than met my expectations. I am now wear- 



268 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



ing it my third year and have not had to have it repaired yet. I play base- 
ball and all outdoor games, run, jump, climb trees, and skate as well and with 
as little fatigue as other 14-year-old boys. I spend most of my spare time in 
the woods hunting and trapping. My leg was amputated below the knee. As 
soon as I received the leg from the express agent I put it on and walked home. 
I can heartily recommend your legs to any one needing an artificial leg. 

Yours truly, 

George G. Griswold. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



People's Line to Bridgeport — Steamer Rosedale. 

Dec. 18, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — On Feb. 3, 1887, 1 purchased an artificial leg from you. In four 
days after I commenced work on Steamer Rosedale. I am on my feet from 
6.30 a.m. to 7.30 p.m., daily. I have lost no time, neither have I experienced 
any inconvenience in the use of it. I have not spent any thing for repairs, and it 
remains the same as when purchased. My leg was amputated one and one-half 
inches below the knee. I would be pleased to recommend them to any person who 
maybe in need of one. I can be found on Steamer Rosedale, Pier 24, East River, 
N. Y., between the hours of 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., or in Bridgeport any evening 
or Sunday. 

I will only be too happy to give any information to any who will call and 
see me. 

Yours truly, 

Conrad Prutting. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

So. Norwalk, Fairfield Co., Conn., Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial limb that I have from you I have worn continually 
for five years, working in the children's carriage business at Five Mile River, 
Conn. I think that the rubber foot is a great improvement. The cost in that 
time has been nothing, no repairs being needed. Point of amputation,, 
four and one-half inches below the knee. My work is rather laborious. 

Respectfully yours, 

Frederick A. Scofield. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

"Most substantial leg made." 



Nsv., 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is fourteen years since I bought my artificial leg of you. I did 
not think I should ever walk as well as I do with it. I have done all the hard 
work that is to be done on a small farm, even to building a stone wall, of which 
there was nearly one hundred rods, and some of my neighbors said it was done 
better than they could have done it for themselves. I am walking and going 
somewhere all the time, driving the cows and going after them, a mile or 
more every day. 

I think your artificial leg" with the rubber foot is the most substantial leg 
made. 

Charles E. Comstock. 

Wilton, Fairfield Co., Conn. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 269 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your request I would say that my right leg was 
amputated four inches below the knee. I have been wearing one of your style 
of legs for about five years without any repairs whatever, except a new shoulder 
strap, and those I sweat out. The limb bids fair to stand me ten or fifteen 
years longer ; it appears to be as good now as when you made it. I am a 
laboring man, and have to walk one mile to and from my work, and walk so 
well that most folks don't know that I wear one. It is a smart walker with two 
legs that can get away from me. I think there is no artificial foot that comes 
so near the natural one as the rubber foot, for this reason : it gives either way, 
and with a shoe or boot on it is hard to detect from the natural one. The 
boot don't look as if it had a last inside, as one does made of wood. I am an 
old soldier, and would recommend your artificial legs to all comrades in my 
condition. 

Respectfully yours, 

L. C. Beckwith. 

Thomastown, Litchfield Co., Coxsr. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Bradford, New Haven Co., Conn., Dec. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is with a willing hand that I write you these few lines in 
praise of your artificial leg with rubber foot. Nine years ago I wrote to, 
different firms in the United States, asking for catalogues for artificial limbs, and 
all responded. 

I compared them all, and thought yours would be the best, and I can con- 
fidentially say that your artificial leg with rubber foot is the best made in the 
world. I have worn the leg for nine years, and it has not cost me one cent to repair, 
it. My work is of a laborious character, standing all day and lifting heavy work. 
Nine years ago I went to your place of business and left my measurements, 
receiving the leg in two weeks, and have been wearing it ever since. By my 
telling of the good of the leg, I have sent five men to you, and they all speak 
of them in the highest terms. 

The amputation of my leg is four inches below the knee. 

Dear sir, if I live long enough to wear out this one, I will surely have 
another. This is the first letter that you have had from me since I bought 
the leg, and I am pleased it is not a letter of regret. I know of others 
whose artificial legs are breaking clown all the time, which have cost them 
more than the first cost of the leg. If there is any one who disputes or does 
not believe the foregoing, please write to Johx B. Goakley, Branford, Conn., 
and all letters will be kindly answered. 



BELOYT-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Dec. 14, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — In regard to my artificial limb, I got it ten weeks after the amputation 
and have worn it ever since. My limb was amputated six inches below the 
knee. I was five weeks in Hartford Hospital ; in eight weeks Dr. Parker of 
South Manchester took my measures for the limb I got from you. I had it in 
two weeks after, and I have worn it ever since. I can walk twenty miles a day. 
I work in the N. Y. & N. E. R. R., in New Britain, Conn. I can do any work 
that ever I did 

Yours very respectfully, 

Tim Curtes. 

15 Casey St., Norwood, Norfolk Co., Mass. 



270 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LtMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 29, 1887. 
I have worn one of the legs made by you for the last seven years, and it has 
not been out of order or caused me the loss of an hour from my work, which 
is laborious, having to lift coils of copper wire weighing as high as one 
hundred and thirty pounds. I consider the rubber foot by far superior to all 
others (having had experience with other manufacturers' legs) for durability 
and advantage to the wearer. I never dared do any thing outside of light 
employment while wearing the other styie of legs. 

My leg was amputated four inches below the knee. I will be pleased to 
correspond with any body in this matter, and will consider that I have done a 
deed they should be thankful for to the end of their days for putting before 
them an article that in my experience ranks next to the human foot. I would 
not wear one of the previously worn legs if presented to me free, if there was 
one of A. A. Marks' in market selling for twice its present price. 

I am, in gratitude, 

A. A. Bridgeman. 
128 Derby St., Birmingham, Conn. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

4 Franklin, Block, Bridgeport, Conn., Nov. 8, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your patent artificial leg for the past fifteen 
years ; I had previously worn others ; but they were not satisfactory to me. In 
my opinion, your leg is far superior to any other artificial leg made. First, 
because of its ease, elasticity, and stillness ; these are obtained by the use of 
the rubber foot, and I think it is the only sensible thing to use for this pur- 
pose, as it is free from all complications of cords and bolts, such as are used in 
other legs, and which cause a continual rattling, and is very disagreeable. 
Second, because of their durability, which is no small item. I have used the 
one I am now wearing about seven years, and it is good for a long lime yet. 

I am in the insurance and real estate business, and am continually on the go. 
There are few who walk as much as I do. My leg is amputated four and a 
half inches below the knee. The cost of repairs during the fifteen years will 
not exceed two dollars per year. During this time I have recommended them 
as the very best leg that could be obtained, and a large number of these parties 
to whom I have recommended have purchased, and are still wearing them, 
and in every instance to their entire satisfaction. 

Yours very truly, 

A. E. Bartram. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

East Haven, New Haven Co., Conn., Nov. 18, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir: — The undersigned parents of the child, Mabel, to whom some 
three or more years ago, when but a little more tnan one year old, you fitted a 
lower limb after an amputation, are not only willing but anxious to testify to 
its merits. 

The child uses the artificial limb without the least inconvenience, and we 
would also sincerely thank you for your attention to her needs. 

Mr. & Mrs. E. S. Thompson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

United States Indian Service, Pine Ridge Agency, 
Shannon, S. Dakota, March 26, 1890. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 
Dear Sir :— On Sept. 18, 1889, I performed the operation of amputation 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



271 



:at the middle and lower third junction of the 
left leg on Ceca Yamni (Peter Three Thighs) a 
Sioux Indian attached to this agency. He was a 
^sufferer from necrosis of the tarsus and a com- 
plete invalid, absolutely unable to stand, to say 
inothing of walking . I did not succeed in getting 
his consent to operate until I told him about your 
excellent limbs, how he would be enabled to 
walk, run, ride, work, etc., and that his deform- 
ity would be completely hidden to strangers. 
In due time the stump healed and I sent you 
measurements for his leg. It came by express, 
and I immediately adjusted it. To my surprise 
it fitted him perfectly, and at this writing he is 
going about among the Indians with as much 
•ease and comfort as could be desired. On its 
first wearing I thought the head of the fibula 
was a little crowded, but that has disappeared 
and he wears it now just as you sent it, without 
any alteration, and with the greatest satisfac- 
tion, both to myself and himself. Inclosed is a 
photograph in war costume, which he sends 
you with his compliments, with a hope that it 
will be interesting to his race and an example 
of what the " White Medicine Men" can do for 
his people. 

Very respectfully, 

Z. T. Daniel, M.D., 

Agency Physician, 

IT. S. Indian Service. 




No. 322. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION 



U. S. Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C, Nov." 16, 1887. 
IVIr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your favor of the 26th ult. I can state that I have 
worn an artificial leg ever since the war. 

I knew nothing of your leg until about 1868. I had then used two legs of 
different makes. One did not answer at all. 

The other I took to you, and had a rubber foot put on, and was so well 

pleased with the change that I have ever since used your leg. My experience 

indicates that your foot is superior in durability, at least to those I have tried. 

In my judgment, its great merits are its simplicity, durability, and its elasticity. 

The material and workmanship have always been good. 

Yours truly, 

R. Catlin, 
Deputy Gov. Soldiers' Home, late Capt. 5th U. S. Art. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nashua, Putnam Co., Fla., Nov. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— My leg is all right. I have been wearing it since June 4, 
about five months. It has cost me nothing as yet for repairs, and I work with 
other men at farm work. 



Respectfully, 



John Crouch. 



'J/^ A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

November 6, 1889. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir ; — The success attending the case of my son, P. H. S. Everest, has 
been very gratifying. It is really remarkable what he is able to do on the 
artificial leg you made for him. After suffering for fifteen years as a cripple 
he is now practically restored. He goes about without the use of a cane. He 
plays in a band and frequently marches four or five miles. We all. his father, 
mother, brothers and sisters join together in sending our best wishes for your 
success in business. My son is now in Exchange Bank, Portland, Kansas. 
He writes that he can stand at his desk half a day and not get tired. 

Respectfully yours, 

J. D. Everest. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Tallahassee, Leon Co., Fla., Oct. 29, 1887. 
Doctor A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your favor of the 26th to hand. 

In July, 1863, I lost a foot at the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., amputation just 
above the ankle. In 1864 I purchased an artificial limb made at Charlottsville, 

Va., used this limb until 1866, then made purchase of a of Philadelphia, 

which I wore until 1870, and then purchased a limb. In 1876 I purchased 

one of your limbs with a rubber foot. I therefore claim to be in a position to 
judge as to who is the best maker of artificial limbs. 

I unhesitatingly pronounce your artificial limbs the best I have ever seen, 
and had I the ear of every person needing an artificial limb I would advise them 
ps strongly as possible to purchase one of the Marks limbs. Having worn your 
limb for over ten years I find the rubber foot as good now as the day when the 
purchase for the limb was made. During the past ten years I have had occasion 
to send for only knee bolts and shoulder straps. 

About two years ago, you will remember, I sent you an order for an artificial 
limb for a colored man at this place. His measurements were taken according 
to directions sent out by you. When the limb was received it was found that 
you had made a perfect fit, and the party has time and again thanked me for 
recommending your limb. My occupation is that of a cotton commission mer- 
chant, and am forced to do a great deal of outdoor work. I have often been 
told by acquaintances of ten years' standing that they had known me for some 
time and had only lately discovered that I was the wearer of an artificial limb, 
and then had to be told first of the fact. Nothing artificial can be made per- 
fect, but your limb, in my opinion, is the best that can be made. During the 
war I was captain of Co, M, 2d Fla. Regt. With my best wishes, I remain, 

Very truly, 

John Day Perkins. 



[From the Hon. T. W. Getzen.] 
BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Fort White, Columbia Co., Fla., Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing an artificial leg of different make for over 
twenty years, and I prefer yours to any I have ever worn. I especially like the 
rubber foot, as there is no rattling and squeaking, so disagreeable to sensitive 
ears, and there is plenty of elasticity. I have been wearing one of yours now 
for the last four years, and have paid out nothing for repairs. It was fitted 
from measurements taken by myself with instructions furnished on blank form 
from you. The leg when received had only to be cut in a few places where 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 273 



there was too much pressure. Of course I think it best to visit the factory for 
fitting, but that is not always convenient. 

My leg is amputated two inches below patella or knee-pan. 
My occupation is general farming, which I superintend and direct myself. 

Eesrjectfully, 

T. W. Getzen. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Henry L. Wilson, Real Estate Agent, 
28 Peachtree St., Atlanta, Ga., Jan. 5, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

My Dear Sir : — I am so much pleased with my artificial limb that I feel like 
urging every one so unfortunate as to lose a leg to try one of yours. It is light 
and simple, never getting out of fix. During the seven years I have used mine 
it has never given me the slightest inconvenience, but is always ready for use. 

I went to military school one year and beat the drum, marching in front of 
the company one hour every day. Coming home, I went into the insurance 
business, and was an insurance solicitor for over a year, keeping me on the go 
all day long in rain, snow, and sleet, and I never used a stick. After that I went 
into the real estate business with my father, and on one occasion walked sixteen 
and one-half miles on a railroad track, in the rain, to transact some business. In 
this walk I crossed two tressels over fifty feet high, and over a new road that 
was very muddy, it having rained for three or four days. I regard the rubber 
foot as the greatest invention of this century, it being noiseless and filling the 
shoe so perfectly it is almost impossible to say which is the artificial foot. I 
have gone with new friends for months, and they never once thought I had an 
artificial limb. I have been asked by people if my shoe hurt my foot, and when 
I would tell them I had on an artificial limb they would laugh at me, and I 
would have to ltt them feel for themselves before they would believe it. 

I can dance, act on the bar, skate on rollers, and even run. 

Yours, etc., 

W. T. Wilson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Americus, Sumter Co., Ga., Nov. 4, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I am happy to have an opportunity of contributing for publica- 
tion my experience with your patent artificial limbs. I have worn your patent, 
made from measurements for amputation below knee, for two years with great 
ease, and without any repairs excepting one suspender, which cost the small 
sum of $1.50. I consider the rubber foot the greatest wonder of the limb, 
giving as it does a life-like motion, and rendering the wearer capable of walking 
on uneven surface with ease and dispatch. 

1 work on a farm, my occupation being a planter. 

I cheerfully commend your make of limbs for their durability, simplicity, and 
comfort ; in fact, I am so highly pleased that I cannotentertain the remotest idea 
of ever purchasing any other than the Marks. 

Most respectfully yours, 

Jesse J. Weaver. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Williamsburg, Fremont Co., Col., Nov. 22, 1888. 
Mr, Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn the artificial leg you made for me in the mines and 
could get along as well as any of the other miners. I have worn other styles of 



274 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

legs, but I find yours to be much better. There is another party here using 
your leg, and he walks splendidly with it. 

Respectfully yours, 

Wm. Masters. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

A. A Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your letter in regard to artificial legs of your manu- 
facture, I would say that I regard them as the best, both in construction and 
durability. I am wearing the same one that I purchased from you four years 
ago, and I am pleased to say that it lias always given perfect satisfaction. My 
-occupation is that of a stationary engineer. While my duties are not laborious, 
I think I give your leg as severe a test as could be made, as I do a great deal of 
walking, having charge of eight engines, 14 pumps, four 125 H. P. boilers and 
two 40 H. P. boilers, all scattered over five acres of ground. 

Yours truly, 

Samuel E. Bixby, 

331 Gorden St,, West End, Ga. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Dec. 7, 1887. 
Dr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending your rubber foot. The rubber 
comes nearer imparting the natural elastic motion to the step than any device 
yet invented. 

Yours with respect, 

Matthew Rice. 
632 Broad St. Augusta, Ga. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Augusta, Richmond Co., Ga., Nov. 9, 1887. 
Dr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Ten years ago my leg was amputated below knee. I at once 
had a leg made and paid a large price for it. I was at the shop where it was 
made every day to try it. After it was made I could not wear it any length of 
time for reason of its paining me. I abandoned it in less than three months. 

In conversation with a friend he advised me to order a leg from you. I 
took the measure in Augusta, Ga. , sent it on tt you in July, nine years ago. 
One month after I received the leg with rubber foot. I put it on without any- 
thing being done to it in the way of adjustment. I have worn it ever since, 
and have not paid a cent for repairs, and have not done any thing on it myself. 

I was in the grocery and butcher business three years, and have been farming 
ever since, and being a fleshy man, working hard, you know the test I put the 
leg to. I believe with my present experience in taking care of an artificial leg 
I could have worn one of your make fifteen years. I have recommended your 
rubber foot and hand to several. Without exception they have given perfect 
satisfaction. I ordered an arm with rubber hand for Miss Emma Beaver, who 
works in Augusta Cotton Factory, and she uses it for any work she has to do. I 
know one gentleman who wore (or tried to wear) five different make of legs and 
could not wear any of them. I recommended him to send to you for one. He 
did so, and now he says he wears it with perfect ease. It was a good day for 
the maimed when you put the ruober foot into use. You are at liberty to use 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 275 



this as information to any one who might be in need of artificial limbs. Know- 
ing the value of them myself, it would be a source of comfort to me to know 
that I had been able to give my experience for the benefit of my suffering 
friends. 

Very respectfully, 

Geo. R. Dorsey. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Columbus, Muscogee Co., Ga., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks ; 

Dear Sir : — I purchased from you some time ago an artificial foot, having 
had my foot cut off below the knee. I can without hesitation recommend it 
for durability and advantage compared to the old style, and in particular your 
mode of construction. It causes me no pain and gives entire satisfaction, 
wherein the old style foot hurt me the whole time of five years I wore it. I 
am a boiler-maker by trade. I do heavy flanging for the firm. I work and 
do repairs on boilers throughout the country. A few days ago I took a walk 
of ten miles across the country, something I never could do with the old style. 
Any person desiring further information I will kindly give, and recommend 
your artificial limbs to all persons desiring to purchase such. 

Respectfully, 

J. S. McBride. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 8, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I will tell you something about my artificial leg. I wore a leg- 
fifteen years and liked it well. Seven years ago I got one of yours and liked 
it a great deal better. If I knew I could not get another no money could buy 
my leg. My occupation is keeping house, such as all country women have to.' 
do. You can use my name if you desire. 

Respectfully yours, 

Fannie Crittenden,. 
Elberton, Elbert Co. , Ga. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Exeter, Pierce Co., Ga., Nov. 5, 1887: 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial leg received from you has given entire satisfaction, 
I have been using it for eight years, and can recommend to any one desiring the 
use of an artificial limb. My limb was amputated above the ankle, and I find 
the superiority of the rubber foot above all others, and their durability and 
advantage the same. 

Yours respectfully, 

Thos. Spikes.. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Gibson, Ga., Nov. 19, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — I wish to certify that I have worn artificial legs for twenty 
three years, and never could wear one with any ease or comfort until I pur- 
chased one of your make with india-rubber foot, which I have worn for eight 
years with only ten dollars for repairs. My leg was amputated six inches. 
below the knee. I am a farmer ; do not labor, though walk a great deal, and 
my weight is two hundred and ten pounds. I walk so well as to cause persons; 



276 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY 



to affirm that I have two good natural legs until they had examined. Tiiere 
is no noise whatever unnatural while in motion with one of your manufacture 
of legs, and I take the greatest pleasure in recommending them to the public, 
as I think there is no other that will compare with yours ; therefore I never 
-expect to wear any other, as I would not accept of any other as a present. 

Yours, etc., 

B. A. Hook. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
" Eight years and not a cent for repairs." 

Nicholson, Ga., Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I beg leave to state that I have been wearing your rubber foot 
ior seven or eight years, that previously I had worn three other different 
makes of artificial limbs, and that yours excels them in every particular, and 
that I shall never wear any other leg as long as I can get Marks' leg. I walked 
last Friday twelve miles on Marks' leg without inconvenience. 

It is now in good order. I have examined twenty different makes of legs 
and feet, and as for power, certainty at the ankle joint (a great desideratum), and 
•durability yours far surpasses them all. The old style ankle joint and cat-gut 
accompaniments will have to take a back seat. Ours is an age of progress ; 
scientific development will always lay shoddy ism in the shade. 

The two limbs I have worn of your make, though made from measurements, 
were perfect fits. Neither of the limbs purchased of you have ever cost me a 
cent for repairs. 

Yours truly, 

A. Louis Barge. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Fitted from Measurements. 



• 



2 Forsyth St., Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga., Nov. 2, 1887. 
I have used your artificial foot and leg "continuously for three years, and it 
•gives perfect satisfaction. The fit by measurements was perfect. I had no 
repairs done during the three years, although I was in active business, such as 
salesman in retail dry-goods and grocery store, and have walked the old field 
bird-hunting, for one-half day at a time. The rubber foot seems as good 
to-day as when first bought. Hoping that the above will be of some service to 
rsome maimed, and yourself, I am, 

Yours truly, 

Thos. Ezell. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Plantersville, Georgetown Co., Ga., Nov. 10, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing limbs of your make for the last sixteen 
years, and I most cheerfully state that they have given great satisfaction. I 
prefer your make of leg to any other, for noiselessness, durability, and perfect 
tit from measurements. 

The rubber foot surpasses all others, and wears well. I have had three of 
your limbs, and have given them severe tests, and recommend them to all who 
have been unfortunate in losing a limb, I have been wearing artificial limbs 
for twenty-two years ; I have worn one other make, but your make is far 
.ahead. I have not paid one cent for repairs. My leg is amputated six inches 
below the knee. 

Very respectfully yours, John Ford. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 27? 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Villa Rica, Carroll Co., Ga., Oct. 29, 1887. 
.Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — I wish to say a word of encouragement to you, in regard to your 
artificial limb. I have been trying one of your rubber feet, for nearly three 
years, and don't think that there can be too much said in their favor. I think 
that they are as near a success as can be. I must confess that when I first got 
my foot, I was very much disheartened with it. I thought that it did not fit, and 
that I never would be able to wear it at all, but after trying it for a while, I 
found that I was in fault, and not the foot. Now I can put it on in the morn- 
ing. I am in the mercantile business, and I have a good trade, and can 
attend to my sales myself, almost as though I had two natural feet. My foot 
was amputated just above the ankle. 

As to durability, I don't think it can be excelled. There is hardly any cause 
for it to wear out. There is no rattling or squeaking about it, and if I was 
not known to be a cripple, people would say that I had a corn on my foot or 
something of the sort. So I hope that you may live a long life and be able to 
relieve and comfort a great many in trouble and need your help. Wishing 
you all the success, I remain, 

Yours truly, 

W. F. Strickland. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Dana, La Salle Co., III., Nov. 12, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I have worn your make of artificial limbs three years, and like 
them very well. I am a farmer, and do a great deal of work. My limb was 
taken off half-way between the knee and ankle joint. I haven't had any re- 
pairs except a new suspender. 

Yours truly, 

W. Henry Jones. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 18, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I am very well pleased with the artificial leg you sent me. I 
was five years old when I had the first one, and I am now thirteen years old, 
and I thank you for it. 

Yours, very truly, 

Rosle May. 
Guthrie, Ford Co., III. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

6151 Main St., Streator, Ills., Oct. 29, 1887. 
My Dear Frlend : — I received your letter on the 28th, and am very glad to 
hear from you. I am getting along very nicely with your artificial limb. 
I walk a half a mile every day to school. 
No matter how much I walk, it never hurts me a bit. 
My leg is all right yet. 

From your friend, 

MrCHAEL Mulcahey. 



278 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Argos, Marshall Co., Ind. Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — I purchased an artificial leg of your manufacture, with the 
patent jointless rubber foot, about four years ago, and must say that it far 
exceeds its representations. 

I have not had any repairs done on my substitute, but it is a wonder I have 
not required a new leg, considering the way I have used it. My leg was am- 
putated just three inches below the knee-pan, and I went so long on what is 
called a peg leg that my stump was shaped badly, but I go just the same, re- 
gardless of these drawbacks ; can skate on ice or roller skates. My occupation 
is not laborious, but I do a great deal. I think the rubber foot far exceeds any 
thing of its kind. I close, wishing you great success. 

Yours truly, 

Wm. H. Roberts. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Rook & Dennis, Brooms and Brushes. 
Jonesboro, Grant Co., Ind., Oct. 30, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I write you in regard to the artificial leg you made for me- 
nearly three years ago. I consider it superior to any other leg I have ever 
worn ; it has not been out of order since I got it. The lightness, easiness, and 
softness of the rubber foot far excels any other leg I have ever seen, I am a 
broom maker and our factory is one mile from town. I walk it twice a day 
and don't tire. I have worn artificial legs for twenty years. My leg was am- 
putated six inches below the knee. I can cheerfully recommend your artificial 
leg. 

Yours truly, A. Dennis.. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Jonesboro, Grant Co., Ind., Nov. 20, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — My left limb was amputatsd March 10, 1884, four inches below 
the knee ; I was run over by the train near Marshalltown, Iowa. I wore a 
wooden peg that I fixed myself until March 10, 1887, when one of your artifi- 
cial limbs with rubber foot was received, made by sending the measurements 
to you. I had worn the peg so long, and not using my knee joint it became 
very weak, and I somewhat lost the use of it. I could not quite straighten the 
stump. For this reason, I could not wear the limb only a part of the time, but 
after a while I could walk without the use of a, cane. I have been a farmer all 
my life until the past year. I am caring for my afflicted father ; he weighs 
over 170 pounds and is almost entirely helpless ; he can walk when he is helped. 
I can lift and care for him as well as any body. I would advise any one not 
to put off getting a new limb as long as I did, but advise them to go and get 
one with a rubber foot. 

Yours truly, 

Henry W. Elliott. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Kewanna, Fulton Co., Ind., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn the artificial leg I received of you about foui en 
months ; have given it a thorough trial, and think it is the best artificial limb I 
have ever seen. I have had twenty-two years' experience with other patents, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 279 

and yours is superior to all of them. Your leg gives the wearer more of a life- 
like appearance when walking. I often walk live miles at one time, and can do 
it with ease and comfort. 

Yours respectfully. 

T. W. Patty. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 
Fitted from Measurements. 



La Fontaine, Wabash Co., Ind., Jan. 13, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, New York City: 

Dear Sir : — Mr. Albert Thomas, the drawing of whose limb I sent you last 
fall a year ago, is well pleased with his limb, as it is a perfect fit and enables 
him to walk with but little inconvenience. I have no hesitancy in recom- 
mending it as being superior to any with which I am acquainted. 

Yours truly, James L. Dicken, M.D. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I had an artificial leg made by measure, as you know. It fits 
all right and has never cost me a dollar in over three years. I am a farmer, 
-and do as much work as my hired men. I never use a cane to walk with. I 
have a boy seven years old. He often wants to run me a foot-race, but I can 
beat him. I wanted a friend of mine in La Porte to buy his leg of you. He 
.got a Chicago leg, and it is not of much service. 

Yours respectfully, 

Ed. Hews. 
La Porte, La Porte Co., Ind., Box 868. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying to the satisfaction I have derived 
from the use of your artificial limb. 

I have worn it nearly fourteen months, and have not missed a day of school 
on account of it. I have no hesitation in saying that as far as my knowledge 
goes they are the simplest and the most useful that are made. Others have 
expressed the same opinion as myself. My limb was amputated below the 
knee January 20, 1886, and in about six months afterward I sent my measure- 
ment for a limb, which was made without my presence. I have had no repairs. 
I consider that your appliances fulfill all the conditions called for in providing 
artificial support after amputation. 

Yours respectfully, 

™ n ^ . „ ^ ^ w - Albert Thomas. 

26 bo. Union St., Delaware, O. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 19, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— The rubber foot you made me two years ago is perfectly satis- 
factory. I can use it just as well as I could the . I have strongly recom- 
mended it to every one I have met who needed anything of the kind, and hope 
I have been instrumental in sending you some customers. 

If I should ever need a new leg will have nothing but the rubber foot. 

Yours truly, H. B. Lawrence. 

Terre Haute, Vigo Co., Ind. 



280 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

In the U. S. Service as Guide and Interpreter. 

Fort Supply, Ind. Ter., Nov. 15, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Sir : — I take pleasure in stating that the artificial leg with rubber foot which 
I received from you has given entire satisfaction. I consider it near perfection, 
compared with others I have worn. My leg was amputated just below the 
knee, and with your appliance I can walk almost as well as I could with the 
natural limb. I am in the employ of the U. S. Government as guide and in- 
terpreter, and am in the saddle a great portion of the time. 

I have as yet had no occasion to have any repairs to the leg. 



Yours trul 



Chj 



Amos Chapman. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Comanche, Clinton Co., Iowa, Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn two different make of limbs, but neither gave me 
as good satisfaction as yours. I feel proud in recommending your limbs, as 
they are the best in the world. I am a great lover of sport, such as fishing and 
hunting, and can walk all day. My weight is two hundred pounds. I have 
worn one of Marks' limbs for over eight years, and it has never needed repairs. 
I had the measurements taken where I live. Yours truly, 

James Carter. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Mediapolis, Des Moines Co., Iowa, Nov. 3., 1887. 
A. A Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : — In complying with your request I take pleasure in recommend- 
ing your artificial limbs. I have been wearing your patent rubber foot for 
fifteen years, having been fitted from a plaster cast for leg amputated five 
inches below the knee. 

During the above time I have had two limbs ; during the preceding ten years 
I wore out four limbs made by other parties. 

Am engaged in commercial business, and am on my feet almost constantly, 
and perform all labor required and stand by my associates in business. 

Yours truly, 

S. D. Fulmer. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

East Bridge St.,EDDYviLLE, Wapello Co., Iowa, Nov. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— In reply to your letter I will say I have worn your artificial 
leg for seventeen years, and I regard your patent as first-class in every respect. 
I wore one leg fifteen years and it never cost me five cents. I should recom- 
mend A. A. Marks' legs above all others. My occupation is sewing-machine 
agent, and I am always on my feet, and the leg is never idle. I have gained 
from one hundred and thirty-five to two hundred and thirty pounds since I have 
been wearing the limb. 

Hundreds of people in this part of the country don't know that I wear an 
artificial limb. They are no Sunday leg, like some manufacturers' ; they are all 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 281 



the week, the year around. I should advise all persons requiring an artificial) 
leg or hand to try Marks' patent above all others. 

Yours with respect, 

James M. Welch 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

• 
Cedar Falls, Black Hawk Co., Iowa, Nov. 9, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial leg with rubber foot furnished by you for me, now 
nearly fifteen years since, has been in constant use during all that time, and has 
not at any time failed to give full and perfect satisfaction. I have been wearing 
an artificial leg for the past seven years, and had worn out and thrown away 
two of other makes before procuring one of yours. From my experience ancL 
close observation of others I am fully warranted in stating that your leg with, 
rubber foot is in very many essential points superior to any other that has come 
to my notice. On the score of economy, my experience is that, the first cost be- 
ing the same, the expense of repairs on other legs, for a term, say of ten years, 
will increase the cost of their legs to at least double that of yours. During the 
fifteen years I have worn your leg I have expended in repairs not to exceed 
seven dollars, less than I often expended in a single year on the other legs. The 
absence of springs, cords, pulleys, and bolts in the foot is a great improvement, 
enabling the wearer to step softly without the jar and jerking movement so- 
observable in the more complicated feet. My leg was fitted by you from meas- 
urements made by myself on blanks furnished by you. The fit was from the 
first complete, and I have never had occasion to make any change. 

I have known of several others whose experience in this respect is similar to- 
my own. I have recommended your leg to a number of unfortunates, and. 
in no instance have they failed to be well satisfied. 

I am, respectfully, 

S. H. Packard, Atty. , etc. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



J. L. Cole & Son, Druggists, 
Greene, Iowa, May 14, 1888. 



A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have made trips of thousands of miles, have been on the- 
mountains, in mines, on the ocean, and everywhere that tourists can go, and I 
believe that I have seen as much as any one, and have always been the last to- 
say " quit." 

In all my rough travels through mountainous country, here and abroad, the- 
Marks leg got me to the front every time, without the least repair. I have 
not put one cenfs worth of repairs on the leg since I got it in 1880, and it is as. 
good to-day as the first day I put it on, and I am in active business and on my- 
feet all the time. I never expect to find any leg that will give better service. 

Yours truly, 

J. L. Cole. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Spencer, Clay Co., Iowa, Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— The first artificial limb I had was in 1864, made in Chicago It 
did not last over one year till I had to repair it. Since that time I have woru 
your limbs and have found them to be the most durable of any limbs I have 
ever seen. 

My leg is off eight inches above the ankle. I am a carpenter, and can climb. 



282 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

a ladder or go where any others can go ; as for me, I would not change it for any 
one I have ever seen. 

The one I have now I have worn three years, and it is as good as ever ; if any 
one wants any reference to your limbs direct them to me. 

I am, yours respectfully, 

Scott Case. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 2, 1887. 



A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir :— On the 26th day of February, 1886, you know I wrote you tell- 
ing you that my leg was amputated two inches below the knee joint, and asking 
you if you thought you could make me a leg so that I could use the knee joint 
in walking. To this you promptly answered that you could, and sending me 
your formula for taking measure at home. This was done and returned to you 
with the order. In about ten days the leg arrived with instructions how to put on, 
etc., and I can say I have been wearing it with satisfaction every day since, not 
having required any repairs, as there is no machinery about it to become out of 
order, and no rattling noise to be heard when I walk, because the foot is made 
of rubber. This not only makes the step silent and natural but also saves wear- 
ing out the socks. 

Yours truly, 

Helge Thompson, Postmaster. 

Dunbar, Marshall Co., Iowa. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Randall, Jewell Co., Kansas, Nov. 13, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — For the benefit of those who have been unfortunate like my- 
self, by the loss of a limb, I would say that I believe the limb with a rub- 
ber foot, manufactured by you, to be superior to any limb that I have any 
knowledge of. I have worn limbs of three different kinds. The limb you 
made for me by measurements I have worn for over five years, and it has not 
cost me one cent for repairs during that time. There are no cords, bolts, or 
other machinery in the ankle, to get out of repair, or cause annoyance. Any 
one desiring information further, and will write me, I will cheerfully answer. 

Respectfully yours, 

Manoah Stone. . 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Lawrence, Kansas, Aug. 6, 1888. 
I have worn one of your legs for a number of years. I find it durable and 
comfortable ; have plowed, harrowed, and worked in the harvest. I am 50 
years of age. I consider yours the best leg in the world. 

Eltas B. Helm. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Kiowa, Barber Co., Kansas, Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks •. 

Dear Sir — I have worn the limb made by you from measurements sent you 
t»y mail one year, and am -well pleased with it. My limb is amputated four 
inches below the knee. 

I work as an operator, and have no trouble in performing my duties, so far 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 28$ 



as the limb is concerned. I have been crippled ten years, and my greatest re- 
gret is that I was induced to wear a peg leg so long. I can cheerfully recom- 
mend your limb to any one having had the misfortune to lose a limb. 
I will answer any inquiries that may be made concerning the limb. 

I am, yours very truly, 

C. P. Hale. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Pierce City, Lawrence Co., Miss., Nov. 15, .1887. 
Friend A. A. Marks : 

I feel like saying a few words for your most elegant artificial leg. It seems 
to me there can be no better made. I have thoroughly tested them, to my 
greatest satisfaction, in all kinds of weather. Their durability can not be ques- 
tioned in my judgment, and your success in fitting and measuring has proven 
excellent. I can cheerfully recommend them to one and all. 

The present is my third limb, and you have improved on each«one. 
My occupation has been, for a number of years, looking up good locations 
and buying o town sites. I do a great deal of walking. 

Yours respectfully, 

J. A. Grayson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Evansville, Ind., Nov. 4, 1889. 
A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — In regard to the leg I purchased of you for Adam Snyder 
in May, 1888, I can freely say that it has given complete satisfaction. Mr. 
Snyder has been firing an engine in the yards of the E. & T. H. R. R. 
Co. at i his place since July, 1888, and has not missed one day from work 
on account of his leg. We are all well pleased with the results attending 
his case. 
I shall send you more orders soon. 

Very respectfully, 

G. M. Young, M.D, 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Havana, Montgomery Co., Kansas. 
State of Kansas, 

County of Montgomery, 

J. C. Blair, being duly sworn upon his oath, deposes and says as follows : 

I have worn artificial limbs about twenty months. 

I wore one manufactured by of Independence, Kansas, about eleven 

months, which was of but little service to me. It was too heavy, did not fit, 
and was continually getting out of order at the ankle joint, and was a great 
discomfort to me. ' I then sent measurements to A. A. Marks of New York 
City, and in a very short time received one of their artificial legs with rubber 
foot, which was very light, fitted like a glove. I have worn it about nine 
months, had no repairs, and it has given general satisfaction. 

I have no fault to find, and believe that the rubber foot is the best in the 
world, and can be surpassed by none. 

My leg is off four inches and a half below the knee. 

I am in the real estate business, at Havana, Kansas ; can take care of my 



284' a. A. MAEKS, ABTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW IOKK CITY. 

horses, harness and hitch them to buggy. I have walked as far as four and 
one-half miles at one time, while wearing Marks' artificial leg. 

Signed, J. C. Blair. 
Witness, Capt. Geo. A. Peck. 
State of Kansas, ) 

County of Montgomery, f ' 

Subscribed and sworn before me, a notary public, in and for said county and 
State, this the thirty-first day of October, 1887. 

J. R. Blair, 
Notary Public. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
Works on a farm. 

Kirwin, Phillips Co., Kashas, Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I had a foot amputated March 19, 1885, and as soon after as 
possible I began to wear a peg, and continued to wear one until January 1, 
1887. Since then I have worn one of your artificial legs with rubber foot fitted 
to measurements, and I have had no use for the peg. I have worn this leg ten 
months, and notice that my health is a great deal better than when I wore that 
strap around me, which belongs to a peg. I can do almost as much on the 
farm — for that is my occupation — as any one. 

The leg is as good as when I received it, and no money could entice me to be 
without one. As I consider your leg perfect, why should I not testify to its 
merits ? It has put me on my feet again. People that do not know that I have 
an artificial leg will hardly believe it when told. 

Wishing you success, I am, 

Elias R. Anderson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Garnet, Anderson Co., Kansas, Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

I avail myself of the opportunity to write you a few lines. In 1864 I re- 
ceived one of Dr. 's legs, and tried to use it for years, but could never 

wear it with any comfort, and finally laid it aside altogether and took to the 
peg leg. 

I then thought I would never try an artificial leg again. But a friend that 
was wearing one of your legs with rubber foot persuaded me to try your leg. 
So two years ago I got you to make me a leg, and have worn it ever since, and 
have had no trouble with it ; it is the boss. I would not take a leg with ankle 
joint as a gift, unless I wanted a leg and music box combined. 

My leg is off five inches below the knee. I walk without a cane, and very 
few notice my being lame ; I think I do as mtfch walking every day as any 
man in our little city, and my leg never gets sore and has never been out of re- 
pair since I got it. 

Very truly yours, 

J. A. Bell, 
Co. I, 22d Regt. Ind. Vol. Inft. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Paradise, Russell Co., Kansas, Nov. 4, 1887. 
.A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — It it is with pleasure I recommend your artificial leg, knowing by long 
experience that there is no other limb made that can give the satisfaction your 
artificial limb gives. I have been using your make for the last fifteen years 
:and am well pleased with it. My occupation is farming. My limb is oflf from 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 285 



one and one-half inches below the knee joint. It has never cost me ten cents 
for repairs since I have been wearing your make of a limb, and the rubber foot 
is just what makes your limb the best ; no jarring when walking. 
Hoping you success, I remain yours, 

S. B. Andrews. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Warrensburg, Warren Co., N. Y., Nov. 22, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs for one year and eight 
months. 

My leg was broken nine inches below the knee by falling off a load of hay 
on August 17, 1885. It was broken so badly that it had to be amputated. I 
received one of your legs March 9, 1886 ; put it on the next day, but could not 
make much headway with it ; but I kept trying and conquered at last. I am 
a farmer and am on my feet all the time ; I have attended forty-five acres of 
corn this summer, twenty acres of oats, and two acres of potatoes, and have not 
-had any repairs done as yet. 

Yours truly, 

O. H. Benedict. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Caseytille, Union Co., Ky., Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Kind Sir : — I sent my measurements to you for an artificial leg about three 
years ago ; it came in about two weeks after I ordered it. The fit was perfect. 
It has not cost a cent for repairs. I am more than pleased with the rubber 
foot, which works with perfect ease. It is far superior to the old style foot that 
has joints at the ankle and always rattling. My work is not very laborious. I 
have worn artificial limbs for seven years, but have found none to suit me half 
so well as the one I have now. 

My leg was amputated just above the ankle. Any one needing an artificial 
leg will do well to send measurements to A. A- Marks. 

Very respectfully, 

Dick Rudy. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Concord, Lewis Co., Kt., Oct. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your artificial limbs for three months I can 
inform you that I am more than pleased with it. 

I am a farmer and can do almost any kind of light work. I would not do 
without one of your legs for twice the value of it. The rubber foot is so 
natural ; there is no rattling noise and the step so soft and light. I recommend 
it to all in need of one as being the best. 

Yours truly, 

John Vance. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Maysvxlle, Mason Co. , Ky. , Nov. 14, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — I have used your leg for eight years, and it is the best I ever had. 
'.had three others, but yours is the best of all. It cost me nothing for repairs. 

Yours, Martin Grimes. 



286 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Wingo, Graves Co., Ky., Dec. 12, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with your work, and am willing to testify to 
the merits of your limbs. I would advise every one in need of artificials to 
purchase of you. Your rubber foot has no equal. It is more durable than any 
I have ever tried. I have tried ■ — 's work, of Cincinnati ; he required me to 
come to Cincinnati to get a fit. I went, and his fit was nothing to compare 
with yours from measurements. I am a farmer ; I cultivated twenty-five acres 
of corn this year, and six acres of tobacco. I did my own plowing. I have 
been wearing an artificial leg for seven years. 

Yours truly, 

Geo. G. Carmen. 



BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION. 

New Orleans, La., Nov. 10, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — As soon as my foot was amputated I began to make inquiries 
as to an artificial limb. I wanted one that was light, noiseless, durable, and not 
always needing repair. After examining four different patents, I concluded 
that A. A. Marks' patent artificial leg was the one that came up to my wishes ; 
and I can add that it has far exceeded my expectations. As for the ankle 
joint movement, I was delighted to have a leg without it. The lack of 
this movement causes no awkwardness in my gait. I have met acquaint- 
ances on the street who, not having heard of my accident, were aston- 
ished when I told them I was using an artificial leg. Any one wishing to 
make further inquiries of me concerning the A. A. Marks artificial leg can 
obtain my address from you. 

I most heartily recommend artificial limbs manufactured by you to any one 
in need of them, as I feel that it is to the one I am using that I am indebted for 
being almost as active as before I lost my own limb. 

I remain, with respect, 

Mrs. S. Easton. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Office of Hurricane Island Granite Co. , Davis Tillson, Proprietor. 
Rockland, Knox Co., Me., Oct. 29, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg for the past thirty-six years, and 
have had experience in using limbs made by the most celebrated manufacturers. 
For the past ten years I have worn constantly one of your rubber feet, which 
has given me entire satisfaction. It very far surpasses all others in durability, 
absence of disagreeable noise, and freedom from unpleasant concussion in 
walking. I am, 

Yours respectfully, 

Davis Tillson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Orono, Penobscot Co., Me., Nov. 9, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

I have to say in your favor that I have used your leg for twelve years and 
that it never cost me one cent for repairing. I am a laborer, and work 
hard all the time, and go up and down ladders, and it is in good shape yet. 
As soon as I want one again, I will have one of your make. I think it is the 
best leg made. I give you great credit for your work. I remain, 

Your friend, 

Thomas Kelly. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 289 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Belfast, Waldo Co. Me., Nov. 6, 1887. 
Dr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am pleased to speak in the highest praise of the foot you made 
for me, and which has been in constant use for seven years, without repairs. I 
do my housework for four in the family, have now one little babe, work hard 
all the time, and have never used the crutch for the whole seven years. 

I go to dances once in a while. I do wish that those that have lost a foot 
could see me walk and dance. My foot was amputated four inches above the 
ankle. I would be pleased to write to any one that would like information 
concerning the foot. 

Yours truly, 

Mrs. C. H. Brier. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Bound Pond, Lincoln Co., Me., Nov. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your rubber foot two years, and like it so well I 
would wear no other. My business is that of a stone cutter, and I am obliged 
to stand all day. I am very hard on an artificial leg, yet this one has cost me 
nothing for repairs, and I walk very comfortably with it. My leg is amputated 
three inches above the ankle joint. I can recommend your make to any one in 
need of an artificial limb. 

Truly yours, 

E. Y. Bryant. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION, 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. , New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your legs for eighteen months with 
perfect satisfaction. I was one month learning to walk ; since that I have had 
no trouble. For the last six months I walk to and from work (three miles 
each way), and often as far at night, without feeling tired. I have had no 
repairing nor any alterations done since purchasing. 

Yours ever, 

R. E. Ward. 
Clerk B & O. Freight Office, Locust Point, Baltimore, Md. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am still wearing the leg you made me about nine years ago, 
and I can truly say that it has not been out of repair since I got it. I wear it 
every day and work at my trade — shoemaking. I think your patent leg is the 
most durable leg that is made. My weight is 224 pounds, and I have carried 
three bushels of wheat on the leg. I think I have a right to know the 
difference between artificial legs, for I have worn several kinds. 

I wore one of Mr. 's legs with ankle joint about one year, and then it was 



290 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



played out. For my part I never want any other kind of a leg but one with* 
a rubber foct and solid ankle. 
I take much pleasure in recommending to my friends and comrades. 

Yours truly, 

Cyrus Ridenour. 
Hagerstown, Washington Co., Maryland. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26 is at hand. In regard to your artificial 
limbs I can say that they are the most perfect I have ever seen. I have worn 
my leg three years and two months, and have not had to lay out a cent for 
repairs. I am now working on my farm, do all my mowing by hand. Cut the 
grass on five acres. Marks' leg is the one to have. You can use my name. 

Yours respectfully, 

A. N. Jameson. 
P. O. Box 1252, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Mass. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Nov. 1, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in writing to you, and informing you that 
I am well, and still continuing to wear your artificial limb. I am happy to 
state that I still wear the leg you made for me in 1880, and it is in good order 
yet. I am using it every day. The leg you made for me in 1884 is also good 

y et - 

I have only paid seven dollars in repairs, so far, in all. I have worn legs made 
by other manufacturers, with wooden feet, and ankle joints, but in all my 
years of experience I never found myself satisfied until I procured one of your 
artificial legs with the rubber foot. I walk more naturally and more com- 
fortably than I ever did on the other legs that I have worn with the wooden 
foot and ankle joints. As I wrote before, I flatter myself that I can walk 
farther and faster and endure more hard work on your rubber foot than any 
body can on a wooden foot that I have ever seen. The rubber foot does away 
with the clattering wooden foot and squeaking ankle joints with cords, bolts, 
and springs, that I have had the misfortune to wear before I had the chance to 
hear of your rubber foot, and since I have worn your legs I have had the 
pleasure of sending to you Messrs. Parker, Oonway, Estevez, Kennealy, 
Frates, and others, and they all join in saying that you have made them legs 
far better than they expected. I will say that my work is very laborious, as I 
have to stand on my feet sixteen hours a day, lifting barrels, and climbing up 
and down stairs constantly every day. I have worn artificial legs now fifteen 
years. My left leg is amputated four inches above the ankle. I have walked a 
mile inside of ten minutes. In conclusion, I would say that I consider the leg 
made by you the best in the world. Particularly the elastic rubber foot. I 
cheerfully recommend your work, and shall be only too glad to reply to any 
one who may feel so disposed to write to me on the subject, by mail or in per- 
son. 

Hoping this may meet the eye of some poor unfortunate like myself, and help 
to put him on his feet (rubber), I remain, 

Respectfully yours, 

Joseph H. Sylvester. 

120 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 291 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

99 Foster St., Worcester, Mass. 
A. A. Marks, 701 Broadway, N. Y. : 

Dear Sir : — Having now worn the artificial leg procured from you fourteen 
months, I can say that after an experience of over twenty years with different 
makes yours with the rubber foot is the most comfortable I have ever worn, 
and as it was fitted from measures, and without any alteration whatever, I 
thought it phenomenal. As to its durability, I cannot say any thing of the 
future. I have not expended a cent for repairs yet, and- it is as good as the 
first day I put it on. I am on my feet most of the time in the iron business, 
and can walk home at night (nearly a mile) as well as the best. As my stump 
is quite short (three and one-half inches below the knee), I have reason to be 
thankful that I came to you, as I get along with so much comfort. 

Yours respectfully, 

James P. Crosby. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fred E. Stroh, bread, cake, and pastry baker, 
421 & 423 Hanover St., Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr, A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I will cheerfully recommend your leg as being the best. My 
leg was amputated about half way between the ankle and knee, seven years ago. 
I wore two legs of different make before getting yours. I have worn your leg 
fourteen months, and am perfectly satisfied with it. I feel more secure upon 
it. It makes less noise than a foot with the ankle joint. It*is more elastic in 
walking. I am on my feet a good part of the day. I am a baker, by trade, 
and take charge of my shop from 4 o'clock a. m. until 1 o'clock p. m. Then 
often take a long walk among the business houses, buying my goods, and never 
use a cane. 

I give the leg hard wear, and so far have not paid any thing for repairs. I 
■can truly say I am much pleased with your leg. 

Yours respectfully, 

F. E. Stroh. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Holliston, Middlesex Co., Mass., Oct. 27, 1887. 
"Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The leg I bought of you two years ago this fall has proved more 
than satisfactory ; I cannot speak too highly of it. I would advise any one in 
need of an artificial foot to get the rubber foot. 

In two years I have not laid out any thing for repairs. 

My leg was taken off three inches below the knee. With the aid of your 
leg with rubber foot, I have been able to do quite a business selling goods. 

Yours respectfully, 

A. Appleton Adams. 



Mr. Marks 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
Lyndonyille, Caledonia Co., Yt., Nov. 11, 1888. 



Dear Sir : — The artificial leg you fitted from my measurements fits me 
perfectly. I walked off with it from the start, and have had no trouble with it 
since. If any one has a leg taken off, that I know of, I shall certainly send 



292 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

them to you. I shall start for Vermont shortly where I will resume my duties 
as a fireman on an engine. The rubber foot gives me an easy and graceful 
step such as I hardly expected to realize. 

Yours truly, C. H. Bolles. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

113 Main St., North Adams, Berkshire Co., Mass., Nov. 4, 1887.. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am glad to have an opportunity to testify to the merits of your 
artificial limbs with rubber feet. 

I have worn an artificial limb for twenty-two years. The first five years I 
wore one with a wooden foot and ankle joint. 

I have worn yours seventeen years with very little repairs. 

When I laid aside the one with the wooden foot and put on one of yours I 
felt that I was nearly a sound man again. I am in the furniture and undertak- 
ing business, and have been since before I lost my limb. I perform all the 
parts of business capable of being performed by a man with two natural limbs. 

I consider your leg far superior to any other artificial limb made. The rub- 
ber foot gives an easy and natural motion to the step. 

Yours truly, 

J. H. Adams.. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Can run and play ball. 

Spencer, Worcester Co., Mass., Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My foot was amputated at the ankle joint, about eighteen) 
months ago. About eleven months ago I received a rubber foot from you fitted, 
by measurements and a plaster cast of the stump made by a dentist. It fits 
perfectly, so that I have not used my crutches for months. During term times 
I go to school, and vacations I work in the woolen mill. I can run, play ball,, 
and do as other boys do. My age is fourteen. I am perfectly satisfied. 

Yours truly, 

Alexander Allen.. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

5 Morse St., Charlton, Worcester Co., Mass., Oct. 26, 1887. 
Mr. Marks: 

I received yours of the 26th and was glad to hear from you. I have some- 
land to work on, and I make boots. I can walk one mile or two with ease on 
the leg you made me last year. It is all right, and I am well pleased with it. 
It is off below the knee. 

Emulus Harwood. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

WlLLIAMSTOWN, BERKSHIRE Co., MASS., NOV. 11, 1887. 

Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — You ask me to say a word for your artificial limbs. I can say 
that I have worn one eight years and it has given me perfect satisfaction. The 
rubber foot gives more of a natural step — elastic. I can walk farther and 
easier than with any other kind. I can go on the floor and dance with the 
best of them with good limbs. 

Yours, 

W. M. Field, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 293 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear SiR : — I take great pleasure in writing you a recommendation. I have 
worn the artificial leg you made for me for over ten years, during which time I 
have worn no other. 

I am now twenty-two years old. I went to school until I was eighteen. 
Running, playing ball, skating, and dancing were the sports I frequently 
indulged in. "Your rubber-foot leg enabled me to do this and keep every one 
in ignorance as to my condition. 

I have been working in a shoe shop in Brockton for four years and stand on 
my leg ten hours a day. I have not been obliged to pay a cent for repairs yet. 

Yours truly, 

Victor P. Beauregard. 
755 North Main St.. Brockton, Mass.* 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After five years' experience with three artificial legs with ankle 
joints from well-known makers, and seventeen years' constant use of the rubber 
foot, I can honestly recommend the rubber foot as the best, being simple in con- 
struction, firm, natural and easy in motion. I have worn the leg you made 
me nine years ago every day in that time and without any repairs whatever. I 
will cheerfully answer all letters from comrades and others in regard to the leg, 

Respectfully yours, 

J. W. Farnsworth, 
Late 3d R. I. Vols, and 57th Mass. Vet. Vols. 
403 Crescent St., Waltham, Middlesex Co., Mass. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

" You have done more for cripples than any one else in the land." 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Accept my thanks for the rubber-fool leg you made for me. I have 
used two artificial legs with ankle joints and have had no comfort with them. 
But since I got your rubber foot October, 1886, I am able to run and walk. 
I weigh two hundred and thirty-five pounds, and I have had a great deal of 
walking to do. I consider you have done more for cripples than any one else 
in the land. 

Yours with respect, 

Robert Kennealy. 

No. 17 Unity St., Boston, Mass. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 4, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I have worn one of your artificial legs for the last three years, 
and my work is of such a nature that it necessitates my standing or walking 
nearly all day, so I am competent to judge of its efficacy and durability, and I 
can cheerfully recommend it to any person who may need one, and I am 
especially pleased with the rubber foot. I would say that it has not cost me a 



294 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



cent for repairs since I purchased it, and it is likely to last a number of years 
yet. 

Daniel Mukphy. 

57 Furnace St., No. Adams, Mass. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 24, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I received my leg, and feeling so much pleased with it that I 
wish to say it is a great deal better than I ever expected. I can do very nearly 
as well with it as I could with my own leg. and would be pleased to recommend 
them to all in the need of artificial limbs of any kind. 

Yours respectfully, 

Willis A. Taft. 

NORTHBRIDGE CENTRE, WORCESTER Co. , MASS. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Willimansett, Hampden Co., Mass., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 
Dear Sir : — Your favor of the 26th ult. duly received. 
I have worn one of your artificial legs with rubber foot for ten years, and it 
is still giving satisfaction. 

During the ten years it has cost me nothing for repairs, except one or two 
suspender bands. 

Yours respectfully, 

J. G. Spitzli. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Mazeppa, Wabasha Co., Minn., Jan. 16, 
I go to school. I have worn your artificial leg three years, and it gives me 
entire satisfaction. 

Yours truly, 

Emma Augustien. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 13, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your patent artificial leg nearly three 
years, with the utmost satisfaction. My occupation is farming. I have been 
to no expense since purchasing. 

I would not part with your leg on any account if I could not get another of 
the same make. I can heartily recommend it to any one in need of artificial 
limbs. 

Yours truly, 

James E. Johnson. 
Byron Centre, Kent Co., Mich. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

White Lake, Oakland Co., Mich, Nov. 7, 1887. 

Mr, A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your artificial leg for nearly seventeen 
years. I have no occasion to find fault with it. The rubber foot in my judg- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



295 



merit is the best in the market. I especially recommend it for its simplicity 
and durability, compared with the old style. I have worked at my old business, 
as a farmer ever since I got your leg. I feel grateful to you for the service 
rendered me. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Charles Hibner, 
Co. K 5th Regt. Michigan Infantry. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
Nineteen years in use and good yet. 



Dec. 12, 188" 



A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I wish to inform the public of the superiority of your patent 
limbs. My limb was taken off below the knee. I took my own measure- 
ments and sent for your patent limb ; got it all satisfactory in February, 1869, 
and have worn in ever since. I never had any repairs on it only what I could 
do myself. 

It is good yet and nineteen j T ears old next February. My work is all kinds 
of farm work. If I thought I could not get another limb, money could not 
buy the old one. I feel confident no other patent limb could do any more 
than this has done for me. If this is of any use to you you are at liberty to 
publish it. 

Yours with respect, 

L. H. Norris. 

Elm Hall, Gratiot Co., Mich. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION 

Fitted from Measurements. 

So. Centre and Broadway, South Bay City, Mich., Nov. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in assuring you that the artificial leg you made 
for me from measurements now nine years in use is in every way satisfactory 
to me. It is far superior to any I have ever seen. I work in a saw-mill filing. 
I wear it from morning till night, week in and out. I think the rubber foot 
far superior to any I have ever seen, for there is no machinery to oil and keep 
in repair. I have never paid any thing to have my limb repaired. I would 
recommend you to every one in need of artificial limbs. 

Yours respectfully, 

John Stewart. . 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

1745 E. Lombard St., Baltimore, Md., June 21, 1888. 

Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — The artificial leg that you made for me has given me so much 
satisfaction that I would not part with it for any consideration. It has been 
praised so highly that I get tired of listening to people commenting on it. I 
have danced on it without any inconvenience. It took me but a short time to 
break it in and caused me but little trouble. I was only too glad to dispense 
with my crutches. 

I am, dear sir, yours, etc., 

Capt. W. E. Hartlove. 



296 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Big Timber, Mont., June 23, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The rubber foot you applied to my artificial leg gives me better 
satisfaction than I ever had with the ankle joint. I am now sure-footed, which 
I never was with the other. 

Yours, 

Jno. M. Dodge. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Court House Square, Satjlt Ste. Marie, 

,, . 4 ,, ^ T ^ T ; ^ Chippewa Co., Mich., Oct. 30, 1887. 

Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I had the misfortune to lose my leg some three years ago ; as 
soon as I could I began to look around for a good substitute. I applied to a 
good many manufacturers of limbs, but none satisfied me until I got hold of 
one of your catalogues. As soon as I had read it I at once made up my mind 
to order one of your patent legs with rubber foot. 

I sent for instructions how to measure ; as soon as the blanks were received 
I had my leg measured and I ordered one. I can assure you that I am more 
than pleased with the leg. My leg is cut off about six inches above the ankle. 
I am an engineer on a steamboat by occupation, but this season I have been 
foreman of public works, where I had to be constantly on my feet, and I am 
sure had I not had your rubber foot I could not have stood the fatigue. I can 
lift, jump, run, and walk as fast as most any ordinary man. I am fifty years 
old. I have worn your leg constantly since last April. You are at liberty to 
use my name at any and at all times. 

Yours, 

J. R. Cook. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 
The leg I got from you I am well pleased with. 

It was a first-class fit. I have worn it two years and a half, and it is in good 
condition yet. I can recommend that your limb with the rubber foot is much 
easier than a wooden one. When I get another leg I shall get one of yours. 

Yours truly, 

Hiram Gibson. 
Greenville, Montcalm Co. , Mich. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 13, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir: — I am very well pleased with my leg, as I have had it about 
seven years or more, and it has given perfect satisfaction in every respect. I 
am a farmer, and can do all the work required of a man on a farm with ease 
for one that has had the misfortune to lose a limb. 

Yours with respect, 

Adam Hemstead, 
Indian Lake. Osceola Co., Mich. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 297 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 4, 1887. 
jVIr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In compliance with your wish I can say this for the leg : The 
-artificial leg you made for me two years ago I have used every day since. My 
•occupation is that of a watchman, which requires a great amount of walking, and 
I have never experienced any inconvenience whatever. It is giving entire 
satisfaction. 

Ole Larson. 
Gull River, Cass Co., Minn. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Hastings, Dakota Co., Minn., Nov, 23, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg made by you for nearly two 
years. My leg is amputated about six inches below the knee. Our family 
physician, A. H. Steen, took my measure. 

It fits very nicely, and has not cost me any thing for repairs. 

I am very well pleased with it. My occupation being farming, I can do 
very nearly as much work as before losing my leg. 

I always do and will speak a good word for your work when an opportunity 
■offers. 



Yours truly, 



S. J. Orr. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Frazee City, Becker Co., Minn., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Sixteen years ago you first started me out with one of your 
artificial limbs fitted to my leg amputated just above the ankle. My experience 
has always been satisfactory, and since coming West and putting it to severe 
test I have been especially pleased. I have worn my present limb over four 
years, and not once during that time has it needed repairs. I actually forget 
at times that I am lame. The rubber foot, which makes your limb superior 
to others, meets all the requirements, stays longer in the race than any competitor, 
and does not make any noise about it. Your limbs cannot be too highly recom- 
mended for their comfort, durability, and naturalness. And certainly the 
.avoidance of the cost and trouble of repairs makes them the economical limbs. 

Yours sincerely, 

John F. Schenk. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Washington, Franklin Co., Mo., Nov. 10, 1887. 
Mr, A. A. Marks-. 

Dear Sir : — With pleasure I will say that I am satisfied with your artificial 
leg. I have been using an artificial leg for 14 years, and have had one from 
several factories, but none so well pleased me as yours. It was made by 
■measurement, which proved satisfactory. I have used yours three years, and no 



298 a. A. MAKES, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



repairing. I use it every day. The rubber foot is more durable than any 
other. My occupation is President of Washington Clay Manufacturing Com- 
pany. 

Respectfully, 

Robert H. Hoffmann.. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Lawson, Ray Co., Mo., Oct, 27, 1887. 
Dr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your favor of the 26th, I will say I have been 
using one of your artificial limbs with rubber foot for nine years, and it has 
given entire satisfaction in every particular. For the last three years I have been 
superintending a farm of 500 acres, and it is the wonder of every one how I get 
around on the farm, and more especialty when you take into consideration the 
fact that I weigh 225 pounds. 

I have used two other makes, and consider the rubber foot far superior to any 
I have used. There is one point I wish to call your attention to ; that is, I was 
fitted exactly from measurements the first trial, and have not had any trouble 
since. Yours respectfully, 

A. M. Griffith. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 
Fitted from Measurements. 



Kahoka, Clark Co., Mo., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I hope you will pardon me for not letting you know sooner 
that I received my artificial leg in good shape some time ago. I have changed 
my address since I ordered it, but it came to me all right at this place. To say 
that I am well pleased with it is just putting it mildly, as every thing fits so^ 
well and measurements were so accurate. Would advise those wishing com- 
fort, ease, and gracefulness to get one of you. I have not used it more than a 
month, and therefore cannot say any thing as to its durability, but thus far it. 
works to perfection 

Yours respectfully, 

R. B. Jenkins. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
" Taken for his brother." 

Humphreys, Sullivan Co., Mo., Nov. 18, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — It has been about two and one-half years since I received one of 
your artificial limbs. It has proved exactly as represented, a perfect fit, and 
has given entire satisfaction. Those who need limbs need not fear that you 
can give a perfect fit by sending measures as you direct. 

My leg is amputated just below the knee, and I walk "without crutch or 
cane. I have attended school with students who knew of my misfortune in, 
losing my limb, who, when they saw me walking with my artificial limb, often, 
mistook me for my brother. 

I have several times walked four or five miles at a time. 

I know nothing about the old style of limbs, but the new india-rubber foot is; 
a great success. My limb has needed no repairs. This recommendation is. 
given cheerfully. 

Respectfully, 

B. F. Donoho. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 299 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Syracuse, Morgan Co., Mo., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I am a merchant. I have been wearing jour artificial limb for 
lour months. My leg is amputated nine inches below the knee. I am well 
pleased with my leg. I think it quite an improvement over the old style. 

Respectfully yours, 

David Crowe. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Dec. 15, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

I have been a constant wearer of your make of limbs since April, 1870. I 
worked at various kinds of work, at home on a farm, and shop work also. My 
limb proved to be one of the best. 

My amputation was my right leg, two and one-half inches below knee joint, 
which serves me well, and I can work with any one and walk easy and well. 
Seven years ago I thought I would go West. I have traveled a great deal 
through the western territories. I started from Washington Territory across 
the mountains, on horseback most of the time. I could get off and on alone as 
•easy as ever. I have had men watch me to see me spring into my saddle, and 
say, " You beat any thing I ever saw, you will beat some of our old riders." 
My journey lasted from the fourth of August until the first of November. I 
stopped and visited the natural curiosities of the West. When I reached the 
eastern part of Montana in Custer County I went to herding. I herded for 
two years every day. In the winter I went on foot. I am certain that I made 
from six to eight miles a day, through the winter. In the summer I used a 
horse all the time. There was a young man there ; we used to ride and hunt 
together a great deal last spring. I went and staid with him, and that revealed 
to him what he never thought. 

He said I used to go a little lame at times. He wanted to know who made 
that limb. I said Mr. A. A. Marks of New York. 

" Well, that beats any thing I ever saw. I can't hardly believe my own 
eyes." He asked a hundred questions or more about how I got along for re- 
pairs. I said I have none, only what I do myself. It does not cost me more than 
$1 a year outside of what I can do myself. They are so simple and easy 
and comfortable. 

I have seen men that had limbs fitted in Chicago, and got a botch job. 

I have just had a new leg fitted, one of your natural cork legs. I think it 
will be a complete success. I would like to say to those that are beginning to 
wear a limb to do as I did. After wearing my limb all day, at night some 
place would be chafed and sore. I used to wash it in cold water out of a well ; 
then in the morning I would put a piece of paper around the tender part, and 
the result was, I was as good as new. Cold water is the best remedy for 
toughening my limb of any thing I ever tried. " Where there is a will there is 
a way." to get along, not sit down and say I can't. I should like to say a 
great deal more. A letter addressed as below will reach me. 

John G. Nichols. 

POWDERYILLE, ClSTER Co., MONT. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



k a tvt t^ CORONADO, CAL. 

A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — Having been a wearer, for the last six years, of one of your 
artificial limbs with rubber foot attached, I wish to say that in lightness and 
durability your limbs are unparalleled. 

My own, I am using yet, will last me for a good time to come. 



300 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 



My position as Deputy County Treasurer requires standing on my feet the most 
of the time, and very much walking from desk to desk. 

I have used artificial limbs for thirteen years, but your make is the best in 
regard to lightness and durability. My stump holds ten and one-half inches 
below the knee, and if any one of our suffering community requires an artificial 
limb I will and shall recommend your limbs highly. 

Very truly yours, 

Otto Foster. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Benj. Sanders, Attorney at Law, 
Eureka, Eureka Co., Nevada, Dec. 26, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — I have had some experience with artificial legs. I have worn 
one for thirteen years, and there are people living with me in the same town who 
do not know that I have lost a leg. 

I can walk as fast and as well as any of them. 

I think your leg is the best that is made. I can walk about the office and 
court room just as still as any one. I can walk down the street as fast, and no 
one can detect from any noise that my leg makes that I have one on, and I am 
not at all lame. 

Yours respectfully, 

Benj. Sanders. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Claremont, Sullivan Co., N. H., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — I have worn the rubber foot you made for me nearly two years 
and I am very much pleased with it. My foot was taken off about five inches 
above the ankle, and my weight is two hundred and forty pounds. I am a ma- 
chinist by trade, and can stand on my leg at the vise or lathe all day with ease. 
I was surprised to get it so soon after I sent my order. I think the workman- 
ship superior to any other make. I can recommend your rubber foot to all in 
need of a false limb as being the best fitting. I was surprised to have such a 
good fit by measure, as you never saw me, but you made the leg by measure 
just as well as it could be if I had been at your place. I thank you very much 
for your promptness in filling my order. I have never seen any other make 
that I would swap mine for, and if I ever want another I shall come to you for it. 

Very respectfully yours, 

F. A. Watress. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Keene, N. H., Nov. 10, 1890. 
A. A. Marks: 

Gentlemen : — In behalf of Mr. George H. Kimball of this city we desire 
to express our sincere thanks and hearty appreciation of the fine artificial limb 
received from you. For three months Kimball has been able to do nothing at 
all towards his own support, and has been just able to drag himself around on 
his old shattered apology for a limb with the help of two canes. The limb 
reached us at twelve Friday, and at two o'clock Mr Kimball was around the 
street with only one cane, exhibiting his new acquisition. The next day, Satur- 
day, he began work by sawing a cord of wood. He cannot now find words to 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITYi 301 

express his gratitude to the friends who assisted him in procuring one of 
Marks' 19th Century Triumphs. 

Thanking you for promptness and perfect satisfaction, we remain, 
Very respectfully, 

Bullard & Shedd, Druggists. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION". 

Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs for more than four 
years. I am well satisfied with it and can recommend it, to all in want of the 
same. I have never worn any other. 

I walk three-fourths of a mile to my work and go over the road four times a 
day. I think your rubber feet are the best, from what I can learn from my 
own observation. 

Yours truly, 

Station Agent, 9 Green St. , Charles W. Wallingford, 

SOMERSWORTH STATION, GREAT FALLS, STRAFFORD Co., 1ST. H. ( 



BELOW-KKEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

East Wolfeboro, Carroll Co., N". H., Jan. 10, 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I cannot see how you made such a good fit for me from measure- 
ments. The fit is so perfect the leg does not even feel strange to my stump. 
The leg enables me to walk so naturally my most intimate friends can hardly 
tell which is the artificial. I cannot find words in the English language ex- 
pressive enough to convey my feelings of satisfaction and gratitude. The leg 
is worth its weight in gold. 

Respectfully yours, 

Mrs. Cora B. Adjutant. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 
To A. A. Marks, New York : 

To Whom it May Concern. 

For a long time I have been wanting to write to you and let you know the 
perfect satisfaction your artificial leg has given me. I use the leg you sent me 
with such perfect satisfaction that I hardly feel that I am crippled. lam 
able to skate, run, dance, and, what gives me the most satisfaction, I am able 
to ride a bicycle ; not only ride it, but have been able to keep up with very 
good riders, and have ridden fifty miles at a time on it. I have worn dif- 
ferent makes of limbs, but for durability, ease and comfort, A. A. Marks' is 
the best. 

I have no objection to your publishing the above. 



732 Cumberland Street, Lebanon, Pa. 



J. A. Frantz. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION". 

Locomotive Engineer. 



Nov. 1, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I have worn your artificial leg for the past sixteen years, and 
have found it entirely satisfactory. 



302 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

I have been employed as locomotive fireman, and at present am locomotive 
•engineer, and have never found any difficulty in performing my duties. 

Yours respectfully, 



178 Pavonia Ave., Jersey City, N. J. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



James Good. 



Nov. 17, 1887. 



A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir: — Having had your style of artificial limb in use for twenty years 
I find, after using it all these years, that I would not under any circumstances 
use any other make. I find it durable, easy, soft, and comfortable to wear. I 
have to put your limb to a very severe test, and it stands it nobly and satisfac- 
torily. 

I am employed as gate tender at street crossing, rolling up two heavy gates, 
up and down every few minutes in the day, with perfect ease to my amputated 
limb, which I consider a very severe strain and test to your artificial limb. 
This I do from day to day, rain or shine. My amputation is five inches below 
the knee. 

I find the comparative cost of limb to be very slight. I would highly 
recommend to those unfortunates like myself to use the same as I am using. 
They will never regret it, and use no other. Hoping this may be of some use 
to you, I remain, 

Yours, 

William Wick. 

132 R. R. Ave... Jersey City, N. J. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

31 Atlantic St., Jersey City, N. J., Nov. 27, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

I can cheerfully say that I have had the use of patented artificial legs for six 
years, next February 14, and I can say that your artificial leg has given me the 
highest satisfaction. 

I lost my right leg about fourteen years ago ; it was amputated three or four 
inches above the ankle joint, and ever since I have had your artificial leg I have 
followed the kalsomining trade for more than five years. I put my leg on every 
morning, and continue my daily trade, going up and down my ladder from 
morning until night, both winter and summer. 

Yours truly, 

J. B. Cole. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

109 Ave. E, Bayonne, N. J., Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It being several years now since I have had to call on you even 
for the slightest repairs on my leg, I beg to say that I travel several miles every 
day and do it* with comparative ease. I have now worn your leg over eighteen 
years, and am thoroughly convinced that it is the best leg that is made. 
Knowing this to be a positive fact, I take great pleasure in congratulating 
you in your great success. 

Yours truly, 

W. Danforth. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 18, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — After wearing my artificial leg which you made for me over 
three years ago, I wish to tell my story for the good of those who are in need 
of a substitute. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 303 



I have been to Europe this summer, and I tell you it was surprising to see 
how amazed people were on board the steamer both ways when I told them that 
I had only one leg, because this artificial leg is so lifelike that nobody ever 
takes notice of it when I am walking. 

In Germany I met a couple of invalids of the Franco-German war who lost 
their legs. They had artificial legs, but they could not walk very well 
with them. After showing them my leg they acknowledged it to be the 
best. It is so much lighter ; it does not make any noise, and there is no trouble- 
some machinery to it. Who made the leg ? was generally the question. I 
answered it with the greatest of pleasure. You ought to have seen my father 
and friends, how full of joy they were to see me walk so natural and easy, and 
not only walk, but climb hills and mountains also. To make it short, this 
leg gives the best of satisfaction, and speaks for itself. I only wish I could 
tell this to every one who is in need of a substitute. 

Very respectfully yours, 

George C. Grau, 
Late private of Co. E, 7th Regt. U. S. Infantry. 

108 Springfield Ave., Newark, 1ST. J. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Charles Van Brunt, of Long Branch City, N. J., says : 

Write any thing you wish in testimony of my satisfaction with the artificial 
leg you made for me in 1885 and I will endorse it. I am delighted with the 
rubber foot. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Roselle, Union Co., N. J., Nov. 3, 1887. 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in writing to inform you that your artificial 
limb has more than filled my expectations in the time I have been wearing it, 
now almost two years. I can wear it with comfort and walk miles without 
feeling tired. I can also run quite readily, and often play ball with the boys. 
I had my foot taken off a little above the ankle joint, and have worn your leg 
now almost two years. I am employed by the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 
as delivery clerk on their docks at New York, and I am constantly on my feet, 
When I first went to work there I left home at 5: 48 in the morning and gene- 
rally got home 10 : 22 at night ; I was on my feet four-fifths of that time, and 
my limb is as sound as a dollar to-day, and I have not had a cent's worth of 
fixing done to it since I had it. There is a friend of mine who has got a new 
leg since I have gotten mine. I don't remember the name of it, but it is going 
to pieces, and makes a rattling noise when he walks. If you want a leg that 
will stand by you, or rather under you, go to Marks. 

Your fit is as perfect as if it had grown there, and I will with pleasure give 
attention to all you may refer to me. I remain, 

Yours truly, 

M. H. Campbell. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION, 

Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

I wish to say that I am very much pleased with your artificial limb. I can 

walk without a cane around the house and out to church, quite a distance. 

I live in Phillipsburg at present. I am seventy-four years old and live with 

my youngest son. I had the best doctor in the United States and the best care. 

I have worn my limb one year and one-half. With due regards, 

Malinda Gillen. 
Phillipsburg, Warren Co., N. J. 



304 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Rocksburg, Warren Co., N. J., Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Sir : — I am highly delighted with your leg. I have used an artificial limb 
since 1865, and about three years ago I got your patent, and I have more com- 
fort than I ever had before. I can get around better, hunt the mountains, and 
feel at ease. 
I would not give it for all the limbs I ever saw. 

Yours with respect, 

S. B. Danley. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Califon, N. J., April 14, 1889. 

Dear Sir :— I am very much pleased with the artificial leg and arm you 
made for me. I can walk up and down the hills and over the stones without 
a cane. 

I shall take great pleasure in advising all in need of artificial limbs to 
patronize you. 

Yours truly, 

James Anderson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 28, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your artificial limbs for over eight years, I 
would recommend it above all others for its strength and durability. I have 
worn my first limb for over seven years, and in that time it has cost me just 
$1.50 for repairs. 

I have not a bit of trouble with my new limb, which I have four months. I 
can use your limb and do nearly as well with it as if it were my natural one. 

Yours, etc., 

John J. Keily. 
435 Court St., Elizabethpoiit, N. J. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Trenton, N. J., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

The artificial foot you made me last May /I am more than pleased with, 
having worn it everyday since, from six a. m. until nine and ten p. m., with 
much ease. My work is that of a mill machinist and engineer. I can do as much 
work now as ever before. 

Yours, etc., 

Edward Kurtz. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



P. O. Box 7, Raritan, Somerset Co., N. J., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial legs for fourteen years with 
very little repair. It has given me good satisfaction. Stump seven inches. I 
like the rubber foot very much. 

Yours, 

J. A. Van Nest. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



305 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Lock Box 265, Red Bank, Monmouth Co., X. J., Dec. 14, 1887. 
Dear Sir :— I have been walking on one of your limbs two years, and I like it 
very much, especially the rubber foot. It is "the best, and I would recommend 
it. My hmb is off two inches below the knee, and I can walk all day without 
any pain. 

Yours, etc., 

D. C. Wood. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Long Branch City, N, J., Nov. 19, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

I am a carpenter by occupation and work steadily. I procured my limb in 
1864 ; point of amputation six inches below the knee ; the cost of limb on an 
average has not exceeded $2 per year ; the rubber foot is the best I have yet 
seen, and can recommend your make of limb as the most durable and easiest to 
wear. 

Yours respectfully, 

Jos. S. Van Dyke. 




No. 224. 

Alvah Young, employed by The Edison General Electric Co New Eng- 
land Division, 38 Pearl Street, Boston, Mass., as a lineman, is a living example 
of the remarkable degree to which rubber feet restore lost members He lost 
one of his legs some years ago in a railroad accident. He had a Marks 



806 A. A. MABKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



rubber foot and artificial leg applied, and since then has engaged in active 
manual labor, earning his livelihood. He will climb a pole as dexterously 
as any of his associates, hold himself on the cross-bar with his artificial and 
place the wires in a thoroughly workmanlike way. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Worn one leg seventeen years. 

Oct. 29, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I would just say I am still wearing the leg I got from you in 
March, 1870, and I want to know if any other soldier has had one in use over 
seventeen years. 

I would recommend your work to any one wanting an artificial leg, for they 
are the best leg made, and I would not do without one of them for a hundred 
.dollars of any man's money. 

Franklin S. Moncrief, 
Co. D, 10th Regt. New Jersey Volunteers. 
No. 255 Boulevard, Vineland, Cumberland Co., N. J. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Elizabeth, N. J., Oct. 29, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have had eight years' experience with one of your artificial 
limbs. I am very well pleased with your work, and am only too willing to 
-testify to the merits of the same. 

Furthermore, I can cheerfully recommend them to those whom necessity 
requires to make use of them. 

Yours respectfully, 

Fred. V. Meeker. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Englewood, Bergen Co., N. J., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — I am well pleased with the limb and willing to testify to its merits. 
My work is felling and hewing timber, which is very laborious. The point of 
amputation is about seven inches below the knee. The cost of repairs has 
;been comparatively nothing. So far I have had it two years this month. 

Yours respectfully, 

Jonathan A. Baker. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Franklin Park, Middlesex Co., N. J., Nov. 12, 1887. 
A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your letter of Oct. 26, will say that I had my first 
artificial leg and foot when I was eight years of age, and have had three in all. 
The present one I got in 1876 ; I think that your artificial limbs could be 
made to last with proper care from twenty to thirty years. I never have seen 
; any better. 

Yours truly, 

John H. Beekman. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 307 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

New York City, Nov. 17, 1887. 
To all who are unfortunate to have lost a limb, I, John G. Collins, have had 
twenty-four years' experience in wearing limbs. 

I have worn Dr. 's limb, and have seen the legs of many makers, but 

believe that none are to be compared with the Marks. 

As to ease in walking or standing, I cannot ask for any thing better. There 
are many people who have known me for years and don't think that I wear an 
artificial limb. If there are any one-leg gentlemen that would like to have a 
walk with me call around at 565 West 37th Street ; let me know two days, 
ahead of time, and I will be ready to give him a tramp. 

Yours truly, 

John G. Collins.. 



. BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

One V>q in use over twenty years and still in order. 

Society of the Army of the Potomac. 
Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial legs with patent 
rubber foot (amputated below the knee) over twenty years. I have never worn 
any other make of artificial leg and cannot therefore say from personal experi- 
ence that your artificial limbs are better than those of other makes, but I can 
say from observation and inquiry with those who are wearing artificial legs, 
and I know many, that the one I wear (your patent) is in every respect superior, 
more durable, less liable to get out of order than any artificial leg I have seen 
or have any knowledge of. 

Truly yours, 

Same Truesdell, 
Times Building, 41 Park Row, N. Y. Brvt. Lt. & Col. 65th N. Y. Vols. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Washington Avenue, near 167th St., 
New York City, December 5, 1881. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After an experience of over eight years in the use of your 
patent artificial leg with rubber foot, I desire to say that it has given me 
first-rate satisfaction. About four years ago I was induced to purchase a leg of' 

Mr. 's make, with his wooden foot and ankle joint. After using it for nearly 

two years with constant repairs, I abandoned it, and am now using yours again. 
That trial was enough for me ; I want no more ankle-jointed wooden feet for 
me on an artificial Teg, so long as yours are to be had, as my own experience 
proves their superiority. I cheerfully recommend yours above any and all 



other makes. 



Chas. Libexau. M.D, 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

211 West 31st St., New York City, Oct., 1887. 
I hereby certify that I have used one of the Marks artificial legs for several 
years past, and I know of no other that I prize so highly, and I cheerfully 
recommend it. It has caused me no trouble or expense since I have worn it. 

Respectfully, 

P. R. Palermo. 
P.S. I have worked in a machine shop, and the leg has had no need for 
repairs. 



308 



A. A. MAEKS, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Jan. 28, 1888. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your circular in regard to rubber limbs, would say 
that I have worn one of your rubber limbs for about fifteen years with entire 
satisfaction and at a nominal cost for repairs. My occupation is that of a truck- 




No. 287. 

man for the New York Belting and Packing Company. I help in loading my 
own truck and frequently lift bales of several hundredweight. 
The limb has been in constant use. Leg amputated below the knee. 

Respectfully yours, 

C. H. Brewster. 
15 Park Row, N. Y. City. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



448 W. 19th St., New York City, Oct. 27, 1887. 
1r. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your patent artificial legs for nearly five 
3^ears, and will make application for a new one from the government just as 
soon as the time comes, seems that I am satisfied with it. I have only about 
ithree inches below the knee. I have been working as night watchman on the 
'Erie Railroad dock for the last two years, and am on my leg twelve hours every 
night, and it does not trouble me at all. I have seen several other kinds, and 
irecommend yours above all others. 

I wish to sav a few words for two of my friends that I sent to you for 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY 



309 



a leg ; one has got a stump above the knee ; he is working for the Manhattan 
Gas Company at pretty hard work, and gets along splendidly on his leg, which 
he has had about four months. 

The other one has got a stump below the knee. He is on his feet all day 
long as brakeman on the elevated railroad. He has been wearing his artificial 
leg about sixteen months. 

Yours truly, 

John J. Wilson, 
Company G, 3d Infantry U.S.A. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

201 W. 44th St., New York City, Nov. 3, 1887. 
Dr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your questions concerning my leg, I would say that in 
the six years I have used your legs in no case have they failed to give satisfac- 
tion. I find the leg extremely light and durable, and a leg that a person is not 
afraid of breaking by hard usage, an advantage of importance to me, for I am 
very hard on a leg. Last winter I worked in a printing office, and was the 
t)oy of all work, having to run a number of errands and to be on my feet a 
great deal ; in every case I could depend on the leg as well as my good one. 
It has been said that long and continued standing is more tiresome than walk- 
ing. It may be so, but while out hunting last fall I had to stand up all day in 
a rather tipply hunting boat, where balancing added to the fatigue of standing. 
This was due I believe to the rubber foot, which accommodates itself so well to 
uneven and unlevel surfaces. 

I found I could stand as long as the rest of the hunters. 

My leg is amputated two and one-half inches below the knee. 

I have worn your legs for six years and shall always continue to wear them. 
I am, sir, yours very truly, 

Geo. W. Sheridan. 

P. S. I would further say that I can skate both on ice and rollers, and enjoy 
it hugely. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

120 W. 23d St., New York City, Jan. 18, 1888. 
I have worn your leg for about four years, and can recommend it highlv. 

T. W. Carroll. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

181 Jewett Ave., West New Brighton, 
Richmond Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Sir : — I have used the Marks leg for twenty-six years. 

It cannot be excelled ; I have used one continuously for ten years without 
having any repairing. Your legs have given me the greatest satisfaction ; as 
for durability, they have no equal. 

There is no foot "in my opinion that can compare with the rubber foot. 

Respectfully yours, 

John S. Bowne, 
Care of the above address. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

I received your circular, and in answer would say that I have worn my leg 
since October, 1869, and have had no repairs done. The leg is off below the 
.knee. 



310 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



I am perfectly satisfied with it, but will soon have to have another. Wish- 
ing you much success, I am, 

Yours truly, F. Nichols. 

13 William St., New York City. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

New York City, Jan. 2, 1888. 
A. A. Marks-. 

I lost my leg below the knee from gunshot wound received in the late war. 
As soon as my stump healed, the United States Government presented me with 

one of 's legs with an ankle joint. I wore it for a short time, and thought I 

liked it, but when I had one of' your rubber feet applied to it I at once discov- 
ered that I had bettered my condition, and that the ankle joint in an artificial 
leg was a? useless as " wings on a pig." I have worn your rubber foot now 




about twenty years, am a machinist, and work at the lathe, and forge ten hours- 
a day as steadily as the days come and go. For ten years I worked on a foot 
lathe, doing the treading with my rubber foot. 

Sundays I take my family out for a walk, and frequently jaunt about all day. 
I have been so thoroughly restored by your patent that really I cannot see or 
feel that I am different to persons in possession of their natural limbs. I do not 
take a second place to any body, either on the walk or at the bench. 

William Dietze. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The six years' experience I have had with your artificial limb I 
have found it most satisfactory in every respect. The rubber foot works to 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 311 



perfection. I have done hard, laborious work for about four or five years with 
it without any repairs. I cannot recommend it too highly for the great service 
it has done me, and I can say without contradiction that it is impossible to make 
.a better. Hoping, sir, that you may have long life and success to successfully 
iit up many an unfortunate man, as you have me, 

Yours, with gratitude, 

Peter Neenan. 
165th St. and 10th Ave., New York City. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

75 West St., New York City, Nov. 10, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I am pleased to report that with your patent rubber-foot leg I 
liave been especially pleased. I am not only able to attend to my business, but 
•can indulge in a good long walk occasionally, and enjoy myself in other respects. 
I can walk better and further on your legs than on any of the old styles I have 
worn, the action of the foot being natural and noiseless, sufficiently so to 
deceive the closest observers. I seldom use a cane, and feel no actual need for 
one. I have never met any one wearing your make of legs that has not spoken 
highly of it. 

Mr. F. V. Meeker long ago advised me to buy your leg, as well as 
Mr. J. P. Kenny. Both these gentlemen were known to me, and were operat- 
ing satisfactorily on your leg. I yielded to their advice, and have never since 
regretted it. I can walk on smooth and rough walk with perfect safety, un- 
attended by disagreeable noise or danger of breaking or tripping. 

Respectfully yours, 

J. J. Eagan. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Nov. 16, 188: 



.A. A. Marks. Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have taken great pleasure in recommending your artificial 
legs to parties needing them, whom I have met in this city and abroad. I have 
l>een wearing your make for twenty years, and if the good One spares me I will 
say I will keep on for twenty years more. My stump is one inch below the 
knee. I have marched in a parade in this city from 59th Street to the Battery, 
find return, when the streets were in a bad condition for men to walk in with 
Iboth legs. Phil. Kearny post, to which I belong, in this city, can vouch for 
the above. 

I remain, yours truly, 

A. Hausbeck. 

12 St. Luke's Place, New York City. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

24th Ward, Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City, Nov. 8, 1887. 
TMr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I"" wish to say through your pamphlet that I have been wearing 
one of your patent artificial legs for over nineteen years, and it gives me much 
pleasure to record my testimony in favor of it. I have worn it in all kinds of 
laboring work, and it has proved to be every thing you claimed it to be, durable 
and lasting. It has no equal. I shall always wear your patent leg, and at all 
times recommend it to others. 

Yours respectfully, 

Michael Dooley. 



312 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW \ORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Ticenty-tico years on the rubber foot — Experience is the best teacher. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir :— On the 27th day of April, 1865, I had the misfortune to lose my- 
right foot, and all the toes of the left foot, up close to the ball of the foot, by a 
railroad accident on the Harlem Railroad, and after lying in the hospital three 
months or more, in the month of September of the same year, I got one of" 
your artificial legs with the rubber foot, and to say it has given me entire satis- 
faction is not saying half enough for it ; in fact, I don't know what I could 
have done without it, being a poor man and having a large family 
depending upon me for support. I only had my trade to fall back on, which is- 
heavy and laborious work, ship-caulking, which keeps me on my feet the most 
of my time. I weigh 204 pounds. This I think very trying on perfect limbs, let 
alone false limbs. As to the durability of your limbs, I have had the one I use- 
now in constant use the last seven or eight years, and you have got the first 
dollar to get yet for repairs, in my 22 years of experience with your artificial 
legs. I can safely say that I have seen a couple of hundred persons with 
artificial limbs of other makers, and from my own experience will say without 
fear of contradiction that none of them are as perfect as yours with the rubber 
foot. "Experience is the best teacher." Hoping this will meet the eye of 
some poor unfortunate like myself, I remain, 

Yours respectfully, 



553 E. 143 St., New York City. 



Joseph Batey. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 30, 1887: 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I recommend every person who has lost a limb to get one of 
your patented limbs with the rubber hand or foot, or both if required. My 
wife lost her left foot about three years ago, which was amputated about five 
inches below the knee, and in three months after the accident I got one of 
your limbs with the rubber foot attached. It has had constant wear in all 
kinds of housework, as well as for walking long distances, ever since, and it is 
just as good to-day as it was the day I received it. 

The fitting is perfect, never causing any soreness or lameness of the stump 
whatever. My wife says she scarcely realizes that she ever lost a limb, and, 
strangers, even experienced doctors, seeing her walking, or at work, can never 
detect that she is wearing a false limb, and some when told do not believe until 

they see for themselves. A friend of my wife, a Mrs. K , knows of a doctor 

in Morrisania who has lost one of his limbs, and got one of some other make,, 
and can not wear it without causing soreness and lameness, and if possible we 
will direct him to you or get some of his friends or acquaintances to do so. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Wilbur S. Stud well. 

721 East 169th St., New York City. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

73 Taylor St., Williamsburg, Kings Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — As you are to publish a new pamphlet, I wish to add my name 
to your list of patients who use your rubber feet. 

After using one of yours for several years I was induced by Mr. — — to pur- 
chase one of his make with ankle joint and wooden foot. It was not satis- 
factorv, and after a thorough trial I had to condemn it and came to you again. 
The limb I am wearing at'present time I have been wearing for the last eight 
years constantly without one cent of expense, and I think there are very few 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 313 

who use an artificial leg as much as I do. For three years I was messenger for 
the New York and. Brooklyn Ferry Co. I had a great deal of walking to do. 
I often hear friends and acquaintances express great surprise upon learning that 
I am wearing an artificial limb. You are at liberty to use my name as occasion 
requires for reference. 

Yours truly, 

Wm. C. Ditmar, 
Ferrymaster New York and Brooklyn Ferry Co.. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 26, 1887. 
Mr. A, A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I learn that you are going to print a new pamphlet ; if so, I 
would like to express my thanks for your wonderful leg. About 12 years ago 
I was run over by an 8th Avenue horse-car and had my right leg so mutilated 
that it had to be amputated five inches below the knee, and just as soon as my 
leg got well I got one of your artificial legs, and have used it for ten years with, 
but a very little expense. Now I can walk so well, strangers do not believe I 
have an artificial leg. 

My weight is 225 pounds. I stand at my work (a marble turner) all day, and: 
often for weeks I work fifteen hours a day. 

I do not know what I would do without your leg. I always recommend 
your limbs to those I meet who are compelled by misfortune to use an arti- 
ficial leg. I am, 

Yours most respectfully, 

Theodore W. Scottv 
394 Ewen St., Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 188T. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing artificial limbs for thirty-eight years. T 
have been wearing one of your limbs with rubber foot about one year, and for 
general comfort and ease in walking I can cheerfully say it is superior to any- 
I have ever worn. Point of amputation above ankle. 

Yours respectfully, 

Thomas McCaulay^ 
292 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Dec. 29, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial legs for three or four 
months and find it a great comfort to me. 

I can play ball and run like the others. I can poney down the hill like the 
other boys. I think your leg the best in use, and no mistake. 

Yours respectfully, 

Henry Qetjen,. 
567 Third Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Worn one leg twenty years, night and day. 

614 Bergen St., Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1887".. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — This is to certify that I have been using one of your improved 
artificial legs for over twenty years with the greatest satisfaction. As to its 



314 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

durability and ease over others I have no doubt. I had seven years' experience 
with ankle-joint legs, and they were almost useless to me, as my business has 
always been laborious. I follow the occupation of contractor and builder. 
The improved rubber foot is, I believe from my experience, the best made. I 
have worn the one you made me over 20 years night and day. The cost of 
repairs in all that time is for an occasional pair of knee-joint bolts, and an 
occasional back strap, that I always put in myself. I am still wearing the same 
leg, and now with a little repair would be as good as new. I remain, 

Respectfully yours, 

Patrick McCarty. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

177 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — In reference to your artificial limb, I can simply say that I do 
not think its equal exists. I am a bartender by occupation, have worked 
eighteen hours out of the twenty-four, and have never had any cause to 
remove the limb for ailings, or lost time or money for repairing ; it is not quite 
two years since I lost my limb, the amputation being made above the ankle. 
I am now wearing one of your artificial limbs one year, and can honestly say 
that my stump has always been healthy. It has never troubled me in the 
least. As I am personally acquainted with such people who are compelled to 
wear artificial limbs, I have had a good opportunity to see the difference in 
them, and I should truly say that I would never recommend any other, as I am 
fully convinced that yours are the best and most durable. For further infor- 
mation I can be seen personally at my residence. 

Yours sincerely, 

Louis F. Behnke. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION 



Oct. 27, 1887. 

I have now been wearing Marks' artificial limbs for over twenty-one years, 
and proclaim their superiority over all others. 

Previous to using his I tried those of three other makers, but from none of 
them have I derived the comfort and satisfaction which I have from those of 
Marks. In my opinion they are the nearest approach to the natural limb of 
any that has yet been invented. I consider his rubber foot far ahead of any 
other contrivance to replace the natural foot. They are noiseless, reliable, and 
lasting. I have put them to the severest test, for during fifteen years of the 
time I have worn one of them my occupation was of a very laborious char- 
acter, and taken in connection with my weight, which always averaged two 
hundred pounds, was such as to try the merits of any limb. It has stood the 
test beyond my expectations, and I confidently give the Marks limbs the pref- 
erence before all others. 

James Boyle. 

271 Berry St., Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y, 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

234 So. 3d Ave., Mount Vernon, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
JVTr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having used one of your legs for a number of years, I am glad 
to say that I must give you credit for making the best and most durable leg 
that I have seen. I work at most every thing that gives it a hard trial, such as 
working on a thirty-foot ladder at painting in the warmest of weather. Last 
winter I drove a wagon and was out all kinds of weather, but it still holds 
well. I would be pleased to talk and give all the information I can about 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 31 



your leg. I could not say too much for you. I can be seen at any time at 
my residence, Mount Vernon, and I defy any one not knowing me to tell that 
I have one of your limbs. My limb is off six inches below the knee. I remain,, 

Respectfully yours, 

Joseph Pugmire. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fifteen years in constant use. 

W. Pepper, Miller and Dealer in Grain, Feed, Coal, etc., 
Feed Mill, Saw Mill, and Cider Mill, 
Towners, Putnam Co., N.Y., Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The leg you made for me in 1872 has been in every-day use 
from that time till now, and is a good leg yet, 

The expense for repairs has been less than a dollar per year. 
I think as it stands my business no one need fear to put your rubber foot to 
the severest tests. 

Yours, etc., 

W. Pepper. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Chemung County Clerk's Office, 
124 E. Hudson St., Elmira, Chemung Co., N. Y., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I desire to say in the fewest words possible that after wearing 
three different legs I am prepared to certify that for ease, comfort, and dura- 
bility your legs with rubber feet are and of right ought to be placed at the 
head of the list, 

One matter that should never be lost sight of is its durability. 
I have worn your leg over nine years, and have paid out just twenty-five 
cents for repairs, and the old thing seems to be good for another nine years. 
My experience, covering a period of twenty-four years, is that, with other legs, 
the item of repairs is from $5 to $10 per year, to say nothing of the incon- 
venience of waiting for repairs. 

Theo. G. Smith, Deputy. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

J. Edson Cardner, Bingley Apiary, 

New Woodstock, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1889. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My wife has worn the artificial leg we bought of you since 
receiving it (the 1st of November, 1887) with perfect satisfaction. It works 
well and no signs of wear. We are well pleased and wish you every success. 

Respectfully yours, 

K. E. Cardner. 



316 a. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

N. Reynolds, Undertaker. 
Delphi, Onondaga Co., N. Y., Dec. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26th is at hand. I have worn your legs 
nearly twenty years and have worked at nearly all kinds of work. I think they 
are the best leg made. I am by occupation an undertaker. The leg I am 
wearing at present I have worn over eight years. 

Respectfully yours, 

N. Reynolds. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Matteawan. Dutchess Co., N. Y., Nov. 16, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I wish to give my testimony in recommending your patent 
artificial legs with rubber feet, I have used four of your legs and find them 
satisfactory in every respect. 

I want no ankle joints. The rubber foot is the best improvement yet. As 
for repairs, it has not cost me over $3 for all. 

I am standing all day at my work. I have used patent artificial legs since 
1864 and yours give the best satisfaction of any. 
Amputation below the knee. 

Yours truly, 

Rupus Tilbe. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Van Ettenville, Chemung Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to state that after having used one of 
your patent artificial legs for over three years I find it to be superior to the legs 
of other makers that I have used before. It is safe to stand or walk on. It 
-does not produce the creaking and rattling noise which greatly annoyed 
me in the others. It is easily kept clean and in good working order. It has 
not cost me one cent for repairs. I am on my feet every day. My business is 
harness making, and I cannot see but that my leg is as good now as it was when 
I commenced wearing it. I particularly recommend your success in fitting 
from measurements. My leg is amputated below the knee. My stump is 
eight inches long. I cheerfully recommend all who inquire about artificial 
limbs to you as the place to get the best. 

Respectfully, 

Geo. W. Harvey, 
Co. I, 14th N. Y. H. A. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — I have used one of your patent limbs for eighteen months, and 
have found it perfectly satisfactory, and would recommend it to any one who 
w r ants one. 

Yours truly, 

John M. Milspaugh. 
Walden, Orange Co., N. Y. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 317 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Oct. 28, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In answering your request I will state as follows : On the 
23d of March, 1887, I had my foot so badly crushed that amputation was 
necessary. The accident happened at eleven o'clock in the forenoon ; at three 
o'clock in the afternoon my foot was gone forever. I felt that my affliction 
was great, but when I was recovering my doctor told me about your artificial 
legs and how I could use one. I then felt encouraged. I was only nineteen 
days in bed with my leg, when it was all right, so as to allow me to go all 
around the room, with the use of two chairs. 

In four months I had one of your artificial legs with rubber foot, which 
I can recommend to anybody. I can work at anything almost and can walk 
with ease and comfort. Any one desiring to communicate with me in regard 
to your foot I will cheerfully answer. I owe my recovery to Dr. John T. 
Howell, who attended me and recommended your leg. I remain, 

Yours truly, 

Patrick C. Casey, 
Mills St. and Permantor West, Newburgh, N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

71 South St., Newbuegh, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having had considerable experience with your artificial limbs 
I take pleasure in testifying to their merits. 

On April 9, 1865, I lost my right leg at Sumterville, S. C. and have used 
artificial legs for twenty-two years. 

In September or October, 1865, I was furnished with an artificial leg made by 

Dr. ; the leg fitted and was well made, but the continual squeaking of the 

ankle joint, requiring it to be oiled very often, and the heavy thud of the foot in 
walking annoyed me so much that I concluded to have one of your rubber- 
foot legs. 

I was so well pleased with it that I had a rubber foot applied to the old 
;ankle-joint leg, and in 1882 had you make me a new leg with rubber foot. 

I have seen about all the different kinds of legs made and must say that I con- 
sider yours the best. My amputation is two and one-quarter inches below the 
knee, and my business requires me to be on my feet from 5 a. m. to 10 p. m. 
■daily. I use a cane only when I am on the street, and walk so well that many 
have no idea that I have an artificial leg. 

During the twenty-two years that I have used artificial legs it has cost me 
about $75 for all repairs and supplies, an average of less than $3.50 per annum. 
I am well pleased with the legs you have made for me, and take pleasure in 
testifying that yours with patent rubber foot is the best and most durable 
.artificial leg made. 

Very respectfully, 

Joseph Lomas. 
Late Sergt. Co. B, 56th N. Y. S. Y. Vols., Ex-Postmaster, 
ex-Collector and ex-member of Assembly. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Ellenville, Ulster Co., N. Y., Oct. 27, 1887. 
Dear Sir :— My occupation is harness maker. I have worn your artificial 
leg almost sixteen years. The actual cost for repairs in that time was not 
more than ten dollars. I am satisfied that for endurance your patent artificial 
leg can not be beat. 

Yours truly, 

August Grosch. Jr. 



318 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW IORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y., Nov. 18, 1887. 
To Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Agreeable to your wish, and desirous of adding a word of cheer 
to the unfortunate, I most gladly give my experience in the use, durability, and 
ease of your rubber foot. 

I am a farmer, which has always been my principal business. For the past 
twenty-five years or more I have worn the rubber foot constantly about farm 
work. I think I have had it repaired three times, though in neither case was 
it absolutely necessary. The elasticity of the rubber ' foot no doubt added 
much to its durability, and at the same time gave a more natural movement in 
walking, obviating the disagreeable thumping that attended the other foot I 
had used, and at the same time the jar to the natural limb, making it more 
comfortable and easy. In a word, I think for grace of movement, easiness, use, 
and durability the rubber foot is as near the action of the natural limb as can be 
hoped for, and a substitute of incalculable blessing to those using it. To move 
about like other men, and capable of doing any kind of business, does to a large 
extent mitigate the loss sustained, and gives hope and cheer to those who have 
met with the loss of a limb. Let no one therefore be despondent ; the future is 
equally hopeful for them. I should have said that I use the short leg, having 
about six inches of stump below the knee. 

I am, yours most truly, 

H. R. Hosford. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

De Grasse, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I feel as though I ought to thank you for the success you have 
had in fitting me with an artificial limb. I believe no other limb that I have 
seen could take the place of the rubber foot. I have worn an artificial limb 

for the past twenty-two years ; the first ten years I wore Dr. 's. It was a 

good limb for about two years, and then the foot became worn and worthless; 
to-day I am wearing one of yours, and have worn it almost seven years, and it 
is a good limb now. 

I have not laid out one cent for repairs yet. I am a laborer and often lift 
heay a rticles, such as barrels of sugar and all kinds of freight. 1 would 
advise all who are so unfortunate as to be obliged to wear an artificial limb to 
try the rubber foot. I remain, 

Yours very respectfully. 

A. H. Armstrong. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Watkins, Schuyler Co., N. Y., Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — It is with pleasure that I add my testimony to the number who 
have and are giving your artificial limbs their due reward. I have worn your 
make of leg for three years. I have never worn any other, and have no desire 
to, as I believe your rubber foot is easier to walk on, more durable, and much 
more natural than any other kind. I never use a cane. 

I go up and down stairs the same as people with natural feet. I can run and 
skate on ice and roller skates. I walked three miles in forty-five minutes with 
the greatest of ease. I had my leg fitted from measurements, and it works like 
a charm. My leg is off about four inches below the knee. The costfOr repairs 
on the leg is too slight \o mention. 

Yours respectfully. 

Edward Bertfo7..p. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 319 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

124 Minarch St., Lockport, Niagara Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — The leg you furnished me from measurements sent you, fitted 
perfectly and has given the best of satisfaction. 

Yours truly, 

Patrick Clark. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Whitehall, Washington Co., N. Y., Nov. 10, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter received, asking me to tell of my experience with 
artificial limbs. I am very glad of a chance to speak a word in favor of the 
limbs of your make, one of which I have worn constantly for the last ten years. 
My business (boating) is at times very laborious, besides requiring me to be up 
night and day a great deal of the time. I think the solid rubber foot is the 
best thing of the kind made ; it is more like the natural foot and is not liable 
to get out of order. You are at liberty to refer any one to me for further 
information. 

Yours truly, 

CM. Jill son 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Louisiana Street Freight Depot, Buffalo, N. Y., Oct. 27, 1887. 
I have worn your legs for twenty-eight years, and commend them to all. 

Reuben Hall. 



B3LOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

29 Lincoln Place, Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks ; 

Dear Sir : — In reply to yours would state that I have worn an artificial 
limb for the last fifteen years, and for the last four years have been wearing 
one of yours with rubber foot. 

With my experience I consider your artificial limb with rubber foot far 
superior to any I have used, and recommend it to my patients. I can walk 
much better than I ever could before. Expenses for repairs are almost nothing. 
I can safely say I consider your artificial limbs the best in the market. You 
can refer any one to me in regard to your limb. 

Yours, etc., 

Dr. G. W. Nelson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Ithaca, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Oct, 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me pleasure to recommend an article that proves a 
success after a fair and impartial test. 

I have worn your artificial leg since November, 1880. My stump is four 
inches below the knee. Three years this'fall I purchased a second leg of you, 
my stump having shrunk so much that the first leg had to have a new socket. 
I sent to you to have a new socket put on the foot, which you did by measure- 



320 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



ment and I must say the fit was perfect. I now have the two legs, which I 
hope will last me for the next twelve years. The only repairs aside'from the 
new socket are new bolts in the knee joints, which I put in myself. My business 
is that of foreman of machine works, which requires a great d.eal of walking up 
and down stairs ; in fact, I am on my feet from ten to thirteen hours a day. It 
is quite a relief when I get home to change legs ; one experiences about the 
siane relief as in changing shoes when very tired. As for durability, the rubber 
foot can not be excelled. Wishing you continued success, I am, 

Very truly, 

Edgar 0. Godfrey. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Clayville, Oneida Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— It is with great pleasure I recommend your patent artificial legs. 
Having used others with ankle motion I am able to judge the difference and 
the advantages of your patent rubber foot, There is no rattling or breaking 
down. I have given yours nearly twenty years' trial without extra cost, and in 
so doing have proved the real merits and great satisfaction it has given me. I 
have done all kinds of heavy shop work on it with comparatively no difficulty, 
with amputation five inches below the knee. My leg was fitted from measure- 
ments. I can work on the roof of a building with ease. 

Yours respectfully, 

D. M. Green, 
Late Co. A, 97 Regt. N. Y. V. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

3001 Vernon Ave., Chicago, III., Dec. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — Accept a few lines from me in favor of your artificial limbs 
October, 16, 1886, I had my leg amputated five and one-half inches below the 
knee. February 18, 1887, I commenced wearing one of your make of limbs-, 
I surprise many by the way I get around. 

The deception is so complete that a person will often mistake in telling which 
is my artificial leg. I sometimes walk four or five miles, and often work on 
my feet all day. I can do most any kind of work. I have followed the plow 
some, not from necessity, but for the novelty of the thing. It seems almost 
superhuman that there could be a substitute made for the natural limb which 
would have the natural movement and lightness of step that your rubber foot 
has. With the rubber foot a person steps fully as light as with the natural 
foot. The cost of repairs, which I have heard so much complaint from those 
wearing the ankle joint movement, is certainly done away with by the rubber 
foot. Your invention is in fact a great bocn to all who have had the misfor- 
tune to lose a limb, and truly there is many a dark cloud with a silver lining. 
Refer to me at any time, and I will gladly respond. 

Yours respectfully, 

G. Welford Dean. 



BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 10, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your artificial limbs for several years, 
aud find it answers fully to every thing you claim, durability, neatness, etc. 
I am on my feet the most of my time, and walk a great deal, and find no 
inconvenience. 



A. A. MAKKS, AETIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 321 

My leg is amputated about five inches below the knee. The cost for repairs 
as very small. It is a grand success. I remain, 

Truly yours, 

Hugh Dick. 
Wallkill, Ulster Co., N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I am glad to have a chance to give testimony of your artificial 
legs with rubber feet. I have worn one of your artificial legs four years and 
■eleven months, and it has not cost me a cent for repairs, and it will last me a 
-number of years yet. I am yard-master of the Ulster and Delaware Road, and 
-on the go from twelve to fourteen hours every day, and have not lost a day 
since I got your leg. I would have no other as long as I can get one with 
rubber foot. . . .My leg is amputated about four inches above the ankle. Mr. 
Marks fitted me by measurement, and it fitted like a kid glove, and I have not 
had any trouble with the stump since I have worn his leg. I will be pleased 
to answer any letter that may be sent to me for information. I remain, 

Yours truly, 

John Lounsberry. 

Clifton Ave., Rondout, Ulster Co., N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Corning, N. Y., Oct. 26, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter of the 26th inst. at hand. 

I answer as follow : Fitting by measures good. Cabinet maker by occupation. 
Have worked at farm work. I have used artificial legs twenty-two years. I 

have three of Marks', one of , and like yours much the best. Leg off eight 

inches below the knee. I have worn your leg eighteen years at a cost of less 
than one dollar and fifty cents a year. I like your leg well enough to buy 
when this gives out. 

Yours verv truly, 

P. P. Laird. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

183 Canister St., Hornellsville, Steuben Co., N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial leg five years with entire satisfaction. 
I have been at all kinds of occupations. 

I have had no repairing. Amputation just below the knee. 
Last year I was in a grocery business where I was on my feet continually. 

Yours respectfully, 

P. Donnelley. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— This is to testify that I have used one of your artificial legs 
fourteen years with a trifling expense, and the second one you fitted me with I 
have used three years without any expense. After using other artificial legs 
with ankle joint, attended with large expense and inconvenience of the ankle- 
joint breaking and rattling, I am convinced that your patent leg with rubber 
foot is the best artificial limb manufactured in this or any other country. Point 



322 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



of amputation, six inches below the knee. Occupation, harness-maker. I have 
used artificial limbs twenty-four years. 

Yours truly, 

Abraham Evans, 
Late of Co. H, 66th N. Y. Infantry. 
Walden, Orange Co., N. Y. 



On the evening of June 7, 1888, Johnny Carey stole into the yards of 
the railroad depot at Utica with an arm full of papers. It was his inten- 
tion to board an express train which 
was about due. The train was late. 
Johnny sat upon the platform steps 
to wait for it. Being tired he fell 
asleep, and by some unaccount- 
able cause he moved about so that 
4 one of his legs lay upon the track. 
When the express came into the 
depot it ran over his leg and mangled 
it in a frightful manner. Johnny 
jumped up ; his first thought was 
that the yardmaster had got hold of 
him and that he had better get out 
of the way. In his efforts to get up 
he was brought to realize the' fact 
that he had been run over. He fell 
unconscious to the walk. Some of 
the depot men saw him fall and 
hastened to him. Upon finding that 
he had been run over they picked 
him up and took him to a neighbor- 
ing hospital, where the surgeons 
amputated the mangled leg. Johnny 
made a quick recovery and soon got about on crutches. A few sympathizing 
friends contributed enough money to enable him to procure one of Marks' 
artificial legs. Johnny soon learned to walk on the leg, and resumed his news- 
paper traffic. Ever since then Johnny has been going about so naturally and 
comfortably that nobody suspects that he is the same Johnny Carey who met 
with the frightful accident in 1888. Johnny is able to run, walk, jump on and 
off cars just as well as other boys, and he manages to sell as many papers as. 
any of his competitors. 




No. 327. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATIONS. 

Oct. 30, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— The artificial leg you made for me gives good satisfaction, and 
I don't think there is any other foot made as good as the rubber foot. I have 
my leg going on three years, and have had no repairs done to amount to any- 
thing. I had the socket lined and the foot recovered once. The cost has been 
nothing. I am a miner, and the work is very hard on an artificial leg, but my 
leg has stood the work well, and I can't see but that it is as good now as ever. 

Yours, etc., 

Eugene Fitch. 
Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y. 



McGrawville, Cortland Co., N. Y., Oct. 29, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I will say to you in regard to the limb, I am greatly pleased. I 

can do any kind of work. I am in a hotel and restaurant, and am on my feet 

from six in the morning until ten at night. I would not exchange for any other. 

I have worn the limb about two years without repairs, and my weight is 191 

pounds. 

Geo. R. Gardner. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 323 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements, 

Canaan Four Corners, Columbia Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th received, and in reply would say that after 
wearing limbs of your make for some sixteen or seventeen years, and having 
worn the old style with ankle joint, I can say that yours with rubber feet are 
:far the best in all respects. 

The one that I now wear you made some two or three years ago from meas- 
urements. It was a good fit, and is as good to-day as when I first put it on, I 
think. My limb is off below the knee ; I am a harness-maker, but give my leg 
some pretty rough use sometimes. 

Respectfully yours, 

C H. Groves. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Port Jefferson, Suffolk Co., N. Y., Nov. 2, 1887. 
For the last twelve years I have used one of A. A. Marks' artificial limbs with 
Tubber foot with satisfactory results. 

No rattling hinges or squeaking joints to annoy me. I can recommend your 
leg to all who contemplate getting a limb. 

Yours, 

Geo. W. Kimmer. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I am more than pleased with my leg, and I gladly add my tes- 
timony to its superiority. I have worn your celebrated leg with rubber foot for 
the last nine years, giving satisfaction. 

I have had severe trials ; my leg could stand them, and I am certain that I 
can appreciate it as the best artificial leg ever patented. I occupy myself in 
going to school every day, so I can cheerfully recommend your patent limb to 
■all needing substitutes for lost limbs. 

Yours truly, 

HlRBEN H. OSTRANDER, Opr. 

Barrytown, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Dec. 18, 1887. 
.A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My experience, in wearing your leg, is such that I cannot say 
too much in its praise. In 1872 I first got my artificial leg from you. For 
twelve long years I wore that leg every day ; the first four years I built bridges, 
graded streets, and dug sewers in the city of Utica. The next three years I 
kept a hotel. The next five years I boated on the Erie Canal. 

During the twelve years it did not cost me a dollar for repairs, but at the end 
of that time it was nearly worn out. I had to repair it myself. Finally, I was 
compelled to replace it by a new one. Having been persuaded to try the Roch- 
ester leg, I bought one and paid $50 for it. Now I am without a leg, and out 
of pocket $50. I have not worn the leg much more than half the time since I 
had it, and it is all to pieces. I want to know how much you will charge me to 
put a foot on this leg I got from . I think, if you put a foot on it, I could 



324 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

wear it until my circumstances would allow me to come down and get one of 
your legs. 

While I worked in Utica, there was no man who could out-walk me or out- 
work me. 

Respectfully yours, 



Waterloo, Seneca Co., N. Y. 



John McCtje. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

823 River St., Troy, N. Y., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — Replying to your circular letter of the 26th ult,, I have to say- 
that for over five years I have used one of your artificial limbs with rubber 
foot, and I am frank to assert that I would use no other than those manufac- 
tured by you, so satisfactory has the purchase been. My leg is amputated be- 
tween the ankle and knee, and I very much doubt if any other artificial limb* 
would have served me so well. I have worked on it every day, and my employ- 
ment is of a very laborious character. During the five years I have expended 
for repairs less than two dollars, and the limb is still in excellent condition. It 
affords me great pleasure to furnish this testimonial, because the limb has 
proved to be all that you claimed for it at the time of the purchase. You can 
refer to me at any time. I appreciate a good article, and have enough of the 
milk of human kindness in my composition to advise unfortunates like myself 
where to go to get the best. 

Very respectfully yours, 

William McFarlane. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

WestNyack, Rockland Co., N. Y., Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having used one of your patent artificial legs with rubber foot 
some twelve or thirteen years, I consider that a fair trial. I am a farmer, and. 
have had little or no expense attending the use of the leg. I cheerfully recom- 
mend your work. Truly yours, 

C- R. Mertine. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Lloyd, Ulster Co., N. Y., Oct. 27, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have the pleasure of adding my testimonial to the great many- 
already in your pamphlet. My wife had her limb amputated in Roosevelt 
Hospital in New York City, July 15, 1882. 

One year afterwards she commenced wearing one of your limbs, and is wear- 
ing it now with ease, doing all her housework up and down stairs. In four 
years it has cost her four dollars, one dollar per year. Limb was amputated 
below the knee joint. 1 am ^ x 

Respectfully yours, Martin R. Nilan.. 



" BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

De Freestville, Renssalaer Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 188T. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir :— Your letter mailed to Mr. M. J. Whalen of Bath on the Hud 
son, New York, bearing date October 26th, was duly received by him. At his re- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 325 

quest I reply to the same in reference to his experience with your artificial legs. 

On the 21st of September, 1885, I first wrote you in regard to Mr. Whalen's 
leg. Within a few days I received a reply from you inclosing a chart with in- 
structions for measurements. On the 7th of October following I measured his 
leg according to your system and forwarded the same with drafts to you. 
About three weeks afterward the leg arrived by express. We can simply say 
the fit is perfect, and you have Mr. Whalen's thanks for your system of fitting 
by measurements, which saves tlie expense and loss of time of visiting your office. 

The leg has now been worn every day for a period of two years, and thus 
far cost nothing for repairs. 

The amputation was performed March 28, 1884, at a point four inches be- 
low the knee joint. His occupation is not laborious, but requires a vast amount 
of walking, and it is necessary for him to be almost constantly on his feet. The 
leg has in every way been satisfactory, and we can heartily and conscientiously 
recommend it to any who may need such an appliance. 

With good wishes for your continued success, and thanking you for your 
prompt and honorable mode of dealing, I am 

Respectfully yours, 

A. Ten Eyck, M.D. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Bank of Ciiateaugay, 
Chateaugay, Franklin Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — It is with pleasure that I add my testimony to the value of the 
improvements you have made in artificial limbs. I have worn an artificial leg 
for the past twenty-two years. During the first fifteen years I tried various 
makes, but was always annoyed after wearing one but a short time by the joints 
in the foot becoming loose, and "rattling," or "clicking" at every step. 
Your rubber foot is entirely noiseless, and does away with the above very serious 
objections to all other makes. 

The elasticity of the rubber fully takes the place of joints in the foot and 
ankle. But more than any thing else I value your make because of its perfect 
fit and stability. , While standing on a moving wagon, car, or ferryboat, 
there is none of that "waving," or "see-sawing" motion so common and 
noticeable in wearers of all other makes. I am now wearing the same leg I 
bought of you about seven years ago, and during that time I have not paid out 
a dollar for repairs. I weigh 175 pounds, and for four years was salesman in 
a dry goods store, and on my feet from twelve to fifteen hours a day. For the 
purpose of benefiting any in need of an artificial limb I will gladly answer any 
personal letters addressed to me. Yours very sincerely, 

Isaac M. Warren. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Naples, Ontario Co., N. Y., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — My left limb was amputated eight inches below knee in 1876. 
Since November of that year I have worn limbs with rubber feet, manufactured 
by your house, and my annual expense for repairs is probably about $1.50 to 
$2, including new lacings. I will simply say your limbs are absolutely satis- 
factory. 

The rubber foot so perfectly imitates the motion of the natural one that I take 
pardonable pride in walking on the streets, as I always do, without a cane. My 
work in the bank keeps me on my feet most of the day at the teller's desk, and 
also requires considerable walking in making our street collections. 

You may feel free to refer any one in western New. York to me at any time. 

Yours respectfully, 

L. E. Munsell. 



32C A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Schenectady, N.Y., January 11, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial leg that you made for me three months ago has 
proved perfectly satisfactory, and far exceeds any thing I ever anticipated in 
taking the place of the limb I lost about one year ago while on duty, as brakes- 
man, for the New York Central & Hudson River R. R. Hoping you will be 
able to help others as you have helped me, I remain, yours, 

Chas. Wing. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Twenty-four years on one rubber foot. 

13 First St., Greenbush, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir : — In answer to yours of the 26th. I will say that it gives me great 
pleasure to recommend your artificial limbs, for, from my long experience in 
wearing your limb, I can do so honestly. I have worn the limb that you made 
for me in 1863 every day up to the present date, or about twenty-four years. 

It has not cost me to keep in repair during all that time $25, and as I weighed 
only about 140 pounds when I first commenced wearing it, I have for the past 
twelve or fifteen years weighed over 220 pounds, and it is yet a good limb. My 
business has been as laborious and active as any man in my condition in the State 
of New York, for I had to earn my own living since I was ten years of age, 
and any man who has to earn his living, and does it, can not sit down all the 
time. ' Michael Vaughn. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial legs, with rubber 
foot, for the past ten years, and now have my second leg. My foot was ground 
off at the ankle joint, and then amputated half way between the knee and 
ankle. I well remember how discouraged I was, and that life seemed to have 
but few chances for me, as I supposed I would have to peg my way through 
life, as I had never given artificial limbs a thought. But, I am happy to say, 
through your invention I am able to perform my duties without any incon- 
venience whatever. I use no cane or other assistance in walking, and can walk 
a mile in fifteen minutes. I frequently go trout-fishing, and walk ten miles. I 
am perfectly at home on roller-skates, and in fact can perform any work I ever 
could before amputation. 

I have known persons three years who never knew I wore an artificial limb, 
and would not believe it until they saw it, as there is nothing in my walk to in- 
dicate my misfortune. I would say to all those who are so unfortunate as to 
lose a limb, do not be discouraged, brighter days will come, and when you get 
to promenading on one of Marks' artificial limbs you will wonder at the pos- 
sibility of such restoration. The cost for repairs has been but a trifle for the 
ten years, not to exceed $5. Parties who desire to ask any questions, or for 
information in regard to artificial limbs, will receive a prompt reply by en- 
closing a two-cent stamp. 

With best of wishes, I am . yours truly, 

Ira W. Schaffer, 
Pumping Engineer. 

Hornellsville, Steuben Co., N. Y. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



327 



December 7, 1891. 

To Mr. A. A. Marks, 

701 Broadway, 

New York. 

My leg is working 0. K. I 
have worn it every day since I 
put it on last April. I am run- 
ning a locomotive every day. 
Would not have any other ; am 
often asked by my friends which 
of my legs is off . If you so desire 
you can publish this as a testi- 
monial from 

Yours most respectfully, 
W. J. Angier, 

New Berne, N. C. 
Care of A. & N. C. R R 




No. 364. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Berkshire, Tioga Co., N. Y„ Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs with rubber foot for two years 
and found it one of the greatest blessings this world can afford for one afflicted 
as I am. For after nearly six years of suffering I had my foot amputated, and 
in three weeks from that day I came to you and was measured for another, and 
as soon as I received it I was walking without the aid of anything, in less than 
half an hour. I have done the work of six in the family and taken care of the 
milk and butter of nine cows this summer. I have not been to any expense 
for my foot since I got it. My leg was amputated about one inch and a half 
above the ankle joint. Yours respectfully, 

Mrs. G. M. Smith. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Wilmington, New Hanover Co., N. C, Nov. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter asking for a testimonial received a few days ago. 
I hardly know what to say, or how to start, as it is impossible for me to say 
enough about the good qualities of your leg. My leg is cut off two and one- 
half inches below the knee, yet with one of your legs I am able to lead a very 
active life, being in the mill business (flour and meal), and have to be from the 
cellar to the garret constantly. I am just twenty-one years old, and have had 
one of your legs for about four years, and it is good yet. I weigh 175 pounds, 
and it seems to me I have been unusually hard on it, but it seems to meet 
every strain and abuse and still stands. Yours is the only leg I have ever 
worn, and I am perfectly satisfied with it, and I am sure I will never wear any 
other make. Respectfully yours, 

Kleber Denmark. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

North Carolina Talc and Marble Co., 
Hewitts, Swain Co., N. C, Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your favor of October 26th, will say I have been wear- 
ing one of your legs since 1882. I am a miner by occupation, and have been 



32 « a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

rushing over the mountains of North Carolina. My leg was made by self- 
measurement, and is a little short, but it is all my fault, as you proffered to 
remedy it without cost. This I should have had done, but could not possibly 
spare the leg. W. S. Thomas. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



North Carolina Board of Health, 
Washington, Beaufort Co., N. C, Jan. 11, 1888. 
Dear Sir : — I have now been using your make of artificial limbs for sixteen 
years with the greatest comfort and satisfaction, and am fully convinced that 
it possesses great advantages over any other form or make of limb. The convic- 
tion has been forced upon me after a full and free investigation of the others 
offered for the same purpose. It is simple, strong, durable, light, easily moved 
in walking, and perfectly noiseless. In fact, it thoroughly embodies all the 
qualities desired by a person who needs an appliance of this kind. I can walk 
just as well as when I had two good, sound limbs, and only those who know 
of my misfortune can tell that I use an appliance of this sort. I am constantly 
reminded by even them as to how well I walk and run about. 

Very truly yours, 

John McDonald, M.D. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Painesville, Lake Co., Ohio. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am in receipt of your letter. Much honor is due you for your 
relief of the disabled. I don't know that I can express more than hundreds 
have of your excellent inventions. My own experience is, for durability, ease, 
comfort, and applicability, no artificial can compare with yours. My amputa- 
tion is below the knee. I have worn a leg of your make fourteen years con- 
stantly. Foot repaired once during that time. It is easy and quiet to wear, 
no unpleasant sound, always ready, so reliable, with an elastic step. An impor- 
tant point of economy is this : patients can be measured at their own homes, 
and be fitted by you in their absence, saving time and expense of traveling. I 
am - happy to recommend the limb to all who need an easy, well-fitting, and 
finely formed limb. Yours respectfully, 

Mrs. E. R. Gage. 

Nov. 18, 1887. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Mtted from Measurements. 

Office of Simeon Gtllis, Insurance Agent, 
Bryan, Williams Co., Ohio, Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing your make of artificial limbs since 1868. 
Previous to that I had worn one of the highest-priced legs in this country, and 
consider yours much the better. Its points of superiority are chiefly in the 
doing away with the loose togel joints found in ail other artificial legs at the 
ankle and toe. Your rubber foot does away with the necessity for these joints, 
and gives the step a certainty of action that no other leg has. It also gives a 
springy, light step that is impossible in a wooden foot. Your knee joint irons 
are much better than those of the other leg I wore. I have had three of your 
legs, and one was fitted from measurements furnished by myself, and I went to 
the shop and had the others fitted. The one made from measurements was as 
good as any of the three. I am very hard on a leg, as I am active and not care- 
ful to favor it, and weigh 186 pounds. My point of amputation is two and 
one-half inches below the knee ; I think the most difficult point to fit, for the 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS; NEW YORK CITY. 329 

Teason that the bones are movable and change the form of the stump, and the 
prominence of some bones in standing and others in sitting makes it difficult to 
secure a perfect fit. Wishing you may have the opportunity to lighten the 
step of many more unfortunates, I am, truly yours, 

Simeon Gillis. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Zanesville, Muskingum Co., Ohio, Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to yours, I can say I never had any experience with 
the old style, but I believe the rubber foot to be the best, and from my experi- 
ence in this I am very grateful to you for the one I now have. My occupation 
is- clerk in coal-yard, and I am on my feet half the time. I have worn my leg 
six months and have no pain. My leg was cut off six inches below the knee. 
No cost for repairs. I am well pleased in every way, and most cheerfully 
recommend your artificial limbs to all who may need them. 

Yours truly, 

James Coffey. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

General Freight Department, 
The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Co., 
Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir : During the " late unpleasantness" I donated one foot as a slight 
token of my regard for the "Sovereign and Independent State of Georgia." 
For the past eighteen years I have used as a substitute one of your limbs. 
Have found the same to answer the purpose about as nearly as art can approach 
nature. It has proved safe, reliable, and durable in all kinds of services, and 
under all circumstances, and with the exception of substituting a new socket 
once when the old one had become too small, total cash for repairs has not 
equaled $1 per year. 

As I weigh about 190 pounds and see considerable of active life, my impres- 
sion is that I have done the square thing by it, so far as testing its qualities is 
concerned. 

Yours truly, 

Jno. G. James, 
Late of Co. B. 57th Reg. 111. Vol. Infantry. 
Have worn artificial limbs of different make twenty-two years. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 31, 1887. 
-A. A. Marks : 

I have had one of your artificial legs with rubber foot some ten years. I 
have not been able to wear it all the time on account of salt-rheum. I have 
worn it, however, as much as five to six years steady. It will doubtless wear 
much longer ; I am a farmer by occupation, and have worn the leg to do all 
kinds of farm work. I think it is the best leg made. 

I like the rubber foot because it is durable ; it is firm ; when you put it down 
it is there, and you feel safe on it. 

You can put your weight on it, and cary a bag of wheat to the granary and 
feel safe on it. The rubber heel makes a spring to come down on. The rubber 
foot supplies all necessary ankle motion. 

My experience is that side ankle motion is useless. 

Then the foot comes down easy without that jar there is to a wooden foot. 
The cost of repairs is nothing when compared with other artificial limbs. There 



330 A. A. MAKES, AETLFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



are no joints, springs, or cords to be wearing and breaking every few weeks. 
The first leg I got was in 1865. I paid $50, besides the government order to 
get the best. I got it, ankle joint and all. It cost me several dollars a year for 
repairs, besides being obliged to do without it a week or two at a time while it 
was being repaired at the shop. But then the music of it was worth some- 
thing. Sometimes you could hear it screech and scream forty rods ; one would 
think that Sitting Bull was coming sure. With the rubber foot you lose all that, 
charming music. My leg is off below the knee. 

Yours truly, J. C. Chellis. 

Burton, Geauga Co., Ohio. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Vernon Junction, Richland Co., Ohio, Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I can safely testify to the merits and superiority of your artificial 
limbs over all others which it has been my privilege to notice, in my own case 
and in that of others. 

I have worn three limbs made in Philadelphia, but received scarcely any 
benefit from their use ; but when I got you to make one for me in June, 1 880, 1 
found I had hit the mark. I am still wearing that limb, and to all appearance 
will continue to do so, if I live for three or four years longer. It has not cost 
one cent so far for repairs ; the great trouble with the other limbs was the 
wooden foot with artificial joints in them, which never lasted longer than two 
years, and then I had to pay $20 for a new foot or throw the leg away ; but 
your rubber foot does away with all that trouble, and although I am receiving 
almost every day letters from other firms, I will never as long as I live have 
any other than yours. My limb is amputated 4 inches below the knee, and al- 
though the joint is stiff strangers will not believe that I have lost a limb until 
I show it to them. 

I am tilling the soil on a small scale, and am on my feet from morning until 
night, and feel no inconvenience from the use of your limb. The measurements 
I sent you secured a good fit, which shows that you can make as good a fit as 
if I had come to you, and you had taken the measure yourself. 

If any one wants any information I will gladly give it to them, if they will 
write to me or call on me and see for themselves. 

Wm. C. Cresswell. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 
Dear Sir : — Having been wearing artificial legs for the period of twenty-one 

years, the first fourteen years I wore out two of Mr. 's legs manufactured at 

Indianapolis, Ind. The next five years I wore out one of Dr. 's artificial legs. 

made in N. Y. C. and the two last years I have 'been wearing your artificial 
leg with the rubber foot. It gives good satisfaction . I think that the rubber 
foot is the best artificial foot that is made. 

Yours truly, 

J. W. HUNTZINGER. 

Ohio City, Van Wert Co. , Ohio. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Conneaut, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq, New York City : 

Sir : — In answer to your circular letter of the 26th inst., relative to the arti* 
ficial limb bought of you some eight years ago, it is with pleasure I heartily* 



A. A. MASKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 331 



•assure you the limb has answered very satisfactorily and has been in continuous 
SESfJ tf 1 re , cei 7 d - M ^ left le S was amputated below the knee and your 
substitute therefor has been worn to my great convenience and safety. I feel 
grateful that you have been so fortunate as to produce so exceedingly valuable 
and satisfactory a limb. ° J 

I can recommend your limb under each and all circumstances and though I 
have worn it so long it has not occasioned me any expense in repair °Mv 
occupation is painting, necessarily standing a great deal, ascending ladders, 
climbing buildings, etc. ° ' 

The limb has never failed to be all I required in my business 
I may need another limb very soon and will order one from your house 
I am, respectfully, your obt. servant, 

William H. Leroux. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measures. 

Norfolk, IS t eb., May 1, 1888. 
.A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir :— I have used one of your artificial limbs for about one year, and 
am perfectly satisfied with it. I am a butcher by trade and consequently am 
standing all day. I experience but little inconvenience. 

Respectfully yours, E. C. Rohde. 



BELO vY-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Oct. 30, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial leg for two years and I find it to be a 
good substitute for my natural leg, 

I can most emphatically say that it is the best I can get, and far superior to 
any I have ever seen for comfort and durability. 

The fact of the matter is, too much praise can not be given to them. I would 
advise any one so unfortunate as myself to provide themselves with Marks' 
superior leg. 

Yours respectfully, C. H. Hayes. 

P. O. Box 66, Zaleski, Vinton Co., Ohio. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Oct. 28, 1887. 



A. A. Marks, New York ; 

Dear Sir : — I presume you think it strange not to have heard from me 
sooner, but I have been giving the leg a good fair trial. I have been wearing 
it for eighteen months, and can now say that it gives perfect satisfaction. I had 
worn the wooden foot for eight years previous to this one of your make, and it 
is a great relief to be able to walk on the street without attracting the atten- 
tion of every one you meet. The rubber foot does not make any more noise 
than the natural one. I am a compositor. 

I shall be very happy to answer any letter or show the leg to any one who 
may apply. . J. Y. Merwin. 

216 Lake St., Cleveland, Ohio. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nelsonville, Athens Co. , Ohio, Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am a coal miner by trade and have worn your patent rubber 
foot for about one year, and from what I can find out I don't want any other 



332 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



than yours. It costs me comparatively nothing for repairs. I have walked ten 
miles in a day with ease. 

Yours truly, 

John E. Miller. 



LEG BELOW KNEE. 

BlNGHAMTON, NEW YORK. 

Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have often thought of writing and telling you the happiness 
and comfort I have experienced since I have worn the artificial leg you made 
for me. I am more than thankful to you for the great relief which you have 
given me. I can walk as fast as any lady should walk. I do not get as tired 
with this leg as I used to with the one that I formerly wore, made with an 
ankle joint. The rubber foot gives me an easiness— at the same time a spring — 
that is very helpful and comforting. Believe me ever and always wishing you 
success, I am, 

Respectfully yours, 

Mrs. W. J. Sullivan. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

75 State St., West Side, Cleveland, O., Oct. 30, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — It gives me pleasure after wearing your artificial limb fourteen 
years, to write you of the satisfaction it has given me. I have never used a 
cane since I have worn it. I have been to dances several times since I have 
had the limb. I am teaming and handling pig iron and stone every day. 
People I am working with do not know I wear any thing of the kind. The: 
point of amputation is below knee. 

Yours very truly, 

J. Thompson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Coesse, Whitley Co., Ind., Nov. 10, 1887, 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — You made me a leg in 1879, and I wore it ever since. I like it 
first rate. My repairs were seventy-five cents in eight years. I have worn a 

leg but I did not walk as well as I can with this one. When this one is 

worn out I intend to get another of your make, as they are the best. My leg is 
amputated four inches above the ankle. My occupation was a farmer and 
salesman, but since last spring I am in a grocery store and am postmaster. I 
weigh two hundred pounds. The rubber foot is just the thing — no cords to 
break. 

Yours respectfully, 

S. A. Flicking. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Dec. 8, 1881 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I am a carpenter and joiner. I am wearing your artificial limb, 
made from measurements, which secured a good fit. I have been wearing the 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 33 T 

as there is no ankle joint to get out of order. I want none but of your manu- 
facture. Gratefully yours, 

Jacob W. Selak. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Lewistown, Mifflin Co., Pa., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take much pleasure in stating that the artificial leg I bought 
of you over a year ago has given entire satisfaction, and can recommend any 
one in need of such assistance to you. 

Yours respectfully, 

F. J. Zerbe. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

G. H. White's Waverly Bazar, 
Main St., Waverly, Lackawanna Co., Pa., Nov.- 9, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In 1866 I bought one of your artificial legs with rubber foot,, 
and wore it for fourteen years without one dollar for repairs, and never had to 
resort to crutches one day during all of this time. In 1880 I ordered another 
one of your legs, and have worn it continously ever since without one dollar 
expense. 

And it seems just as good as ever. I have received seventy letters of in- 
quiry from all parts of the country in regard to your rubber legs. My leg was 
amputated two inches below the knee. 

By occupation I am a barber, and have worked at the chair for the last 
ten years. I cannot see how any one wanting an artificial leg would think of 
trying any other kind, taking durability and neatness of build into considera- 
tion, no rattle box, do not have to carry crutches or kit of tools to keep it in 
repair. 



Yours truly, 



G. H. White. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Honesdale, Wayne Co., Pa., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26th received. I work hard every day. I 
have worn one of your artificial legs fourteen years. My leg is amputated 
seven inches below the knee. 

I think it has cost me not over $1.50 for repairs in that time, except for 
straps. I am wearing the same leg yet. 

I handled one afternoon this week 160 barrels of apples, which would be a 
fair half -day's work for a sound man. 

My leg is not new now by any means, for I have worn it continually for 
fourteen years, 

Yours truly, 

C. A. Cortright. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



121 Garfield Ave., Hyde Park, Lackawanna Co., Pa., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Dear Friend : — I am glad to have a chance to uphold your artificial legs as 
the best leg I have ever worn in my life. It fits nicely and neatly, and for 
walking it is the best. 



338 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



I am glad to let you know that in the third month that I wore my leg I 
walked twenty-four miles in one day without raising a blister on my stump. 

Yours truly, 

George Hopkins. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



162 Northampton St., Easton, Northampton Co., Pa., Nov. 28, 1887. 
I have worn an artificial leg with rubber foot for twenty-three consecutive 
years. The repairs during that time have been slight, total cost not exceeding 
$35 for the entire period. 

I have been thoroughly satisfied with the action of the leg and cheerfully 
recommend it to all. 

John H. Mebus. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Kennedy St., Pittston, Luzerne Co., Pa., Oct. 28, 1887. 
¥e. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26th is at hand, 

It is with pleasure that I give my testimony in regard to your make of limbs. 
I have been wearing one of your legs for seven years and in that time have 
never lost a day's work. 

My occupation is shipping clerk for a sash and door factory. It is a three-story 
ibuilding and my business calls me up and down the stairs a great many times a 
day. I can go up or down a pair of stairs as fast as any one that has both legs. 
The cost for repairs on my leg in the seven years of constant use has been 
about $5. In my estimation there is no limb made in the wide world that will 
give the wearer the satisfaction that yours will. I have tried some other makes 
with the joints in the ankle, but they are useless to me. They may answer 
for some if they want always to sit down and never get on their feet. But if 
a man wants a limb that will be of some use, he must buy the rubber foot. 

Yours truly, 

G. E. Carpenter. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



207 North Emeriek St., Shenandoah, Schuylkill Co., Pa., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — It is with pleasure I write you adding my testimony of the 
excellence of your artificial legs. The one I purchased of you four years ago 
is giving me entire satisfaction and comfort. It is almost as good to-day as 
when I bought it. 

It has not cost me $1 for repairs, although it has been subjected to a very 
severe test. I am an engineer, consequently am on my feet nearly all day 
long. There are three engines and sixteen boilers in our plant, which I have to 
keep in working condition. So you can see I have a great deal of running 
around to do. Yet I have worn this leg every day and all day ever since the 
first day I went out with it. Is not this remarkable when you come to con- 
sider that I have only 1^ inches of stump below the knee? I consider your 
artificial limbs with rubber feet the most durable and superior limb manufac- 
tured. 

Also your system of self -measurement perfect, as the leg I wear is a perfect 
fit made from measurements sent you . 

Yours very respectfully, 

Jos. Hinks. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 339 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 1 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing one of your artificial limbs from the 26th 
of December, 1885, which I got by sending measurements to you, and it gives 
satisfaction. My age is fifty-five years. 
I would recommend your artificial limbs to all that need them. 

Mrs. Rees T. Davies. 
Ashland, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Deyarmon & Galley, Dealers in Groceries, Confections, etc., 
Dawson, Fayette Co., Pa., Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir ; — Am now wearing the second artificial leg manufactured by 
you. I take pleasure in bearing testimony to merit, etc., of said limb. Will 
answer kindly all inquiries addressed to me as to point of amputation, fitting 
from measurements, durability, cost of repairs, occupation, etc. 

Yours truly, 

T. Robb. Deyarmon_ 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Manor, Travis Co., Texas, June 12, 

A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending your artificial leg with rubber 
foot. I received one made from measurements November last, and it has 
proved to be a first class leg in every respect. I am a clerk in a hardware store 
and am on my feet all day. I go about without a cane and do some heavy 
lifting. I recommend your leg to any one in need of one. I shall take 
pleasure in doing all I can to advance the sale of your leg. 

Yours respectfully, 

H. A. Zimpelman* 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Oct. 27, 1887. 

Received yours of the 26th and am pleased to be allowed the privilege of ex- 
pressing my opinion of your limbs. 

I am by occupation an accountant, and am put to pretty hard tasks, such as 
standing half the time and walking a distance of three miles twice a day. I 
have worn Marks' artificial leg for nine months, and it has not cost me one cent 
for repairs. 

Above all other improvments made on artificial limbs is the rubber foot, which 
is more durable than any other. 

I remain yours truly, 

Wiley S. Devore. 
2304 Druid Hill Ave., Baltimore, Md. 



340 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

4th St., Sunbtjry, Pa., Oct. 13, 1888. 
A.. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — If you wish a letter of testimonial or recommendation I can 
give you as good a one as you wish, and Dr. Martin can tell you how well I 
get along with the artificial leg you made for me. I am well pleased with 
the leg. 

Yours, 

Robert H. Day. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

South Bethlehem, Northampton Co., Pa,, Nov. 13, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial leg one year and I have had full 
satisfaction. I can say for truth that the rubber foot cannot be excelled in the 
world. I am sorry that I am not capable of giving your artificial leg half its 
merits. I can say for a perfect fit, and ease and comfort in wearing, it is the 
greatest invention I know of. I have a half a mile to go to work, and walking 
■every day. I weigh all the stuff the company buys and sells, so I am -all the 
time on my feet, and I can walk as good as ever I did. 

I remain, yours truly, 

Michael Fox. 
313 E. 2d St. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Riverside Hotel, A. G. Gregory, Proprietor, 
Meshoppen, Wyoming Co., Pa., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I recommend your artificial limb that I purchased of you six 
years ago next March to be far superior to any thing I ever expected to get, 
giving the very best satisfaction, not costing me one cent for repairs, and has 
had very hard usage. I belong to the baseball club here, play every season, go 
hunting winters with the rest of the boys, and can walk as far in a day, through 
the woods, as any of them. The rubber foot suits me and I want no other. 

Very respectfully, 

A. G. Gregory. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Nov. 1, 188 



3Ir. A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — I am in receipt of your favor, asking for my experience in regard to 
the artificial leg purchased of you. 

I have worn your work for the last seven years with great satisfaction. The 
cost of repairs is hardly worth mentioning. 

I have been for some time past working as an outside laborer in the coal 
mines, where I am most of the time on my feet and do some quite hard lifting. 
My artificial leg has far exceeded my expectations. I can walk, run, and even 
dance a good figure on a ball-room- floor. You have my best wishes for your 
success. 

Amputation eight inches below knee. I think no other material equal to 
your rubber foot. 



1002 Jackson St., Scranton, Pa. 



John Maxie. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 341 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
Luthersburg, Clearfield Co., Pa., Feb. 20, 
A A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir . — I beg to say that I have worn one of your artificial limbs for 
live years and I have not paid one cent for repairs yet. I am 68 years old I 
can do my own housework as well as ever. I can walk without fatigue over 
this hilly country. My limb is amputated six inches below the knee. I am 
pleased to recommend the artificial legs with rubber feet of your manufacture. 

Respectfully yours, 

Maria Funk. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Port Clinton, Schuylkill Co., Pa., Nov. 4, 1887. 
!Mr. A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — Hearing that you are preparing another pamphlet, I will cheer- 
fully give my endorsement. My right leg is amputated seven inches below the 
knee. In August, 1886, you made me an artificial leg which gave entire satis- 
faction then, and has proved a great friend to me since. The "rubber foot" 
gives the leg its advantage over others. I w r as measured and fitted the same 
day, and wore the leg the tenth day after being measured. 

I canvassed for books, etc., from April to August, walking tw-enty miles or 
more a day, and did not feel any more fatigue than I would if I had my two 
sound legs. One evening a young man and I were caught in a thunder-storm, 
and he told me not to walk so fast, that he could not keep up with me. I do 
not use a cane, and did not from the start. The leg has not cost any thing for 
repairs yet, and it is in good condition now. In regard to the artificial leg, 
1 will cheerfully answer any letters addressed to me on the subject. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Geo. W. Kutch. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Beaver Meadow, Carbon Co., Pa., Oct, 29, 1887. 
~Mv. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I feel it my duty as a w r earer of one of your artificial limbs to 
send you a testimonial concerning the advantage and durability of your patents. 
I have been wearing other makes of artificial legs with iron joints in the feet 
with a great deal of trouble for four years. I had to be repairing them all the 
time, I have seen legs w r orn that came from Philadelphia and Pittsburg, and 
they did not satisfy me, so I resolved to visit you. I found what I w r anted. I 
found that your make of limbs was far superior to those I have used or seen 
used. My experience with it since has justified me in my conviction. 

I think it is almost equal to the one I had amputated, for I can walk quicker 
and work with more ease than I used to do. 

My occupation is that of a coal-miner, and the people say, " just think of it, 
that a man with one leg will go into the bowels of the earth and climb up and 
down on an incline of from forty to forty-five degrees the same as a man with 
two legs." My friends, you need not wonder, for that gentleman, A. A. Marks, 
lias got his patent rubber hands and feet down so fine that those that wear 
them can do any kind of labor. My leg is amputated below T the knee. Those 



342 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



whc are crippled, should they chance to read this, I hope they will remember 
the above-named firm. I am 

Yours respectfully, 

James J. McBride. 



LEG BELOW KNEE. 

Fitted from Measures. 

Ft. Atkinson, Iowa, Aug. 9, 1888. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I am wearing your artificial leg every day and I get alongr 
first rate. I doubt that I shall ever want any but the rubber-foot leg. I have 
used others but did not like them. I lost my leg in a horse power in October,. 
1868. I take pleasure in recommending your work. 

Respectfully yours, 

Joseph Budke. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



J. W. Mershon & Co. Undertakers, 
Waverly, Lackawanna Co., Pa., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having for the past twenty years been wearing one of your 
artificial legs I desire to add my testimony to the already long list of those 
benefited by your admirable patent rubber hand and foot. I wore one of your 
feet every day for fourteen years with but one dollar's expense for repairs. 
None but those who know of my having lost a limb will believe that I wear a 
patent leg, so naturally and easily do I walk. I never use a cane and make no 
rattling noise when I walk on the sidewalk. 

I worked for six weeks in a furniture manufactory with twenty men ten 
hours a day, and not one of them knew I lost a limb until I told them. I am a 
cabinet maker and undertaker by trade. I am on my feet all the time. I 
know the rubber foot is the most durable of any leg made, and the fitting is- 
perfect. Any one wishing to write to me will address as above. 

J. W. Mershon. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Oct. 30, 1887. 

Dear Sir : — I now seat myself to answer your letter inquiring after the leg 
I got from you with rubber foot. I have worn it three years in mud and water. 
It has been wet for three days at a time. It has been very satisfactory. If any 
person requires one and will keep it dry, it will last him ten years without any 
repair, for I have had no repairs to mine yet, and use it every day. I have 
walked fourteen miles one day and walked in mud one-third of the way. My 
leg is cut off below the knee. I am an oysterman, and have to wade in water 
and mud, for we pick the oysters up by the hand and carry them to the boats in 
baskets, which is hard work for a man that has two legs. Any person who 
wants to know whether this is true or not, let him write to the proprietor of 
Cobb's Island Hotel, and then they can get all the references that they want. 

Yours truly, 

•Samuel L. Matthews. 

Cheriton, Northampton Co., Pa. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 345 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

229 Pine St., Providence, R. I., Oct 27, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have received your circular asking me to testify to the merits 
of the leg you made for me, which I will gladly do, as I am well pleased with 
your make. My leg is off five inches below the knee, and I have worn it for 
nine years. I expect to have another of your make very soon. 

Respectfully yours, 

Francis Slaiger. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 29, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I have worn the artificial leg that I purchased of you last June 
every day since, and I am glad to tell you that I am very much pleased with 
it in every way. Why, it actually surprises some of my friends to see the 
way that I get around with it without the use of a cane. I tell you that you. 
don't want a cane at all. I don't want one. It is in the way. 

Yours truly, 

H. C. Mo WRY. 
Manton House, Manton, Providence Co., R. I. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Congaree, Richland Co., S. C, April 20, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York: 

Dear Sir : — Artificial foot received in good order, and am well pleased with 
it, Have been wearing it one week yesterday. Had no trouble whatever in fit- 
ting it. I am attending to my business now, and have not stopped an hour since 
I put it on, only on Sundays. I would not do without it for three times the 
cost. 

Yours very truly, 

W. H. Motley. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Fitted from Measurements. 

Fort Mott, Orangeburgh Co., S. C, Nov. 21, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your letter as to how I am pleased with the artificial 
leg I bought of you, I will say I do not know how I could get along without, 
one. I am fifty years old, and have been wearing an artificial leg for twenty 
years. During that time I wore two other make of legs besides yours, which 
I consider worthless compared with yours. One of the other make of legs I 
wore about three months, and the other about six months ; the balance of the- 
twenty years I have been wearing your make with rubber foot. During that, 
time I have bought two new legs ; both were fitted by measurement. I found 
no trouble in wearing them after wearing the first one for a while. 

The superiority of your leg is the rubber foot. It does not matter how long 
you wear it it does not have any of that screaking when you walk which all the 
others that I have had any experience with had. For durability it will outlast, 
a half dozen of any other feet I ever saw. I am a farmer by occupation, and 
weigh about 200 pounds. I attend to all of my business myself, and do any 



346 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY 



kind of work on a farm that any other man can do. Amputation about four 
inches above ankle joint. I remain, 

Yours very respectfully, 

P. W. Fairey. 



BELOW-KKEE AMPUTATION. 

Scarborough, Anderson Co., Tenn., Dec. 6, 1887. 
Mn. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I want to say to you that I am well pleased with the artificial 
leg furnished by you. I received a leg on government order in the fall of 
1865, which lasted me about five years, with some repairs. I received one of 
jour legs in 1870, and wore it fifteen years with less expense. 

I consider your rubber feet and hands the best thing yet invented for artificial 
limbs. I received a leg from you two years ago, fitted from measurement sent 
to you. It only lacked a very little lining to make it all right, and I think if I 
/had taken the measures as tight as directed it would have lacked nothing. I 
&ave used your make of legs at nearly all kinds of work, such as plowing, 




No. 291. 

spading, hauling logs, and other hard work. I have walked twenty-five miles 
in a single day. The rubber foot lasts longer and takes less repairs than any 
thing I know about. Yours respectfully, 

Lewis C. Cox. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. -34T 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Dec. 17, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I will always feel thankful to you for your skill iu fitting the arti- 
ficial leg to me. I lost my right leg at the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15, 1864. I 
had used a wooden one until you attached the artificial one, and it would havo 
amused you to see me back home among my people, to see them eyeing me 
with curiosity, wondering how my right leg should have grown out so suddenly 
with a foot on it. They were not aware that I had gone to New York to have 
you fit such to me. I walk like any other man, and with as much ease. A 
thousand thanks to you, and my hope is you may get all the work you can do,, 
and live long to enjoy the fruits of your inventions. 

Yours, with great respect, 

Carroll Childers, 
Late private, Co. D., 13th Col. Inf. , 508 N. Cherry St., Nashville, Temu 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measures. 

Bartley, Neb., August 9, 1888. 

A. A. Marks, 

Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with the artificial limb I purchased of you. 
Have worn it for two years and as yet have had no repairs. It is apparently 
as good as when I first put it on. My occupation is agent and operator for 

B. & M. R. R. Co. I get around quite well. None of the railroad men know 
that I am a cripple, only those that I have told. 

I can cheerfully recommend your rubber foot, and would urge the crippled 
fraternity to use no other. 

Respectfully yours, 

Valentine Sells, Agent. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Able to do some tolerably heavy carrying and lifting. 

Haenel & 3Iartens, Grocers, 1700 Lavacca St., Austin, Texas. 
A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir :— The artificial leg (below knee) you made for me some time ago 
fits nicely, and I am well pleased with it. 

_ I am attending to business every day from morning till late at night, without 
tiring much, and without the assistance of a cane, and am able to do some tol- 
erably heavy lifting and carrying (as we do all the work ourselves). Your pat- 
ent rubber foot comes as near being natural as any thing I ever saw, and the 
whole appearance is almost lifelike. I have not had any repairing done to it 
since I am wearing it, and would not do without it for any thing. 
The longer I use it the better I like it, 

Yours respectfully, 

George Martens. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

_. Llano, Llano Co., Texas, Nov. 8, 1887. 

Dear Sir :— I have been wearing your patent artificial leg for over seven 
years with the utmost satisfaction. I can go anywhere I want to. I can run 
jump, and climb— in fact, any thing that any body can do. I would not give* 



348 a. A. MAKKS, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS' AEW YORK CITY. 



j^our leg for any other two legs that I have seen. I never use a cane, even 
when going a long distance from home. I would advise all who want to feel 
like a new person to get one of your patent legs. 

Yours truly, 

W. E. Simpson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Galveston, Tex., Jan. 24, 1893. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

My Dear Sir :— I have lost my foot by the C. C. & S. Fe R. R., over a year 
ago. My foot was amputated 4 inches above the ankle. I was induced to get 
one of your artificial limbs with rubber foot, which I did, and I am very much 
pleased with it. It was fitted from measurements and was a very good fit. 
I am able to do almost anything on the leg. 

Yours truly, 

A. A. Titze. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Surgeon-General Barnes, U.S.A., said the Marks Leg gave the great- 
est satisfaction. 

Corpus Christi, Nueces Co., Texas, Nov. 1, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., Manufacturer of Artificial Limbs, New York City. 

Dear Sir : — After using one of your artificial legs for about seven years, I 
• deem it proper to inform you as to my opinion of the limbs of your manufac- 
ture. I lost my leg on April 8, 1881, by the accidental discharge of my pistol, 
while in the discharge of my duties as deputy collector of customs at Carizo, 
Texas. While the stump was healing, I asked Surgeon General Barnes, U. S. A. , 
whom he thought was the best manufacturer of artificial limbs. He replied that 
there were several bonded manufacturers for the United States, but that A. A. 
Marks of New York City gave the greatest satisfaction. So I stated my case to 
you by mail, and was informed that you could make a good fit by my taking 
the measurements according to instructions mailed me, without my going to New 
York. I forwarded you the measures and received the limb. 

I commenced using it at once, and soon laid aside crutches and cane, and do 
all my walking without the aid of a cane, notwithstanding the amputation was 
made about two inches below the knee joint. I have never tried any other 
make, but I prefer the rubber foot, as it is pliable and free from noises. 

It, in fact, resembles the original so well that persons do not dream of my 
being a cripple, until told and the proof shown them. 

As to strength, I don't think there can be a stronger, for it carries me all 
right with a weight of 280 pounds. 

I am pleased with your artificial limbs, and take pleasure in recommending 
them to others who have been unfortunate like myself. I am, very respectfully, 

James Downing. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

A. R. Gossard, Machinery and Supplies, 
220 6th St., Austin, Texas, Nov. 30, 1887. 
.A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — I am using one of your legs with rubber foot, and like it better 



A. A. MARKS, YTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 349 

-than the old style. I have used artificial limbs for six years. My limb is off 
about half-way from ankle to knee. 

Respectfully 

A. R. Gossard. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Gilmer, Upsher Co., Texas, Feb. 15, 1876. 
Ttfr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your patent legs since 1871 ; it has 
never given me any trouble ; I can walk with an ease that is surprising to my- 
self. The india-rubber foot is, in my opinion, the next thing to life itself, ob- 
viating the necessity of an ankle joint. 

I have used other artificial legs that had ankle joints, heel-cords, &c, that 
were clacking, breaking, and making a noise very obnoxious to the ear of ore 
who has the misfortune to be mutilated. I take this opportunity to say to those 
who have met the missiles of the late unhappy war that the inventions of A. A. 
M,arks excel every thing of the kind that I have ever met with in the way of 
substitutes for a lost limb. 

Yours very truly, 

B. T. Humphreys. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Uintah, Weber Co., Utah, Nov. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I have used one of the artificial legs manufactured by you for 
over three years and a half, and therefore I can say I have had some experience 
with it. The rubber foot works almost as well as the natural one, and after I 
got used to it and got it well fitted to the stump I was surprised how easy it was 
to get along with my usual work on the farm. I have never used any other 
kind of artificial leg ; I am well satisfied that nothing can be better than the 

• one I got from you with a rubber foot, and I would say to any one who has 
the misfortune to lose a limb, by all means, partner, get a new one from A. A. 
Marks, and you will soon forget your misfortune, as after a short while you 
will get used to the artificial one and work as easily with it as you did with 
the natural one. I am working on a farm and do all my work myself, besides 
going around with my machine and cutting hay for my neighbors. I had my 
left leg broken by a wagon loaded with lumber running over it. It was 

. amputated below the knee, and I can say that, from the measurements I sent 
to you according to your directions, you made a perfect limb, with joints so 

• easy and solid, at the same time, that it has not cost me scarcely any thing to 
keep it in good order. 

Yours respectfully, 

Timothy O'Neil. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 



Clarendon SppiNGs, Rutland Co. , Vt. , Oct. 30, 1887. 

Dear Sir: — On March 20, 1884, I was engaged in sawing wood with cir- 
cular saw; I slipped and fell with my foot under the saw, which sawed through 
the ankle. It was so badly injured that the doctors had to amputate it four 
inches above the ankle joint. 

I went to your establishment and purchased a limb ; on the first of April I 
went to work in a cheese factory, and worked seven months, and never lost one 
day, and ever since then my occupation has been cheese-making. From the 
first the leg has never given me any trouble. I walk with safety and comfort. 



350 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 

Have never had any repairing done. I walk very much, and labor constantly, 
and none except those who know of my condition would imagine that I am 
wearing an artificial leg. I have seen other kinds, but I prefer yours to any 
other. I take pleasure in recommending yours to those that are in need of 
artificial legs. I can say those that once try your limbs will never use any other. 

Yours respectfully, 

Myron D. Seakles. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

East Arlington, Bennington Co., Vt., Nov. 2, 1887- 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I most cheerfully add my testimony to the great worth of your 
artificial limbs. I have been using one of your patent limbs since 1869. The 
india-rubber foot is in my opinion the next thing to life itself, obviating the 
necessity of an ankle joint. I have used artificial limbs with ankle joints and 
cords which were continually breaking and getting out of repair until I lost all 
confidence in them. My occupation is a forger, running trip hammers, and hand 
forging, doing very heavy jobs. I am constantly on my feet, and can walk with 
perfect ease and safety anywhere. It never gets out of repair. 

I would not have any other, especially one with an ankle joint, as the rubber 
foot gives all the motion required. I cheerfully recommend all who inquire 
about artificial limbs to get Marks', the best made. 

Respectfully yours, 

A. A. Grant, 
Late of Co. A, 2d Vt. Vols. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir — I am glad to have an opportunity of placing in your hands for 
publication my experience with and my views of your patent artificial limbs. 
From my thirteen years of constant labor on your patent limb on a farm, and do- 
ing all kinds of work with ease and comfort, I can truly say yours is the best in 

my views. I had one of 's before I got yours, and it did well for a year. It 

was the old style leg with ankle joint. It was out of repair very often, and it 
got so I did not dare to go out on the street with it. But yours is good yet. I 
wish no better leg than yours with patent rubber foot. My leg is off six"mches 
below the knee. 

Yours truly, 

Wm; B. Gill. 
No. 172 North Willard St., Burlington, Vt: 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION, 

West Randolph, Orange Co., Vt., Oct, 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— Before wearing your artificial leg I wore two with ankle and 
toe joints, cords and springs. They were constantly out of repair. Have worn 
yours with rubber foot twelve years. It has not cost me $2 for repairs in that 
time. My leg is amputated four inches below the knee. 

Respectfully yours, 

Leonard H. Goodrich. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 351 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

North Hyde Park, Lamoille Co., Vt., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th inst. came duly to hand. I take pleasure in 
answering your inquiries in regard to how I like your rubber limbs. I have 
worn one of your artificial limbs for fourteen years, and during that time I 
did not have to pay out any thing for repairs except for a strap to go over my 
shoulder, and for that length of time it worked very nicely. 

My business for four years was farming, doing all kinds of work that farm- 
ers have to do. Two winters I worked on the mountain cutting and skidding 
logs, which was a very trying test for the limb. The limb that I am now wear- 
ing is one of your make, and I have worn it two years, and it has never given 
out or failed in any particular, and I am well pleased with it. I think the rub- 
ber foot is the best artificial that can be got up, as there is no ankle joint to wear 
out and rattle at every step I take, and be all the time failing, as is the case with 
other artificials. 

I think they are far more durable than any other manufactured that I have 
seen yet ; I can walk five or six miles without any trouble. By sending you 
my measurements I got a good fit, and am wearing it very comfortably. 
Yours very truly, 

Edwin A. Gallup, Late of Co. L., 2d Yt. Yols. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Bellows Falls, Windham Co., Yt., Oct. 27, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I have been using one of your artificial limbs for the past three 
years, and am pleased to say it has given entire satisfaction. My limb was 
amputated five inches below the knee. My occupation as fireman in Moore and 
Arms' paper mills gives my limb a thorough test. It has required very little 
repairing, the repairs having cost less than $10. With my best wishes for your 
future, I remain, Yours truly, 

Chas. M. Dodge. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Union Ridge, Clarke Co., Wash., Nov. 6, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs for the last six years, 
made from measurements. I am well satisfied with it in everyway. My trade 
is dressmaking. 
Amputation below the knee. I remain, 

Yours truly, 

Hannah Carty. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Chehalis, Lewis Co., Wash., Sept. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your request, I will state that I am very well satisfied 
with the limb you sent me. My labor is heavy. It has cost me nothing for 
repairs so far, which is fortunate, as there is no place to take it to here, and I 
could not spare it long enough to send it to you. 

Yours truly, 

A. C. St. John. 



352 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

314 Commercial St., Seattle, Wash., Nov. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — During the last ten years I have been obliged to wear a substi- 
tute. I tried the , then the , and got fairly disgusted with both of them, 

owing to the cords breaking or the bolts wearing and creaking, and, worse than 
all, echoing from the hills beyond, made me mount a peg leg of my own make, 
and one day I met a friend of mine, an old army captain, who persuaded me (in 
spite of my prejudice against artificial limbs) to get one of your patent. Finally 
I consented, and have worn it ever since. 

Every step I take brings 183 pounds to bear on it, and still the foot is as flex- 
ible as ever ; in fact, it has given me entire satisfaction, and I can heartily rec- 
ommend your patent artificial feet. Truly, 

Thos. E. Hughes. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 
A lumberman riding horseback and walking over logs. 

Glenville, Gilmer Co., W. Ya. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Allow me to say, for the benefit of those needing artificial limbs, 
that I have worn your patent leg with rubber foot for fifteen years, and in 
the fifteen years' constant use I have not paid $5 for repairs. I walk with ease 
and alacrity. 

I have been engaged in lumbering for the last ten years, riding horseback 
as much as four to five days out of each week from place to place, and then 
walking over logs to measure, etc. 

I have examined several different kinds of limbs, but think that for com- 
fort and durability your limbs are superior to any I know of. The first leg that 
I wore was a leg made in Cincinnati ; it did not prove satisfactory. I cheer- 
fully recommend you to all those who need artificial limbs, and also I am glad 
to state that in my case you have been successful in fitting from measurements. 
Yours most respectfully, 

John S. Brannon. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Weston, Lewis Co., W. Ya., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — I want to write you a short testimonial which you may use in your 
pamphlet for the benefit of those cripples who may desire to use an artificial 
limb. I was wounded in 1864, which resulted in the amputation of my left foot 
four and half inches above the ankle joint, which left a very tender stump by 
sloughing. 

After that time I ran a saw and grist mill for ten years. 

Afterward I was engaged in the mercantile business, and am now a photo- 
grapher. The first order that I gave was for one of 's legs, which was toler- 
able. The next I ordered was one of yours ; it was very good. But, like all 

others, thinking there might still be a better one, I ordered one of and it 

was a perfect nuisance, and then 1881 I fell back on your old stand-by leg. 
This I am still wearing. I recommend you, and will wear no other in the 
future. 

Jacob Stealey, 
Co. E. 10th W. Ya. Infty. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 353 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Wilsonbtjrg, Harrison Co., W. Va., Nov. 4, 1887. 
To Whom it may Concern : 

I have worn an artificial limb of Marks' patent for two years, and I find it 
superior in every respect to any other. As merchant I am on my feet almost 
all day long, and do not suffer any inconvenience from the limb. This I think 
is owing to the fact that the foot is of rubber. My foot was amputated just 
above the ankle, and during the time I have worn the artificial limb, I have no 
cause for complaint or repairs. 

Respectfully, 

M. J. Francis. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Bell St., Addison, Webster Co., W. Va., Nov. 22, 1887. 
IMr. A. A. Marks, : 

Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with your artificial leg. It hides the deform- 
ity, and enables me to walk with comfort and ease. My walk is natural. I 
can ride with the same comfort that I did with my natural leg. Occupation is 
farming, and by the help of your artificial leg I perform the same amount of 
labor I ever did ; fitting from measurements ; amputation below the knee. 

Yours respectfully, 

Levi Skldmore. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 30,1887. 
I am a farmer and lumberman. My amputation is eight inches below the 
"knee. My leg was fitted by measurements and works first rate. I am much 
pleased with it. 

S. D. Knowles. 
Wausau, Marathon Co., Wis. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 13, 1887. 
1r. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs for six years, and am 
highly pleased with it. I think the rubber feet are just the thing and do away 
with the old style of springs ; they are more durable and far better in every 
respect. 

As to your success in fitting from measurements, my limb fits me to a T. My 
occupation is farmer, and my limb is amputated four inches below the knee, 
and I have never paid out a cent for repairs yet, and I think if I ever buy 
another limb I will give you my order. I think your limb is far superior to any 
I have ever seen. 

Yours respectfully, 

Edward R. Smith. 

DOWNSVTLLE, DUNN Co., WlS. 



354 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Browntown, Green Co., Wis. Dec. 15, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your patent leg for over two years with perfect 
satisfaction. I want no other kind. I have worn an artificial leg nearly twenty- 
five years, and was always bothered with the springs and ankle joint giving 
out. Yours has never troubled me any, and is apparently as good as new. 
The rubber foot is almost like the natural one. No dropping of toes, no swing- 
ing side-wear, but straight forward over rough ground or on sidewalk, or up and 
down hill. I would cheerfully recommend it to all in need of a substitute. 
Very respectfully yours, 

Benjamin Wicks. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Cross Plains, Dane Co., Wis., Oct. 30, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — As you have made three artificial limbs for me and they have 
all given complete satisfaction, I believe it my duty to inform you how I am 

getting along. The first leg I wore was a ; before I had worn it two years 

you could hear the ankle rattle for a long distance. The ankle joint in an 
artificial limb is a nuisance. I believe the rubber foot to be the best and safest 
yet invented. I am a farmer by occupation, and own and manage a farm of 
160 acres. I have been standing husking corn to-day, and kept up my row 
with two able-bodied men from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. I have been wearing an 
artificial limb for twenty-three years, and have not been without one on for 
thirty days in that time. 

My leg is amputated four inches below the knee. I have investigated the 
"artificial problem" pretty thoroughly, and believe there is nothing made to 
beat the rubber foot for comfort and durability. I am so thoroughly convinced 
of the superiority of your limbs that I always recommend them to all inquirers. 

Yours respectfully, 

Harrison Sayles. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Belle Plain, Shawano Co., Wis., Oct. 30, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter with a request for statement is at hand. My leg 
was taken off seven inches below the knee. I got an artificial one with rubber 
foot a year ago last winter ; since then I have done the same work as I did 
before, and that is farmwork. I am eighteen years old now, and can lift as 
much as the best of boys at that age, and walk eight or ten miles without any 
trouble. Last winter I used the leg very hard while driving teams and hauling 
timber. 

Yours, etc., 

Franklin L. Rouse. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Office of J. W. Winn, City Marshal, 
P. O. Box 194, River Falls, Pierce Co., Wis., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is with great pleasure I reply to yours of October 26. I 
have been wearing artificial limbs since June, 1863, having lost my natural limb 
in September, 1862. I have since used three different kinds, yours making four, 
and when I say that your limb is pre-eminently ahead of them all, I speak the 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 355 



truth. It is nearly one year since I got you to fix my limb, and I have worn 
it every day since with perfect ease ; no binding, no chafing or blistering ; no 
dread to put it on in the morning, for I feel confident that when I do put it on 
it will fit, and fit as easy all day, which is more than I ever had one do before. 

Since last May I have been marshal of our city, and have been constantly on 
my feet from 8Vclock a.m. until 11 o'clock p.m ; so you see I have proved 
it thoroughly. 

My limb was amputated five inches below the knee. I have not been to 
one ceat of expense as yet. When I purchased your limb, I was prejudiced 
against your stiff ankle.' but am now thoroughly convinced that I was wrong, 
and would be willing to certify that, in my opinion, you make the best artificial 
limb in the market, and have advised my comrades and others to purchase of 
you. 

Yours truly, 

J. W. Wlnn. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Avoca, Iowa Co., Wis., Nov. 22, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Sir : — I will state to you that I never had such a good fit for the last twenty- 
one years. My leg is off nine inches below the knee. Two years ago I was in 

your office. I have worn three legs from at Philadelphia and none of them 

equals yours. 

The rubber foot cannot be excelled. 

Yours truly, 

Daniel Lynch. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Warren Mills, Monroe Co., Wis., Nov. 17, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn the leg you made for over five years and am 
exceedingly well pleased with it. In that time it has not cost me one cent for 
Tepairs, and it is good for a long time yet. This is very well considering that I 
have been laboring very nearly every day since I got it. My leg is amputated 
below the knee. I can heartily recommend your artificial limbs to any one in 
need of such an article. 

Yours respectfully, 

John Olson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Belmont, La Fayette Co., Wis., Dec. 14, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of October 26 at hand, and I would say in reply I am 
doing all my housework, carrying wood, water, etc. 

I have worn artificial limbs since 1872. I am now wearing the fourth limb 
which I purchased of you on or about July, 1885. 

It is giving me much better satisfaction than any of the other three which I 
purchased from different firms. My limb is amputated five inches above the 
ankle joint. You fitted me perfectly from measurements. 

Respectfully yours, 

Mrs. Wm. Krake. 



356 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

The Globe Milling Co., Merchant Millers, 
Watertown, Jefferson Co., Wis., Dec. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is now over twenty years ago since I bought my first arti- 
ficial leg from you. I have tried several other makes in the meantime, but 
none of them have given me such satisfaction in any way. I have found yours 
the easiest and most comfortable, both for wear and walking, and also the most 
durable. Have been engaged in the stave and lumber manufacturing business 
all this time. I had to be around on my feet all day. I could not favor the leg 
or foot, but used it hard, my leg being taken off about six inches below the 
knee. I have always recommended your leg as the best I have ever used or 
seen. 

Yours truly, 

Chris. May. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION, 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Seventy -one years of age — can walk without a cane. 

Oshkosh, Wis., Nov. 19, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. , New York : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your circular of October 26, would say that I think 
your artificial limb is the best that can be made. I have used one since 1881 
and it has given perfect satisfaction. My leg was amputated below the knee 
June, 1881, and measures for the same were taken before the stump had healed. 

I have worn the leg every day since. I am seventy-one years old, and can walk 
without a cane or crutch. I am on my feet in the store from six o'clock in the 
morning till eight o'clock in the evening, and never think of using a cane 
except when I go on the street. 

The cost of repairs are nominal ; a few dollars covers all expended on it. I 
think the rubber heel and toe and no ankle joint a great thing for people 
obliged to wear artificial limbs. 

Yours very truly, 

K. Dichman. 

I weigh from one hundred and ninety to two hundred pounds. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Kingston, Ont., Canada, Dec. 27, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial limb procured from you some five years ago has 
proved satisfactory. I have worn it constantly ever since without any incon- 
venience. It has only cost me a trifle for repairs so far, and it will last for a. 
good while yet. 
I think the rubber foot a great improvement on the ankle joints. 

Respectfully yours, 

Matilda Albertson. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Cow Bay, Cape Breton, N. S., Canada, Nov. 30, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your question as to how I like your artificial limbs, 
I am happy to say that, having worn one for the last six years, I feel convinced 
that no better can be made. The stump of my leg has given me more or less 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 357 



trouble from causes not remediable, but apart from these drawbacks, at times, 
I have been for quite a while in the company of people who never suspected 
that I was dependent on a '.' cork leg " (as they will call it) for support. The 
limb you furnished the boy Daniel McLean from measurements taken by me 
has given good satisfaction, and he runs around with his playmates almost as 
if he had never met with a misfortune. 

Yours truly, 

R. A. H. MacKeen, M. D. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

49 Charlotte St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — In reply to yours I beg to inform you that I am getting on fine 
with my leg. It is a first-class fit. 

You deserve much credit for it being so, as you had only my own measure- 
ments to go by. 

The day I put it on I walked four miles across the prairie, and the second 
day I was at a picnic from eight o'clock in the morning till 10 O'clock at night, 
and I did not feel the least bit tired. Thanking you for your courtesy to me, 

I remain, yours truly, 

Wm. Scott. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Kingston, Ont., Canada, Dec. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — I procured a leg from you in 1876, for amputation four inches 
below the knee. I have worn the leg almost constantly ever since. I have had 
it repaired, of course, at a moderate cost. It will wear for two or three years 
yet. 

I am well pleased with it in every way. I think the rubber foot a great 
improvement on the ankle joint. As you are aware, I bought a second leg 
from you about a year ago. It suits also very well. I have not been a whole 
day on crutches in ten years. 
Wishing you the compliments of the season, I remain, 

Yours respectfully, 

F. S. Rees. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

St. John, N. B., Canada, Oct. 20, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I learn that you are going to write a new pamphlet ; if so, I 
would like to tell my story. 

In July last I was accidentally caught on an elevator, and my left leg was 
so fearfully mangled that' it had to be amputated above the ankle. In Decem- 
ber, after looking around very thoroughly, I purchased my artificial leg of you. 
I am compelled to say that after one year of constant use I felt confident that I 
made no mistake in taking your patent. I take pleasure in stating that the leg 
you sent me by measurement gives me perfect satisfaction. Four times daily I 
walk from one place to another, and get in and out of my wagon very comfort- 
ably, and transact all my business ; when walking about I generally use a cane, 
but often forget it and go about for hours without any, and I get around much 
better than any one would suppose under the circumstances. 

Yours, etc., James Delay. 



358 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Melbourne, Quebec, Canada, Dec. 1, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing an artificial leg for the last twenty-three 
years. Some thirteen years ago I met one of your patients and was induced to 
try one of your legs with patent rubber foot, which I have been wearing con- 
stantly for the last twelve years, and it has not cost me fifty cents a year to 
keep it in repair. 

My occupation is very laborious, as you must know that farmers have a good 
deal of heavy work to do. The other limbs which I used were constantly get- 
ting out of order, and it cost me a good deal of time and money to keep them 
in order. In my opinion your artificial leg with rubber foot is the best sub- 
stitute for the natural that are manufactured on the continent of America. I 
know by experience that your limbs are the cheapest in the market, for I paid 
more for repairs in ten years for the other two legs that I wore than the original 
cost of one of them. 

Respectfully yours, 

Thos. H. Nixon. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Windsor, Nova Scotia, Canada, Dec. 20, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I had the misfortune of losing one of my legs on the railway 
in 1870. Through the kindness of a friend of mine I was recommended to try 
one of your artificial legs. 

For your satisfaction and mine I will say that for the past six years I have 
worn the same leg, and it has given me good satisfaction. For durability and 
for comfort I can recommend your make of legs to all those who have been so 
unfortunate as to lose their natural legs. I am a butcher by trade, and have a 
great deal of walking and jumping in and out of my wagon, and many people 
express wonder and astonishment that I can get around so well. I weigh now 
one hundred and eighty-eight pounds, and had my leg fitted from measurements. 
I would heartily recommend those in need of an artificial leg to go to you. 
Hoping you may live long to benefit others as you have me, I remain 

Yours very truly, 

William Marr. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Napanee, Ont., Canada, Nov. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York, N. Y. : 

Dear Sir : — Having worn one of your artificial legs for about eighteen 
years, having worn two others by different makers also, I can speak from 
experience, and I am satisfied there is no leg made to equal yours, particularly 
so for its durability, as there is no ankle joint (which usually becomes a rattle- 
box) or springs of any kind to give way, and the wearer always feels perfectly 
safe against a break-down, which is often a continual dread with wearers of 
other limbs. The rubber foot in a great measure takes the place of the ankle 
joint, it being so soft and elastic that there is none of that pounding sound 
usually heard by wearers of legs with ankle joint movements, etc. 

Cost of repairs to your limbs are a mere trifle. My amputation is about three 
inches below the knee. I walk so well that many of my acquaintances have 
known me for years, and were not aware that I had lost a limb until informed 
of it. I have much pleasure in recommending your artificial legs with rubber 
feet to any one so unfortunate as to need a substitute. 

Yours sincerely, 

J. P. Hanley, G. T. R. Agent. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 359 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Rothwell, Manitoba, Canada, Nov. 10, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — After wearing one of your artificial legs for five years con- 
tinuously, giving it the hardest of usage, and having worn one of the movable 
ankle-joint artificial legs previous to getting one of yours, I am in a position to 
give an opinion on the merits of each. I can recommend your artificial legs 
with rubber feet in preference to any thing that I have seen or heard of as a sub- 
stitute for the natural limb, and intend, when this one that I am wearing now 
is worn out, to order another. 

Yours respectfully, 

Chas. O. Evans. 



BELOW-KXEE AMPUTATION. 

Lower Prln'ce William, N. B., Canada, Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It is with pleasure that I testify to the merits of your artificial 
leg. I have used one of your make for over two years, and it has proved 
satisfactory in every respect. 

Although my work is quite heavy, yet the leg has stood it remarkably well. 
You could hardly tell it had been worn. 

The expense in that time for repairs has not reached one dollar. 

In conclusion I would recommend it to all as the best limb manufactured in 
America. 

Yours truly, 

J. R. Van Wart. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

247 Ottawa St., Montreal, Canada, Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having had the misfortune of losing my left leg by being run 
over by a passenger train on the Grand Trunk Railway, and having had it ampu- 
tated six inches above ankle joint, I was induced by the earnest solicitation of 
a friend to get one of your artificial limbs with patent rubber foot. After 
having worn it for three years constantly without having it repaired, and as my 
duties require me to be walking from six a. m. until from nine to ten o'clock 
p. m., and being a heavy man (I weigh over two hundred pounds), I can safely 
say that the artificial leg manufactured by your firm has no equal for perfect 
fit and durability. It has passed my most sanguine expectations, and it gives 
me great pleasure to testify to its general excellence. 

Yours respectfully, Wm. Clark. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

St. Thomas, W. I., Nov. 22, 1887. 

I have worn one of the Marks artificial legs with rubber foot for three years, 
and must accord to him all the merits in the line of the manufacturing of arti- 
ficial limbs, its durability, its ease and simplicity. I have not had repairs to 
the value of one cent since wearing the leg, and I have given it test enough to 
speak of its superiority. I walk for miles without a cane. 

I take my usual pleasure in sporting, going over hills and dales without the 
sign of fatigue or inconvenience. 

I must not omit to say that I read in the reports of another artificial limb 
maker in New York of one of his patients who used one of Mr. Marks' legs 
with rubber foot and he had three new feet to the leg in eighteen months, and 



360 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

bold enough to say each foot lasted only six months. I cannot understand it, 
for I am a carpenter and do a large amount of walking, and my artificial leg 
has a great deal of wear and tear ; and that patient stated he was a groom ; 
impossible, for from my case I do not believe it. I give Mr. Marks leave to 
publish this in his pamphlet. 

R. D MOTHERSILL 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Mtted from Measurements. 

27 Ashburne St., Belfast, Ireland, June 27, 1884. 

Dear Sir : — On November 24, 1874, I fell from the mast of a ship in Dela- 
ware Bay and broke both of my legs, one of which was so badly smashed that 
Dr. O'Neill of the University Hospital, Philadelphia, advised amputation, 
which was done a few inches below the knee. I came out of hospital in 1875, 
and went to reside with a friend in Baltimore. About the latter end of May, 
1875 — I am not sure of the date — I gave some money I had scraped together 
to a clergyman named Rev. C. Mcllfresh, who took an interest in seafaring 
men. He advised me to purchase an artificial limb, and took me to an agent 
of yours in Baltimore, who took the measurements and said he would send to 
you for the leg. The leg arrived some time about the latter end of June, 1875, 
and I have been wearing it ever since. I would like to get another just like 
it The limb I have has a rubber foot for amputation below the knee. It is a 
pity you have not an agent here, for there is only one party in this city who 
makes artificial legs, and they are not to be compared with yours for dura- 
bility, neatness, and comfort. This party made a botch of mine trying to 
repair it ; before that I could go distances without any difficulty, but now I 
am afraid to go far for fear of breaking down. 

Trusting to hear from you soon, 

Yours respectfully, 

Dr. Marks. Samuel McKee. 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Danced at Ms wedding. 

{Translated from the Spanish.) 

Santa Rosalia, Mexico, Sept. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — Having had the misfortune to 'lose my left leg, and being in- 
formed by my friend Dr. C. H. Fisher that artificial limbs were manufactured 
in your city, I made arrangements with the same gentleman to get one of these 
important members, and was favored with an excellent one, manufactured at 
your establishment, and which I have used ever since. 

When I gave my order I never imagined that an artificial leg could form so 
perfect a substitute for the natural one in walking, riding on horseback, and 
even dancing ; I supposed it would merely serve to hide the defect, and to 
preclude that unpleasant impression that is always felt on seeing a mutilated 
man. 

For your satisfaction and my own I would beg to state that experience has 
demonstrated to me the superiority of the artificial legs with the rubber foot, 
because they combine simplicity of construction with stability and ease in walk- 
ing, aside from the consideration of their extreme durability. I seize this 
opportunity of expressing my gratitude towards yourself for having devoted 
your energies to the alleviation of mankind in a branch so important as that of 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 361 

manufacturing artificial limbs, the construction and adaptation of which you 
so thoroughly understand. 

Very sincerely yours, 

Antonio Alarcon. 
C. H. Fisher, M.D., in his letter of November 12, 1887, says : 
" Antonio Alarcon was married last week ; he danced a great deal at his 
wedding." 



BELOW-KNEE AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Cerro Blanco, Carrizal Bajo, Chile, S.A., August 24, 1887. 
Mr. A. A .Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir : — As no doubt you are aware, the existence of cholera on some of 
the Chilian posts some six or seven months ago closed all communications 
between this country and the northern republics, and the artificial leg for my 
son was thereby a good deal delayed in arriving, reaching me only in April. 
I wished to give it a fair trial before writing, and I have now much pleasure in 
telling you that the fit is perfect and that my son is able to use it with the 
greatest comfort. I have also to thank you for your kind instructions as to 
bandaging, all of which have been faithfully carried out with great success. 

My son begs me to tender you his most earnest and heartfelt thanks for the 
blessing that you have been the means of rendering to him, and for my part I 
.have only to say that my gratitude is unbounded. I remain, dear sir, 

Yours very faithfully, 

E. T. Marten. 



WEARING LEGS FOR ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATIONS. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

"West Simsbury, Hartford Co., Conn., Nov. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I had my foot so mangled in a mowing machine four years ago 
that it was necessary to have it amputated just in front of the ankle. Since 
then I have been compelled to wear a stump shoe and, having constant trouble 
with the same, the first of September I had you fit one of your artificial limbs, 
and since then I have had no trouble. I do not think any thing about having 
.an artificial limb ; it is so easy and comfortable. 

I can not say enough in praise of your artificial limbs. 

Bertie P. Tuller. 

Eleven years old. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

30 Temple St., Hartford, Conn., Oct. 30, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — In reply to your letter, I think your feet are the best in the 
world. I have worn mine for about six months, and have been to dances and a 
good many social gatherings. I have worn one of the New Haven man's feet, 
and I could not find the comfort I do with yours. Your feet give more sup- 
port to the ankle than any other I have seen. I work for I. J. Stein, the silver- 
plater. 

I had my foot taken off four years last March on the Hartford and Con- 
necticut Western R. R. I can recommend your feet as the best in the country. 

Yours truly, 

"Eugene D. Fox. 



362 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



INSTEP AMPUTATION. 

Savannah, Ga., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Dr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir :— Yours of October 26 is at hand. Six years ago I was injured 
by a car of the Central Railroad at Savannah. 

Since that time I have been wearing one of your artificial feet for amputation 
at the instep. My occupation is very laborious, being assistant warehouseman 
for M. Maclean and Co. I can truly say that your rubber feet are very durable 
and comfortable and convenient, and I am very much pleased with it. 

Yours respectfully, 

Jno. L. Spivey. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

June 27, 1887.. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 
Dear Sir :— The rubber foot you made me is doing splendid. 

Yours very truly, 

^ _. William H. Powell 

Ewensville, Gibson Co., Inp. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements, 

South Framington, Mass., Nov. 13, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn one of your artificial limbs for three years. I have* 
had no repairs of any kind, and it is just as good as when I bought it. I think 
your rubber foot the best thing in the market, and far more durable than the 
old style. 
My work has been all standing for the past three years. 

Yours respectfully, 

O. F. Stone.. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Kansas Medical Society (State), Office of Secretary. 
Topeka,, Kansas, Nov. 15, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial foot since 1879. The point of amputa- 
tion is at the ankle, with a portion of the heel remaining. It is a modification 
of Symes' operation. 

I had great difficulty in getting an appliance, and I found it a point very 
difficult to supply with a comfortable and useful foot. I made many unsuc- 
cessful trials and about despaired ever being able to walk without the aid of a 
crutch. A friend advised me to apply to you, as he had some knowledge of 
the rubber hands and feet. I did so and received directions from you how to 
take measurements for the appliance. I sent on the measurements and soon 
received by express the limb and rubber foot. It was a perfect fit and was 
comfortable. I could walk with ease and with scarcely a perceptible limp. 

I have worn this appliance since September, 1882, and without repairing it. 

I am more than pleased with it, and know from experience that you are 
the only manufacturer of a comfortable and useful limb for the amputations, 
know as Symes' or Chopart's operation. I am a physician, and see quite a, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 363 



number of people wearing artificial limbs, arid am well satisfied that the 
limbs manufactured with the rubber hands and feet, are far superior to any 
other. Thanking you for the comfortable and useful limb invented through 
your genius and benevolence, I am, 

Yours sincerely, 

S. G. Stewart, M.D. 
621 Kansas Ave. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

WAMfUT Hill, Norwalk Co., Mass.. Oct, 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial limb for twelve years. I have worn 
one of another kind that had the ankle-joint ; it was worn out in three years ; and 
I purchased one from you. 

I wore it seven years ; it cost me $1 . 50 for repairs. Two years ago I purchased 
another limb from you. I think it is the best limb that is made. I would not 
be without one. I am a wool sorter and have to lift and truck bales that 
weigh from one hundred to one thousand pounds. My limb is amputated at 
the ankle joint. 

Respectfully yours, 

John W. Smith. 



INSTEP AMPUTATION. 

Termer's Falls, Franklin Co., Mass., Nov. 26, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I desire to inform you that the artificial leg you made for me 
'in 1886 has given me entire satisfaction. 

You have my regards for the service you have done me. 

" Respectfully yours, 

Joseph Perlnet. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 10, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My foot was amputated at the ankle joint. I have worn a 
rubber foot of your make for over six years. I find that for perfect fit and 
durability they cannot be surpassed. 

Respectfully yours, 

John G. HiLLLOtD. 
45 Newark St., Hoboken, N. J, 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. BOTH FEET. 

Fitted from Measures. 

Custer, Dakota, Aug. 10, 1888. 

Sir : — I have worn artificial feet for three years, and they have proved to be 
satisfactory. Could not do without them. I can do all kinds of farm work 
and get around naturally. Without your feet I could do nothing. 

Yours respectfully, 

Friend W. Meeker. 



364 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



Fitted from Measures. 

. ," Santa Ana, Cal., Feb. 7, 

A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I am getting along nicely with my leg. It was a good fit and 
works all O. K. Yours respectfully, "W. E. Tedford. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Wears No. 137 leg. 

Long Branch, N. J., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in stating that I have used the foot pur- 
chased from you for seven years without any expense whatever. I think it the 
best in use, as I have examined others and find this to be far superior in dura- 
bility and comfort. 

I am janitor of a large school and do all the work pertaining to that office, 
such as scrubbing, etc. I am also night watchman for a large dry-goods firm. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Chas. Van Brunt, Jr. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 



Editorial Rooms Irish World, \ 
17 Barclay St., N. Y., Oct. 15, 1887. j 

Dear Sir : — Two years ago I got from you an artificial foot for Pirogoff's 
operation — the amputation of the foot at the ankle joint. I have worn it con- 
stantly since. I have walked some four or live miles a day on it, been on my 
feet speaking at public meetings for an hour at a time, attended to my duties 
in this office regularly, and even taken part as a parader in two public demon- 
strations, not merely without any extraordinary sense of fatigue, but positively 
without any person not acquainted with me suspecting that any thing was the 
matter with my nether extremities. 

It even amuses me occasionally to challenge intimate friends to pick out the 
artificial foot by watching my walk, and they generally fail to do it, when they 
succeed only doing so by guesswork. I have the more pleasure in testifying 
to the success of your rubber foot from the fact that I had tried artificial feet 
from two different makers before (one in Dublin, Ireland, and one in Man- 
chester, England), and both were such lamentable failures that I had made up 
my mind to waste no more money on any thing of the kind, but to hobble 
through life as best I could on crutches. With your foot I do not require so 
much as the friendly services of a walking-stick. 

You are at liberty to make whatever use you like of my testimony, for I feel 
that the mere cash payment for the foot is not -sufficient recompense for the new 
life you have given me, and if my evidence induces one similarly situated to 
try your artificial limbs he will thank me all the days of his life for giving it. 

Yours, etc., 

Arthur M. Forrester, 

Asst. Editor Irish World. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Deatc Sir :— I had the misfortune to lose my foot while serving as an engi- 
neer on a steamer in 1868. It was amputated at the ankle joint, called the Symes 
amputation. I have worn several different kinds of artificial limbs, but prefer 
yours to any I have had. I would not wear a foot with an ankle joint if it were 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 365 



given to me. I have worn yours and worked with it every day for nine years 
in the Delamater Iron Works, foot of West 13th St., New York City, and not 
paid a cent for repairs in that time, and found it perfect in every respect, and 
prefer it to any other make. I cheerfully recommend it to any one of the un- 
fortunate in need of an artificial limb. 

Yours respectfully, 

F. W. Funch. 
712 Washington St., New York City. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

m 3d Ave., New York City, Dec. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In 1883 I suffered the amputation of my left foot at the ankle 
joint. I had an artificial leg and foot made for me in England, which I thought 
served my purpose well, but about a year ago I had you fit me with one of 
your natural crook legs with rubber foot, which I have since worn with com- 
fort and delight. I am able to walk, run, go up and down stairs and attend to 
my eDgine without the least inconvenience or pain. I heartily recommend the 
rubber foot. Respectfully yours, 

Edward Hanlon. 



INSTEP AMPUTATION. 



Geo. M. Eddy & Co.. Manufacturers of Tape Measures, 
351 & 353 Classon Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y r ., Nov. 15, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me a great deal of pleasure to say that the last artificial 
foot you made for me is probably as near perfection as is possible to make one ; 
certainty the arrangement of the socket in the front of the leg with the rubber 
foot attached is far superior to any other I have had made of wood socket, 
steel joints, and wood foot, all of which have been expensive, have broken 
easily, and got out of order so as to lose the elasticity which always remains in 
the rubber foot. 

I have had five different appliances for my stump, and I am in honor bound 
to say that the one you made for me last summer even exceeds your effort of 
five years ago, and that gave me no expense in the five years. It was a good 
foot when I put it off for this one, but I did so because I was sure your latest 
and improved method for Chopart's amputation would prove, as it has done, 
superior to any other I have ever used. The advantage of this latest appliance 
by having the wood socket passing up the front of the leg instead of back are, 
that the leverage is so much reduced that there is no liability of breaking. 
Second, it may be fitted to feel more comfortable than any other way, giving 
protection to the sharp edge of the shin. 

The rubber foot is more elastic than any other, and makes no noise, does not 
slip so easily as others. The whole appliance is as simple as any thing possibly 
can be, and so reduces the liability of breakage and expense. Permit me to 
renew my expressions of satisfaction with the patient care and fair treatment 
you have always shown me. Now, if any person has a Chopart's amputation, 
and wants the benefit of my experience, he may come to me and I will show him 
my gallery of artificial appliances, and point out the superiority of your latest 
style to that of any of the other five. 

I am, truly youjs, 

W. P. Eddy. 



INSTEP AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York : 

Dear Sir — I take the liberty of writing you a few lines in regard to the 
artificial foot (for Chopart's amputation) I bought of you some time ago. 
Previous to my buying the foot I visited all the principal makers in New York, 



■366 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



but found nothing I liked so well as the foot I saw at your place, and have not as 
yet had any cause to regret my choice. I am now employed as salesman, and 
do a great deal of walking and standing, and now, after five months' wear of 
your foot, I get along almost as well as ever I did, without any limp or halt 
whatever, and a person not knowing the fact would never suspect there was 
any thing wrong. 

After constant use the foot is in as good condition as it was the day I bought 
it, not having to be repaired or fixed in any way, the fit being particularly 
good. 

Hoping that all those so unfortunate as to require the use of artificial limbs 
may call upon you, as I feel they will strike the right man in the right place. 

I am, yours truly, Robert Loeb. 

409 E. 85th St., New York City. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

42 Pacific St., Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov., 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

_ I have worn the rubber-foot leg you made for me fourteen years. It has 
given me perfect satisfaction. I heartily recommend it. I lost my foot in the 
U. S. Navy. ' 

James Connell. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Rockwell's Mills, Chenango Co., N. Y., Nov. 9, 1887. 
Mr, A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir: — My foot was amputated when but a child of thirteen, and as 
soon as it was sufficiently healed I had one of your admirable rubber feet applied 
from measurements, and it fitted me as perfectly as though I had gone to New 
York and had the foot fitted by your own hand. I have used the foot four 
years now to the untold satisfaction of myself and the utmost gratification of 
my friends, who often tell me they would never notice any thing peculiar about 
my walk. I have lived with people for months without their discovering that 
I was lame. 

During the greater part of the time since I have worn your artificial foot, I 
have attended a boarding school, with its usual number of stairs, which I have 
run up and down with the greatest ease. I am at present doing a daughter's 
part of the housework, standing upon my feet the larger portion of the time v 

My rubber foot seemed to be a part of me, and I think more of it than any 
thing I possess. As to repairs, they have been next to nothing, only about $2 
during four years. Upon looking over your pamphlet before purchasing my 
foot I was greatly depressed to find so few testimonials from girls who had worn 
your limbs, while the pages were filled with endorsements of men and boys. I 
was almost afraid the limbs were not adapted to the girls. I have long ago 
proven the fallacy of that notion, however, and,, to any girl who has lost her 
limb I would say get one of Marks' limbs with the easy, elastic rubber foot, 
and thereby be transformed into a happy, useful, and light-hearted girl. 

Very gratefully yours, 
Hattie L. Moore. 

ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am a farmer ; in March, '86, I cut one of my feet so badly with 
an axe that amputation was necessary. On March 29 a Symes amputation 
was performed. In August following I purchased one of your artificial limbs, 
and must say it gives me entire satisfaction. I am now able to do almost 
all kinds of farmwork, and walk a mile very comfortably. Indeed many 
strangers are surprised when they find that I am wearing an artificial limb. 

Very respectfully, Theo. O. Hulse. 

Calverton, Suffolk Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1887. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



36' 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Mt. Vernon, Westchester Co., N. Y., March 22, 1883. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I sell morning papers on the E. R. trains, get on and off while 
the train is in motion, and wear one of your rubber feet ; very few of my 




No. 292. 

friends know of the fact, arid those who do regard me as the possessor of a 
remarkable foot. I experience no inconvenience ; I heartily recommend your 
leg as the best made. 

John Scharfp. 



ANKLE-JOINT AMPUTATION. 

Rhinecliff, Dutchess Co., N. Y., Nov. 29, 1887. 
Mr A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— I have the greatest pleasure in addressing you these' few lines in 
order to express the satisfaction which I have with the artificial foot you made 
for me. 

I have worn it constantly for* two years and three months. 

I walk with safety and comfort, and no repairs needed ; yet I do a great 
deal of walking. Four years ago I had my foot amputated in the ankle-joint. 
Not being able to get an artificial foot, I thought of the helpless life that was 
before me, but through the aid of Dr. Gage I got one of your rubber feet, 
which I am well pleased with. Hoping you may live long to benefit others as 
you have me, 

I remain, very truly yours, Julia Emery. 



368 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

Fitted from Measures. 

Silver Plume, Col., Aug. 18, 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — My leg is giving satisfaction. I have worked at mining every 
day since I got it. 

Mike Smith. 



INSTEP AMPUTATION. 

1509 Wallace St., Harrisbtjrg, Pa., Nov. 2, 1887. 
Mr, A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I am glad to testify in this way that your appliance for my foot, 
a Chopart's amputation, is one of the finest articles in the market. I am a fire- 
man on the P. R. Road and can do my work. I am putting in a sewer seventy 
feet long, and five deep, besides my work on the road. The cost has been 
nothing. This is the foot above all others. 

I am, very respectfully yours, 

C. P. Hutchinson. 



Niantic, Washington Co., R. I., Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th inst. at hand. 

I would say your foot is far superior to the one I have used. 

In 1880 I had my foot amputated at ankle (Symes operation). 

In 1881 I commenced wearing one of 's artificial feet ; it made a great 

deal of noise and was all the time breaking down, which was very expensive to 
a poor man like myself. 

In October, 1885, 1 received one of your make of feet ; the same month I met 
with an accident breaking my left or well leg ; did not get to wearing your foot 
until March, 1886 ; have worn it constantly ever since ; have worked at my oc- 
cupation this summer running a stationary engine. People are surprised to 
see how well I get around. All the expense it has been to me is to have it 
shortened to correspond with the broken leg. Cost about $3 ; very reasonable 
I thought. Your foot is neatly gotten up, light, and makes no noise. Any 
unfortunates that are in want of artificial limbs would do well to correspond 
with you. 

Very respectfully yours, 

F. T. Brightman. 

Additional testimonials on legs for ankle and partial foot amputations, see 
pages 439 to 443. 



APPARATUS. 



NO. 160 EXTENSION. 

New Haven, Conn., Oct. 27, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The extension with rubber foot manufactured for me has been 
in constant use for one year. I can recommend it for durability, neatness, and 
a comfort that a person with a shortened limb should not be without. Not 
being able to do you justice enough for the comfort that I have derived from it, 

I remain, respectfully yours, 

W. C. A. 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 369 



NO. 152 LEG. 

Putnam, Windham Co., Conn., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Me. Marks ; 

Dear Sir : — In answer to your request, I will say that I am very much 
pleased with the apparatus (with rubber foot) that you fitted to my deformed 
foot. I have worn it one year and think more and more of it. I would not take 
any amount for it, if I could not get another. I hope this will induce others 
in my condition to try your apparatus and walk easier. 
I am in a millinery store, and am standing part of the time. 

Respectfully yours, 

Miss H. S. Kennedy. 



NO. 152 LEG. 



Oct. 31, 1887. 



Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me sincere pleasure to inform you that the apparatus 
made by you for my son Freddy has my appreciations. It conceals his deform- 
ity, and enables him to walk in a natural manner. 

Yours very truly, 

" G. A. Willi amson. 
East Webster, Worcester Co., Mass. 

P.S. I would say that the apparatus was applied when nineteen months old. 
The boy will be three years old the 24th of December, 1887. 



NO. 152 LEG. 

Groton, Middlesex Co., Mass., Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Sir : — In regard to the apparatus, I would say I have worn one nearly a year 
and it gives entire satisfaction ; and I would advise any one in need of any thing 
of the kind to consult with Mr. A. A. Marks. I am an engineer, and my 
leg gets pretty hard usage sometimes, and does not get out of order. 

Yours respectfully, 

E. H. Clark. 



NO. 157 FOOT. 



W. C. Lewis, dealer in Stoves, Hardware, etc., 
Globe Village, Worcester Co., Mass., April 1, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Cady wears his foot all day, with the exception of an hour during the middle 

of the day. If he had his say it would not be taken off then. He speaks of 

you every day. It would ,do you good to see how he runs around on it. I 

think this is doing pretty well, as it is less than two weeks since he began to use it. 

# Yours respectfully, 

W. C. Lewis. 



NO. 167 FOOT. 



275 So. Water St., New Bedford, Bristol Co., Mass., June 15, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The boot was received all right and fits perfectly. I have worn 
it steadily and don't think it can be improved. I feel very grateful that you 
and your workmen have been gifted with the spirit of wisdom to know what 
would suit me so well. 

I am, yours respectfully, 

Belle Gray. 



370 



A, A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Box 435, East Syracuse, N. Y., June 18, 1889. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have a very bright little girl that was horn without one foot. 
When thirteen months I called at your p!ace and had an artificial foot applied. 
When she was seventeen months old, she could walk just as well as any child 
with natural feet. We have everything to be thankful for to think that she 
was able to obtain such a good substitute. You are at liberty to print my 
endorsement of your excellent work. 

Yours truly, 

Mrs. Mary E. Loomis. 



NO. 152 LEG. 



Peekskill, Dutchess Co., New York, October 24, 1877. 
1e. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Some time ago you wrote to me with regard to how much I was 
benefited by the artificial limb (or apparatus rather) you had adapted to my de- 
formity. 

In reply, I would beg leave to state that during the whole time that I have 





No. 293. 



No 294. 



been afflicted with this deformity (37 years) I have never found relief before. 
I have been operated upon, surgically, three times during my life, the Tendon 
Achilles cut each time, with no favorable result. At times I have been com- 
pelled to use a crutch, and always a cane, upon which I took much of my 
weight. 

Since I have been using the apparatus, my walk has improved almost to per- 
fection, and my comfort more than I can express in words. I now walk with 
comparative ease, sometimes using a cane, more from force of habit than 
necessity. 

I only wish it had been applied years ago. I should thereby have saved my- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 371 

self much distress and suffering, as well as mortification. Nothing could reach 
my case to do me any good but your elastic rubber foot, that comes in here so 
complete, where there is no room for a joint (if one was needed, even in any 
case). My nearly two years' experience with this apparatus has fixed me up 
so completely that nothing could induce me to dispense with it. Hoping that 
your life may be spared for many years to continue to benefit other unfortunates 
as you have me, 

Yours very truly, A. T. Cuzner. M.D, 



NO. 150 LEG. 



Nov. 10, 1887. 

Dear Sir : — Allow me to express my gratitude for the relief given me by 
your artificial limb. I have worn artificial limbs for the last twenty years, but 
not until August, 1886, had I the good fortune to receive your assistance. 
Formerly the complicated adjustment to my limb hindered me from walking 
without the aid of a crutch, but since I am in the happy possession of your 
rubber foot walking becomes a pleasure. The rubber foot without ankle joint 
gives me the elasticity needed by the pedestrian. 

Your artificial limb can certainly be recommended with the utmost confidence. 
Yours truly, Chas. F. Schanzl 

295 K 10th St., New York City. 



NO. 152 LEG. 



Somers Center, Westchester Co., N. Y., March 23, 1883. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — Your apparatus for limbs shortened by hip disease I have used 
for the past two years with satisfaction ; the rubber foot aids the weak limb and 
gives almost the same elasticity as the natural foot and ankle. Its durability is 
beyond question, and surpasses those with the ankle joint, in my experience and. 
estiraation. 

Yours very truly, Samuel P. Wright. 



NO. 152 LEG. 

Penn. Railroad Office, 233 S. 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Having used your apparatus for deformed foot constantly for 
the past ten years I can cheerfully say that it has answered the purpose intended, 
by concealing my deformity and enabling me to walk in a natural manner and 
without tiring. 

On account of its strength and simplicity of construction, in connection with 
your rubber foot, I could not conceive any thing more suitable for the purpose. 
Yours respectfully, Henry Sassaman. 

Dec. 16, 1887. 



ABOVE-ELBOW ARMS. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 
Fitted from Measurements. 

Cedar Bluff, Cherokee Co., Ala., Feb. 27, 1887. 
I have been wearing one of A. A. Marks' artificial arms, and am much pleased 
with it, and would say that it is all he claims for it. 

Miss Mary Cumby. 
Endorsed by J. W. Farill, M.D. 



372 A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Putnam, Windham Co., Conn., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : — At the age of seventeen years, I met with an accident necessitat- 
ing the amputation above the elbow of my right arm. I desired after the elapse 
of a few years to procure the best false arm made, and as your artificial limbs 
were recommended to me by a neighbor similarly afflicted as being the best, I 
gave you my order. I have worn the arm a year and six months, experiencing 
no difficulty whatever, but find it useful to me in my business as well as an 
improvement in my appearance. During the time I have expended nothing for 
repairs on same, excepting three dollars for a new pair of straps. No small 
sum would tempt me to part with it. Thanking you for your kind interest in 
my behalf, I remain, 

Yours truly, 

Clarence M. French, 
Telegraph Operator. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Harlem, Columbia Co., Ga., Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City: 

Dear Sir : — The artificial arm with rubber hand manufactured for me by 
you gives perfect satisfaction. My arm is amputated above the elbow. You 
made perfect fit by measurement taken by my father under your direction. I 
received the arm last April, and have been wearing it every day since., without 
the least inconvenience and without any repairs. I do not know how I could 
do without it. I can use it much better than I expected. I can hold my 
needles in knitting, and by its aid can do various kinds of fancy work. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Alice Lamkin. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Ida Grove, Ida Co., Iowa, Nov. 4, 1887. 
1e. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial arm purchased of you three years ago has given 
good satisfaction. I am a farmer by occupation, and the arm has been in hard 
and constant use with very few repairs except straps and webbing. The stump 
of my arm is but six inches long, but the arm fits well, and is all one could 
expect of an artificial limb, and I can heartily recommend them to any one so 
unfortunate as to be in need of one. 

Yours truly, 

Chas. L. Dewey. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 4, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your request, will say for the benefit of those who 
are unfortunate enough to be without the use of two arms, that I have a left 
stump five and one-half inches in length, on which I wear one of your arms 
with rubber hand ; the same was fitted from measurements. I have worn it every 
day since 1881, and treble the amount of cost would not induce me to be with- 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 373 



out it. Repairs have been comparatively nothing. A new strap occasionally, 
that is all; and, further, I know the rubber hand is far superior to any other I 
have ever seen in use. My hand is as good as the day I received it. I am a 
newspaper man by occupation. My arm keeps me balanced nicely and fills 
the vacancy so perfectly that many people associating with me do not know 
that I am a one-armed man. I am out on a collecting tour through Missouri. 
319 & 320 Portsmouth Building, Kansas City, Kan. 

R. A. Kope. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

130 Conant St., Boston, Mass., Oct. 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I am thirteen years of age and have been wearing one of your 
Tubber hands for about eighteen months. It has been of such assistance and 
use to me that I would not be without it for a day. I am able to help myself 
at table and in many other ways by its means, and most heartily recommend 
any one in need of artificial limbs to investigate the merits of your inventions. 
Yours truly, Joseph T. Mooney. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Kent City, Kent Co., Mich., Nov. 11, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — In reply to your , invitation of the 26th . The artificial arm I 
bought of you two years ago is in every way satisfactory. The rubber hand 
is of special benefit. I would not have any other kind of hand. I have only 
five inches of stump ; was fitted by measurements sent by mail ; don't think it 
possible to have a better fit. Your arm is all you claim for it. No repairs yet, 
and don't need any. 

Very respectfully, C. S. Parks, 

Agent C. and W. M. R. Co. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Hanover, Gage Co., Neb., Nov. 20, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I want to inform you that I am able to work well with the arti- 
ficial arm you made for me. I have had no expenses with it yet with the 
■exception of a shoulder strap. I can use any of the farming tools In attending 
to eighty acres of land. I can pitch grain and hay, can plow and cultivate. I 
:regard your arm as the best in the market. 

Yours, William Pardee. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

9 Columbia St., Morristown, Morris Co., N. J., Nov. 7, 1887. 
jVIr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am perfectly satisfied in every way with the artificial arm I 
procured of you, two years and over. During that time it has not cost me one 
cent for repairs. As to the fit, all I can say is to repeat what my friends say, 
that nobody would know it was artificial unless I told them. The rubber hand 
is a great saver of gloves, and a vast improvement also. My arm is off between 
the elbow and shoulder. 

Yours respectfully, P. C. Rooney, 

Telegraph Operator. 



374 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

387 Grove St., Jersey City, N. J., Oct. .30, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — It was my lot to meet with an accident by which it became 
necessary to have my left arm amputated two inches above the elbow. I have 
been wearing one of your artificial arms for nearly two years. I am well 
pleased with it. My position is book-keeping, and it is of great service to me, 
and as an ornament it is next to nature itself. I would certainly recommend, 
your patent. 

Respectfully yours, 

Mary W. Ryan.. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

220 Garfield Ave., Scranton, Pa., Oct. 26, 1887, 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter to hand. I gladly comply with your request. I 
wish to congratulate you on the arm that I received from you, both for its 
completeness and excellent fit ; also for its durability. My two years' expe- 
rience reflects to your credit. I hope all unfortunates like myself may receive 
the same benefit that I have had by patronizing you. 

The cost of repairs for the two years that I have worn your artificial arm has 
been too trifling to mention. I earnestly recommend any one that needs any 
limb to apply to Mr. A. A. Marks. 

If any one should wish to refer to me for further proof, kindly apply to the 
above address. I remain, Yours truly, 

D. R. Allgood. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Bartonville, Monroe Co., Pa., Nov. 25, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am wearing one of your patent arms and can say that they are 
very strongly made and very durable. 

My arm was amputated close to the shoulder, with scarcely stump enough for 
use. I am satisfied with the rubber hand. 

Respectfully yours, 

S. Bush. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Centre Hall, Pa., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have used an artificial arm made by you for seven years. 
During that time it has cost me $2.25 for repairs. 

There was no difficulty in obtaining correct size from your system of 
measurements. My arm is off half-way between elbow and shoulder. I have 
used no other manufacture, consequently can make no comparison, but like 
this one well enough to make no change. 

Yours truly, 

Rev. S. H. Eisenberg. 



A. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOBK CITY. 375 



Ashley, Pa., Nov. 29, 1888. 
Friend Mr. Marks : 

I now sit down to let you know that I received the arm you sent to me by 
express yesterday, and I am well pleased with it so far. It fits me perfectly 
end I cannot suggest any improvements. 



Yours respectfully, 



C. H. Ply. 



Homestead, Feb. 9, 1889. 
A. A. Marks : 

Sir :— I have received my hand. It fits me well and I am well pleased 
Tvith it. 

Yours respectfully, 

Thos. Harkness. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Atlanta, Georgia, March 29, 1883. 
3Ir. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing an artificial arm of another manufacturer 
with your rubber hand attached for several years, and must confess that I am 
•delighted with it, especially the improved adjustable finger. For convenience 
I keep two rubber hands, one which my wife carefully takes charge of, with 
my party or opera glove on it, and the other I keep for every-day use ; all I 
have to do is to touch a spring and the hands are changed. 

Allow me to mention the fact that in all my dealings with you you have ful- 
filled your contracts to the letter. You have given satisfaction to me and all 
my friends in every instance. 

One thing I wish to mention : that is, I have more than paid for the extra cost 
of rubber hand procured from you by the saving in the wear of kid gloves. On 
the hard wooden hands and fingers a glove will not last over a month ; on your 
lands they do not wear out in six or eight months. This, together with the 
soft and natural feel, would commend them with me in preference to others if 
for no other reason. 

Truly vours, 

J. S. Todd, M. D., 
Prof. Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 
Atlanta Medical College. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 



St. Albans, Franklin Co., Vt., Nov. 12, 1887. 

Bear Friend Mr. Marks : 

I lost my arm by the cars when I was very young, and I have only five or 
six inches of the arm left from the shoulder. I know it was a very difficult 
matter to fit an arm on me. I can never half thank you for the perfect fit you 
made me. 

It works just as natural as my good arm, and it is so perfect and natural that 
I defy any one that don't know me to tell which arm I have lost. It is very 
durable and useful. I can carry a heavy satchel, and I can do many things 
that make the arm worth many times the cost of it. I would not want any one 



37G A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



to see me now with it off, I have got so accustomed to it. I have had my arnn 
fourteen months, and it has never hurt me or bothered me. 

It has not cost me any thing for my arm since I got it, and I know it is just 
as good as the day I got it. Some people may think it would cost them a lot 
for gloves. I have bought only two pair in a year, and the last pair is very 
good yet. 

If any one that has lost a limb knew the merits of an artificial limb they 
would never go a minute without one. 1 am a telegraph operator in the train 
dispatcher's office at St. Albans, Vt. 

As every one knows that operators have to write very rapid, I do not know 
what I would do if it was not for the hand. I can not half testify to the. 
merits and comfort and pleasure I have taken in your arm. 

Yours very truly, Homer McGriggs,. 



Frank Law son, Attorney at Law, t 
Carthage, Texas, Dec. 31, 1888. J" 
A. A. Marks : 

I am in receipt of the artificial arm you made for me, and am more than 
pleased with it. 

Respectfully yours, 

Frank Lawson. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

San Jose, Costa Rica, C. A., Dec. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City, N. Y. : 

Dear Sir: — In reply to your favor of the 26th October last, I have the pleas- 
ure of stating that immediately after having sent you the measurements for my 
left hand, amputated two inches below the shoulder, I received from you in 
the month of January, 1885, an artificial rubber limb, which fits me perfectly 
well, and serves me up till now (during three years) without any repairs at all. 
By reason of my occupation necessitating my frequent appearing in public: 
places, I can fully appreciate what a boon your work is doing to humanity. 
I am, gentlemen, yours thankfully, 

Jose Monge Reyes. 



BELOW-ELBOW ARMS. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Employed in a grocery store. 

Ironaton, Talladega Co., Ala., Nov. 14, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir :— In regard to your new rubber hand I will say that it is far supe- 
rior to any thing I have seen. The first hand I got from you did good service. 
I wore it seven years in a grocery store. I think the last one I got from you 
will last much longer in the same business. I have seen many different makes 
of artificial limbs, but have never seen any thing yet to come up with yours. As. 
for durability, I cannot recommend it too highly. 

Yours truly, 

Joseph Arpln. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 377' 

BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Jan. 10, 1888. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — The rubber hand received in good time. Words cannot express 
my opinion ; I am so well pleased with it. I find it very useful in handling 
things around the office, besides appearing so natural. 

Respectfully yours, - 

Jas. E. Keating. 
Paxon, White Co., Ark. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

35 West Main St., Zanesville, Ohio, Feb. 7, 1888. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have given my artificial hand a fair trial and I am more than 
pleased with it. I think there could be nothing better made. You are at 
perfect liberty to use anything I may have said in your pamphbt. I feel that. 
I can never say enough in way of praise of my hand. 

Very truly yours, 

Myrtle R. Hates. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Pine Bluff, Jefferson Co., Ark., Nov. 14, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — The arm I ordered of you last April gives perfect satisfaction. 
The rubber hand is immense. I do not think there could be any thing gotten; 
up to equal it. It looks perfectly natural; in fact, some of my friends did not 
know that I had lost my arm. Being a machinist and engineer, it enables me to 
follow my profession as ever. I can file, hold the chisel, hold the reins to ride- 
or drive, cut my own meats, and many things that one would not believe could 
be done with an artificial arm. I have seen several kinds of artificial arms, but. 
none to equal yours with rubber hand. It is very durable, easily adjusted, and 
soft to the touch. lean write very well with it, though I do not as a general 
thing use it for that purpose. The hook attachment is very valuable in doing: 
rough work. I would advise those that have to wear artificial limbs to give, 
you a trial before purchasing elsewhere. 

Yours truly, 

W. E. Snipes. 



WRIST AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

New Almaden, Santa Clara Co., Cal., Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir ; — I have been using one of your most valuable artificial rubber 
hands. I am greatly pleased with it. I have had it for one year, and I can use- 
a knife and fork, carry a satchel, etc. My occupation is engine-driving. My 
hand was cut off at the wrist. 

I am, respectfully, 

Thomas Tonkin,. 



378 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Law Division, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, 
Washington, D. 0., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Sir : — Yours, dated the 26th inst., is received and contents noted. I desire 
to state that four years ago I was so unfortunate as to lose my left hand. I at 
once became master of the arts of stenography and type-writing, being at pres- 
ent able to compete with the most expert in either of the aforesaid branches. 

I am engaged in clerical work of a character that makes it necessary that a 
person should have the use of his left hand, such as to hold his paper in place 
while writing, etc. 

My artificial member has been as servicable to me in this respect as I could 
wish. I have worn it since the purchase of you a short while after the accident 
about four years ago, only removing it at night. It is to-day just as good as 
the day I bought it, with the exception of one of the straps which secure it to 
my arm ; you will infer from this that it has not received repairs of any nature 
from the date of its reception. 

Relative to my occupation you are advised ; first, that I perform clerical work 
entirely, but at times have found it necessary to use my hand in lifting, and. in 
fact, use it for any thing I choose, without injury to it of any kind ; secondly, 
my arm was amputated a little above the wrist bone ; thirdly, as stated above, 
I have not contributed one cent towards its repair ; and, fourthly, I can truly 
say that it is exceedingly comfortable. It has surely proven its superiority over 
any artificial limb manufactured. Answering your last inquiry, it can be said 
that though manufactured from measurement, it fitted accurately. 

The steel hook, knife, fork, and nail-brush included in the purchase have 
fteen of considerable advantage to me in the different uses to which they have 
been severally applied. 

I am, very respectfully yours, 

R. E. Mattingly, Stenographer. 

475 F St., S. W., Washington, D. C. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I would say, for the benefit of the unfortunates who have to 
use artificial limbs, that your make is the best I have ever used or seen. I have 
seen all that are manufactured in the United States. 

Yours truly, Geo. W. Pelter. 

Leadville, Colo. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

West Superior, Wis., Nov. 26, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir: — I received my arm on the 29th ult., and am .more than pleased 
with it. I think it is, in every particular, a grand success, and I will always 
be pleased to speak in its praise to my fellow-unfortunates. No doubt you will 
be greatly surprised to know that I wrote this entire letter and addressed en- 
velope with my hand. I think that if you will compare this with former let- 
ters of mine now in your possession you will pronounce this the better writing 
<of the two. Will soon write again. Yours truly, 

Geo. H. Purchase. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 379 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Huff, Spencer Co., Ind., Nov. 7, 1887. 
Gentlemen : — I received an artificial hand on the 9th of November, 1885. It 
was fitted in the city by A. A. Marks, and I have worn it ever since with satis- 
faction. I have had no repairs on it of any description. The rubber hand is 
light and durable, and can be used in holding light things. My occupation is 
that of a teacher. 

I would not be without the hand for any price. The arm is a great protec- 
tion, especially during winter. 

Thos. Saunders. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Logansport, Cass Co., Ind. Dec. 20, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. , New York City : 

Dear Sir :— The rubber hand I bought of you two years and a half ago has 
been a continual source of satisfaction. 

The rubber feature makes it preferable to any other artificial hand with which 
I am acquainted. I heartily recommend it to any one who may be so unfortu- 
nate as to require such assistance. Respectfully yours, 

Rev. E. S. Scott. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

- Shoals, Martin Co., Ind., Nov. 8, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I can recommend your artificial limbs. They are almost perfec- 
tion. They possess very great durability. 

I speak from experience, as I have had one of your artificial arms for three 
years, and have never had any repairing yet. 
My occupation is school teaching. 

A. M. Abel. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Greene, Butler Co., Iowa, Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Having lost my right hand while I was employed as brakeman 
on the railroad, June 14, 1887, I am now in receipt of the rubber hand of your 
make. I am well pleased with it. It has every way proved a success. I can 
do all ordinary work. I have been to no expense on the hand, and I see no need 
for any repairs. Your humble servant, 

W. Bert Rowray. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

St. Helena, Ky., August 6, 

A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir :— I have worn one of your artificial arms for a year and am well 
pleased with it. I cheerfully recommend it to any one. 
Very respectfully yours, 

W. B. Rogers. 



•380 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Can carry water, cut wood, and write. 

Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — Having used your artificial limbs for several months, I can 
unhesitatingly say they are far superior to any I have ever used, and rendered 
me more service. My occupation as a miller is very laborious. I feel myself 
under many obligations to yon. I can carry water, cut wood, and write very 
satisfactorily. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Geo. Barnes. 

.MlLLEDGEVILLE, LINCOLN Co., Ky. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

May 2, 1887. 
My right arm was amputated six inches below the elbow November 10, 1886. 
1 write this with the aid of an artificial arm made for me by A. A. Marks, N. Y. 

Wm. Holliday. 
Care of Jordan, Marsh & Co., Boston, Mass. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Finchville, Dorchester Co., Md., Nov. 4, 1887. 
_A. A. Marks; 

Dear Sir : — In the year 1881 I met with the misfortune of having my left 
hand torn off, and of course the machine that did it took no pains to make a 
clean job of it, consequently left fair work for the surgeon's knife and saw. I 
have about half of the forearm left, and with the use of oue of your artificial 
. arms I astonish all. My occupation is steam-fitting, and I can do any thing 
that is done in saw mills, file, saw, fire, engineer, and any thing you could 
mention. 

I have been using the arm for three years constantly without any expense. 
I don't know of any better and don't want to. Mine cost $50. I would not be 
without it for twenty times fifty . 

I cannot tell any one how much advantage it is to me. People wonder how 
I file circular saws and do so many other things. Take away my arm and 
hook and I feel as much at a loss as when I first lost my hand. 

J. F. Wheatley. 



ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Rothsay, Wilkin Co., Minn., Nov. 19, 1888. 
A. A. Marks. 

Der Sir :— I received my artificial arm in good condition. I like it very 
much. It gives me great satisfaction. For the first time in four years I have 
been able to do almost any kind of farm work. Please put this letter in your 
next catalogue. 

Respectfully yours, 

N. O. Gronseth. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 381 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

148-150 S. 1st St., Sax Jose, Santa Clara Co., Cal., Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — My left hand is off just above the wrist. A little over two years 
ago I had one of your artificial hands made from measurements and have worn 
it every day since. 

It fits perfectly, and were it not for the glove could not be distinguished from 
the natural hand. I find it very useful, and if compelled to, could learn to write 
with it. 

I have had no experience with other makes, but consider this one fully equal 
to all that is claimed for it, 

I am night gatekeeper in prison. 

Yours truly, 

Charles Hammond. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 3, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — Your artificial hand which you sent me about four years ago is 
to my best satisfaction. I would not do without it. 

Yours truly, 

N. Larson. 
Cadillac. Wexford Co., Mich. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Nov. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying that I am more than pleased with 
my artificial arm with rubber hand. I have worn it for over four years and 
would not go without it now. 
I heartily recommend it to any one who requires such assistance. 
Yours respectfully, 

Johanna L. Elferdink. 
Box 42, Holland, Ottawa Co., Mich. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Can pitch hay. 

Fremont, Dodge Co., Neb., Nov. 4, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I wish to say for the benefit of those who, like myself, have to 
use artificial limbs that it affords me great pleasure to recommend your patent 
limbs with rubber hands or feet in preference to any I have ever seen in use.. 
My arm I purchased about three years ago has far surpassed my expectations.. 

My arm was amputated so close to my elbow that I have but very little control 
over the joint ; notwithstanding I can make considerable use of the artificial 
arm, the fitting is so well and the joints work so nicely. I was somewhat 
doubtful as to getting a fit from taking the measure myself. 

Results have shown that with ordinary care in measuring, following your 



382 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



instructions, one can be positively assured of a perfect fit. The rubber hand 
is something to be proud of ; with gloves on both hands it is almost impossible 
for a stranger to distinguish the difference. The hook, knife, fork, and brush 
accompanying the arm are very convenient. With the hook and ring I can 
pitch almost as much hay as I ever could. 

I handled lumber about two years in a lumber yard here, and never had a 
man in the yard that could handle a stick more in a day than I could. I there- 
fore take great pleasure in recommending your arms to all who are so unfor- 
tunate as to need them. 

Any one wishing any further advice and will write me I will cheerfully 
answer. Yours very respectfully, A. W. Forbes. 



BOTH ARMS AMPUTATED BELOW ELBOW. 
Written icith a rubber hand. 

f &*,+* /cur AruJ~ ssrts ^tn^U^iyyvu .sasteset' *1>4 

j yi^i^d wa^ u*z&i~ <wsu ^t^clJ^e^s^c /faunas 

/&S ' ^s^tcA- ,VV^ /Pn^ /{^f .<s4sCc4 <*•/ J^CsttCf 

-a~ a>zr*JL 

(No. 295.) 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 383 

BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Plainfield, Union Co., N. J., Nov. 6, 1887 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I ordered a hand from you about the 13th of August. I find, 
from the two months' experience with the hand, it to be a great benefit. I can 
use your hand quite at ease, and I highly recommend your arm and hand. I 
would not part with it if I could not get another. I remain, 

Yours truly, Frederick L. Walker. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

366 Bergen St., Newark, Essex Co., N. J., Nov. 7, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir : — On the second day of March, 1880, I lost my right hand in a 
mill, but with the artificial arm you made for me I am working at my trade as 
miller, and have not lost a day on account of the arm. Without the arm I 
would not be able to write these few lines to you. 

Respectfully yours, 

LOUIS LUEDDECKE. 



SECTION OF HAND No. 211. 

273 So. Jefferson St., Orange Valley, Essex Co., N. J., Nov. 3, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Allow me to give my testimony in regard to your rubber hands, 
one of which I have worn two years. 

While out gunning I shot my right hand off nearly to the wrist. 

I gave up in despair, thinking my work was done for life, I being a hatter 
and my work being done almost entirely with the right hand ; but after getting 
one of your rubber hands find I can do my work as well as ever with no incon- 
venience whatever. I have had it repaired once at a trifling cost. I wish to 
say I cheerfully recommend them to any who may be so unfortunate as I was 
in losing a hand. * Yours truly, 

Geo. Grey. 



WRIST AMPUTATION. 

New York City, Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to add my testimony and personal 
experience in regard to the rubber hand made by you. 

My right hand was shattered by the accidental discharge of a shot-gun, 
making amputation at the wrist joint necessary ; and as the accident occurred 
in a section of the western country where it was impossible to obtain efficient 
surgical aid, the operation was poorly performed, leaving my arm very tender 
and sore to the touch. This painful condition continued for so long a time 
after the wound had healed that I had entirely despaired of ever being able to 
wear an artificial hand until I procured your celebrated rubber hand, which I 
have now used for a year and a half to my utmost satisfaction. Its dis- 
tinguishing characteristics are, its durability, natural appearance, and especially 
its lightness in weight, making it more pleasant and less tiresome to wear than 
one made of wood or other heavier material. My profession (that of Sanitary 
Engineer) requires me to use it constantly, and I have already found it equal to 
any use it has been necessary to put it to. I can carry a hat, cane, or 
umbrella with perfect ease, and do not have any difficulty in eating or writing 
with it. The cost of keeping it in order is comparatively nothing, as the one I 
have has kept in perfect order. Yours truly, 

Geo. F. Shrady, Jr. 



384 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Hotel Imperial, 32d St. and B'way, New York City, Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

I have worn one of your artificial arms with rubber hand for seven years, and 
found it very satisfactory in every respect. 

Until a short time since I was manager of a large branch telegraph office, and 
I found the arm a great help to me in my duties at times when necessary to 
work at the key, sending telegrams. 

I put a pencil in the rubber hand, between the fingers, and used it to time 
the message, while sending with the other hand. 

To any one who understands that it's necessary to time a message while 
sending the same will see that the arm was a great help to me. My left arm is 
gone about four inches below the elbow. 

The arm and rubber hand has not cost me to exceed $3 for repairs during the 
seven years' wear, and that has been for new straps and webbing. I take 
pleasure in giving my experience. 

Yours very truly, 

L. Leslie Lathrop. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

350 E. 50th St., N. Y. City, Nov. 10, 1C87. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Your letter to Edward Wiley received by me yesterday. I 
think his address is Gunnison, Colo. I well know he was satisfied with his 
hand, knowing full well that he is able to drive a team of horses and do other 
farm work. 

Should you wish any more information will be pleased to give it. As you 
notice, I am permanently located at the above place. 

Yours obediently, 

Samuel Rapp, M.D. 



Oct. 31, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — I received your letter on the 28th inst. I send you a few lines 
in behalf of your artificial arm. My occupation is a sawyer. I lost my hand 
at the wrist on April 12, 1882, by sawing timber. Two months after I lost my 
hand I got one of your artificial arms, which I found very valuable. All it has 
cost for repairs is $1, and I recommend it very highly to any one who is afflicted 
that way. 
So I close these few lines to you. 

Respectfully, 

Leonard Ryerson. 
1181 Grand St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 



WRIST AMPUTATION. 

Brooklyn, Nov. 15, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After using your rubber hand for the past year I take great 
pleasure in stating that it is far superior to what you claim. I am more than 
satisfied and would cheerfully recommend your hand to any one who has been 
unfortunate enough to have lost one. 

Respectfully, etc., 

John B. Bradshaw, 
Engineer Str. Gov. Hill. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 385 



PART OF HAND AMPUTATED. 

Nov. 7, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn your artificial hand about two months, and I feel 
•very much pleased with it, and I would not be without it. 

Yours truly, 
Tuckahoe, Westchester Co., N. Y. Geo. W. Sloat. 



Mr. Marks 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

North Kortright, N. Y., March 13, 1888. 



Dear Sir : — The artificial arm you made for me some time ago gives per- 
fect satisfaction. I am a farmer and do most all kinds of work with it and its 
attachments. 

Yours respectfully, 

J. A. Hendry. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 27, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — The artificial arm you made me about four months ago is 
giving complete satisfaction ; I would not know how to do without it. I find 
it very useful in my work. Yours respectfully, 

Secretary D. L & W. Dept. Y. M. C. A. 
Elmira, Chemung Co., N. Y. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

N. Kurz, Jr., Dealer in Groceries, Dry Goods, Hardware, Notions, etc., 
Callicoon Depot, Sullivan Co., N. Y., Oct. 29, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : —I am very much pleased with my arm. It is so light, convenient, 
and is worth thousands of dollars to me. 

The new attachment that you have made is so comfortable that I can keep it 
on day and night. I keep a general country store and do all the work myself. 
You know that in such small country towns where profits are so small and 
every thing driven out to the point it does not pay to hire much help, so I 
buckle right in and do it myself. When I first put on the artificial arm, which 
was seven years ago, I weighed one hundred and sixty pounds, and I now 
weigh two hundred and twelve pounds. Isn't that doing good enough ? 
I remain, yours very respectfully, 

N. Kurz, Jr. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

E. Taghkame, Columbia Co., N. Y., Nov. 9, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I respectfully state that I am now using, and have used for the 
last five years, one of your patent artificial arms with rubber hand. I have never 



386 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

worn any other, and was advised by a doctor to purchase one of your arms, and 
was so well satisfied with it that I did not want to try any other. I can recom- 
mend any one that has had the misfortune to lose an arm to get one of your 
artificial arms, the cheapest and most durable for all purposes. I gladly say 
to all those who have lost an arm that they do not know the benefit of one 
until they try one. I would not do without mine by any means as long as I 
can get one of your artificial arms. 

Yours respectfully, 

Wm. B. Holsapple. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Superintendent of the Poor, Chemung County,. 
Breesport, N. Y. , Nov. 9, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I take great pleasure in testifying to the merits of your artificial 
limbs. I am wearing one of your rubber hands, and from my experience and in 
comparing it with others which have come under my notice, I heartily recom- 
mend its superiority. 

I am obliged to use my hand a great deal and find it as near perfection as it 
seems possible for an artificial hand to attain. 

I have worn it every day for nearly four years, and with the expense of a few 
dollars upon the suspenders have kept it in such good repair that many have 
been surprised upon learning that I have an artificial limb. My arm was. 
amputated just above the wrist, and your appliance fits exactly. 
Yours very respectfully, 

Eugene Atkins, Supt. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION". 

Fitted by Measurements. 

Sandy Creek, Oswego Co., N. Y., Nov. 13, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have been wearing the artificial arm you made for me now 
for two years, and am very much pleased with it. Your rubber hand is very 
convenient. I do not know how I would get along without it. I can farm the 
same as ever. 

The hook arrangement is just the thing for the farmer. 

Respectfully yours, 

Irving K. Williams. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

50Gorham St., Canandaigua, Ontario Co., N. Y., Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in testifying to the satisfaction I have derived 
from the use of your artificial arm, my arm being amputated two inches above 
the wrist joint. I have worn the arm you made for me nearly five years, with 
perfect ease from the first day, and the cost of repairs is nothing to speak of. 
I have worked for the N. C. R. Co. as freight inspector and car sealer ever 
since I purchased my arm. I could not do my work without the hand. I be- 
lieve your rubber hand and arm to be the most perfect and most durable of 
any I have ever seen. I am more than pleased with it, and money could not 
buy it could I not get another. I would advise every person in need of 
artificial limbs to purchase of you. 

I remain, respectfully yours, 

J. E. Carr. 



A. A. MAEKS, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 387 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Case of Van Dyke Van Alstyne. 

De Freestville, Renssalaer Co., N. Y. 
On the 20th of August, 1878, I procured from your office an artificial arm 
for Van Dyke Van Alstyne. Right arm, two inches above the wrist joint. He 
is a laborer, and has worn the arm constantly from the time he received it. He 
uses the hook, with which he is able to do almost any kind of work. The arm 
lias been very satisfactory. It has cost but a mere trifle for repairs. 

Truly yours, 
.Nov. 5, 1887. A. Ten Eyck, M.D. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Nov. 10, 1887. 
Dear Ser : — The artificial hand that you made for me is as good a job as v I 
■could expect. The more I wear it the better I like it, and the more natural it 
seems. Any one wanting any thing in the artificial line can do no better than 
consult you. You are at liberty to publish this if you choose, and if ever I 
come to New York I shall be pleased to call and see you, as I appreciate the 
way you treated me when I called on you. 

Yours truly, 

James L. Blood. 
Glen, Montgomery Co., N. Y. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Charlottevtlle, Schoharie Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I am well pleased with my artificial arm I bought of you four 
years ago. I use the nickel-plated hook to great advantage. It costs but a 
trifle to keep in repair. I am a farmer, and can do nearly all kinds of work. 

Respectfully, 

Matthias Terrell. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Boardman, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1887. 
Mr . A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Yours of the 26th ult. at hand. In reply to your inquiries I 
can say that I have worn one of your artificial arms for twenty years. About 
eight years ago I changed the hand, which was somewhat worn, for a rubber 
one, simply sending measurements, as I did in the first place for the arm, and 
both arm and second hand were perfect fits. The rubber hand seems to be just 
as good, after eight years of use, as it was at first. 

My arm, the right one, is amputated midway between the wrist and elbow. 
During the twenty years that I have worn your artificial arm it has not cost me 
a cent for repairs, except the change of hand. The arm and hand look so nat- 
ural that strangers never know but that it is natural till told the difference. In 
view of these facts I can cheerfully, and do most heartily, recommend you to 
all who may need work in your line. Your many years of experience have 
eminently qualified you in all respects to be the friend of the unfortunate. 

Rev. Geo. Bosley. 



388 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Washington Place, Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 28, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq.: 

Dear Sir :— Am pleased to say the arm I bought of you six months ago has 
proved satisfactory in ail you claim for it. I am now able to fill regular desk 
in freight office, doing all kinds of work requiring use of both hands. 

My arm was amputated just below the elbow and before purchasing your 
arm, I was unable to get any thing to do better than night watchman. 

Yours truly, Bruce Mc Walker. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Fortville, Ind., Oct. 31, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in recommending the artificial hand of which' 
you are the patentee, as, in my opinion, it is the best in use. I have worn the 
one you made and fitted from measures for seven months, without the cost of 
one cent. The rubber hand is very agreeable with its flexibility. It resembles 
more nearly a natural hand than the old style. You are at liberty to use my 
name as occasion may require. Yours truly, 

James S. Deye, 
Telegraph Operator... 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Kern & Reamer, Proprietors of the Humboldt Poultry Yards,. 
Buff Cochins and Light Brahmas a specialty. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. : 

Dear Sir : — I think it no less than a duty to present to the public and to 
yourself my estimation of the merits of your artificial limbs. I have my right 
hand amputated just above the wrist joint, and have been using one of your 
rubber hands for four years, and must frankly confess that words can not ex- 
press the satisfaction and benefit I have derived from it. I have seen many 
other makes, but think that for durability, convenience, and appearance your 
rubber limbs excel them all. Your method of fitting from measurements can 
always be relied upon. 

The four years with one of your hands made from measurements has given 
me no trouble, as it now fits as perfectly as when first made, and the cost for 
repairs on mine for this time has been but a trifle. From experience I can 
heartily recommend your limbs to any who have the misfortune of needing them. 

Respectfully yours, 
88 Cherrs St., Toledo, Ohio. John J. Reamer. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Oct. 28, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — 1 cheerfully endorse your artificial limbs, as they have done me- 
lots of good. I ordered an artificial hand from you some two years back, and 
have been wearing it every day since. I have never spent a cent for repairs in 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



389 



the two years I have been wearing it. I wear it day and night. I don't even 
take it off to go to bed. I work at A. E. T. Works, laboring, and can do as 
much work as any of the men with two hands who work in the same room 
with me. My hand was amputated at the wrist joint, and your arm could not 
have fitted better if I had been right there and had it measured. It feels just 
as comfortable as a good, genuine~hand. I have been in company with persons 
for months, and they never suspected I had an artificial hand, I can use it so 
well. I cannot say "too much for it, and recommend it to any person who has 
the misfortune to need any. 

Yours respectfully, 

Clarence Uphold. 
187 Marietta Road, Zaxesville, Muskingum Co., O. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 



439 Hill St., Wellsville, Columbiana Co., Ohio, Nov. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq, New York : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to inform you that the rubber hand 
you made for me is entirely satisfactory, and pleases me greatly, as I hold the 
position of ticket agent at a prominent point on the Pennsylvania Company's 




No. 296. 



lines, and having a large number of tickets to stamp daily with the rubber hand, 
and having used the same for about five years, I am in a position to know the 
value of the hand. I have seen a great many artificial hands, yet I never have 
seen one to compare with mine for a good fit, serviceability, and durability. 
My hand was amputated at the wrist. Yours truly, 

Jno. Woolley. 



390 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Newport, Benton Co., Oregon, Jan. 1, 1887. 
Mr. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I received your letter of October 26. I am engaged as night 
watchman for the government works at Yaquina Bay. My work is not very 
laborious. I have used an artificial hand four years. Point of amputation two 
inches below the elbow. 

I have not paid any thing for repairs during that time. 
I am well satisfied with the hand for handling brush, knife and fork, etc. 

Yours truly, 

Jas. Foster. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Canton, Ohio, Wrought Iron Bridge Company, 
Isaac Vance, Special Agent for Western Pennsylvania, 
Pittsburg, Penn., Nov. 5, 1877. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I would say, for the benefit of the unfortunates who have to use 
artificial limbs, that I have tried four or five of the leading manufacturers' 
patents of artificial arms. 

There are none that I have tried that gives me the satisfaction that yours 
have. All of these clap-trap, cat-gut arrangements will get out of order in a 
very short time. They are about half the time at the manufacturers for re- 
pairs and fixing the machinery, which makes it very unhandy when you are 
three or four hundred miles away from where they are made. Yours need no 
repairs. Yours very truly, 

Isaac Vance, 
Late First Lieut., Co. E., 140th Regt., Penn. Vols. 



WRIST AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 31, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq, New York : 

Dear Sir : — It gives me great pleasure to say that I am wearing one of your 
patent arms. My arm was amputated at the wrist joint on the 4th of May last, 
by being caught in a planing machine, and I procured one of your patent arms 
with the rubber hand, and on the 28th of September went to my work as a 
laborer, feeding a planing machine, handling from eighty to one hundred feet 
of heavy yellow pine lumber in one minute without any inconvenience. 

I am using the knife and fork to feed myself with, so that you would hardly 
know that my hand was artificial. I am so well pleased with it that I am willing 
to show it and explain its well-deserved merits to anyone who is so unfortunate 
as to be placed in the same position as I am. Respectfully yours, 

Joseph Sheridan. 

1530 Carnarvon St., Philadelphia, Pa. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

48 N. 7th St., Easton, Northampton Co., Pa., Oct. 30,, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq : 

Dear Sir : — I can recommend your artificial arms. Mine gives me great 
satisfaction. I have seen many other arms, but none of them are equal to the 
one you have made for me. 

I have the arm just five years to-day, and in that time the cost of repairs has 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 391 

not exceeded eighty-five cents, and the arm is good for five years more. I 
would not do without it under any consideration. I have worn it continually 
every day during that time. I would not go out of doors without it on. My 
amputation is between the wrist and elbow. I am working in the office of the 
L. V. R. R. Co., and my artificial arm comes in very good in holding and 
folding all kinds of paper which is required in my profession. The arm 
works like a charm and is a good help for me. I can fully recommend it 
to any one who wishes to purchase an artificial arm. 

I am, yours truly, 

John A. Seibel. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Oct. 31, 1887. 
Me. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — Mv right arm was cut off right below the elbow on the P. & R. 
Railroad, on the 28th of March, 1883. 

I received one of your artificial arms and labored with it ever since the 22d 
of December, 1883, and it is now just as good as the day I got it. I have not 
had any repairing done to it. I like it well and would not be without one. 

Yours respectfully, 

James Fromhartz. 
South Bethlehem, Northampton Co., Pa. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Oct. 28, 1887. 
Dear Sir : — Your circular has been received. Cheerfully I comply with 
your request and herewith give my indorsement of every thing you claim for 
your artificial limbs. 

For the last ten years I have worn a rubber hand of your manufacture, and 
during that period it has suited me in ever} r particular, not requiring during 
the time the least alterations or repairs. With pleasure, therefore, I recom- 
mend your rubber hands and feet to whoever is in condition to require the 
use of the same. 

Very respectfully yours, 

John J. Krotzer. 
141 Cornelia b"., Pittston, Pa. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Lock Box 114, Normandy, Bedford Co.. Tenn., Oct. 25, 1887. 
Mr. A. A Marks : 

Dear Sir : — After four years of constant use in wearing your patent artifi- 
cial arm with improved rubber hand I am prepared to give testimony as to its 
merits. It has never cost a cent for repairs. As to usefulness, it equals my 
anticipation. 

Right arm amputated four inches below the elbow. The fit by measure- 
ments is perfect. I am a farmer, and can do almost any kind of farm work. 
You do not say enough for your arms. 
They are much better than you claim for them. 

Regards, etc., 

Geo. E. Waite. 



392 a. A. MAEKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Cuero, De Witt Co., Texas, Nov. 23, 1887. 
Mr. A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — I can cheerfully bear testimony to the durability of your arti- 
ficial arms, having worn one of them for seven years. I visited establishments 
in person in New Orleans, and am satisfied that you can make a better and 
more durable arm, from measurements, than those made when the applicant is 
present. 

Indianola was totally destroyed by storm, August 20, 1886. 

The county seat was removed to Lavaca, in the same county (Calhoun), as 
well as the post office, many of the citizens locating in this town. I was 
transferred to this place by the railroad company, who retained me in their 
employ after purchasing the Morgan Line. 

Hoping the above will prove satisfactory, 

Respectfully, 



This gentleman's name will be sent upon request. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Middlebrook Road. Staunton. Augusta Co., Va., Oct 29, 1887. 
A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — This is to certify that I have been wearing an artificial arm for ten 
years ; have been wearing one of your improved rubber hands for nearly two 
years. It has given entire satisfaction both in wear and comfort. I consider 
it one of the best artificial limbs I have ever seen. I wore an arm of another 
make for eight years, which gave very good service, but I consider yours of 
a much superior quality, both in workmanship and durability. I would 
advise all who are so unfortunate as to need a limb to write for your catalogue 
and examine your styles before buying elsewhere. My arm was amputated 
about three inches above the wrist joint. My occupation is book-keeping and 
teaching. It is my right hand that I lost, 

Yours truly, 

J. H. Swortzel. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

A. A. Marks: 

Dear Sir : — Having understood you were about to publish another pam- 
phlet, will tell you what my opinion is of your work. 

When quite a young boy I lost my right hand. I have had several artificial 
ones, but nothing which suited me as well as the one made by A. A. Marks. 
My hand was made by sending you my measures and a kid glove. It is as 
natural as life. 

I can truly say it has given perfect satisfaction. It is just what you recom- 
mended it to be. I have recommended your work to others, and one young man 
who lives here has had an arm and hand of your make. He is also pleased 
with your work. 

Wishing you prosperity in your labors, and that you may live to a good old 
age, that the afflicted may enjoy the fruits of your labors, is the earnest wish 
of 

P. C. Cunningham. 

4 Congress St., St. Albans, Vt., Nov. 4, 1887. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



393 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 
Fitted from Measurements. 

Marinette, Wis., Dec. 5, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. , New York City : 

Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in stating that the arm you sent me was far be- 
yond my expectations, and I do cheerfully recommend your artificial limbs to 




No. 297. 

:any one who may need them. I am a painter by profession, twenty years of 
age, and have worn the arm you sent me four years, without any cost for re- 
pairs, and consider it as good now as the day I got it. 

My arm was amputated at the wrist joint, and I have never felt any ill effects 
!rom it since adjusting the arm. 

Yours respectfully, 

Jos. E. Keefe. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

144 8th St., Milwaukee, Wis., Nov. 21, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, New York City : 

Dear Sir : — In July, 1886, I bought of you an artificial hand, for amputa- 
tion below the elbow. I have worn it constantly since. On many occasions it 



394 a. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

has been mistaken for a natural hand. As a glove is constantly worn, the hand 
suffers little from wear. I am satisfied with it, and would willingly answer 
any questions. Yours, 

J. H. Friar. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 



Dec. 28, 1887. 



A. A. Marks, Esq., New York: 

Dear Sir : — It is about eight months since I got a hand of you, but this- 
time has been sufficient to shoAv me some of its advantages. I have been at a 
number of public gatherings and there has scarcely one noticed that I had 
hands other than Nature's own. The arm is perfectly comfortable, and I 
operate it to good advantage. I am in the employ of the M. C. Railroad Com- 
pany, where there are many who have had the misfortune to lose a hand. 

I have taken pleasure in comparing hands with those who have worn artifi- 
cial ones for a long time, and they invariably give your rubber hand the credit. 
A great feature in this hand is the different positions you can place the fingers- 
in. Yours truly, 

Maidstone, Canada. C. H. Churchill. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Wallace Station, Cumberland Co., N. S., Canada. 
Mr. A. A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I received the arm you manufactured for me. I am quite 
pleased with it. It fits nicely, and I do not feel it to be awkward. My neigh- 
bors and friends are also much pleased to see me once more looking in my 
natural state. , Yours, etc., 

S. E. Egan. 



BELOW-ELBOW AMPUTATION. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Geninerstrasse 21.1, Lubeck, Germany, Nov. 12, 1887. 
A. A. Marks, Esq., New York City : 

Dear Sir :— -Yours of October 26 is at hand. You can see by my address; 
that I moved from my former home to the city of Lubeck. In regard to the 
artificial hand I got of you a year ago, I can say it exceeds my expectations. 

In consequenee of blood-poisoning in the fall of 1883, my right hand had to 
be amputated on the forearm in April of the following year. I thought that 
all the pain in the stump had to subside before I could wear an artificial hand, 
so I waited until I arrived in Germany, a year ago last summer. Having heard 
of the superiority of the rubber limbs by my arrival in the city of Hamburg, I 
tried to get an artificial hand of that kind, but had to take a wooden one 
instead, as the others were not manufactured there. Some years after, I saw 
your firm advertised, so after wearing the wooden hand some months without 
any benefit to me, except the look of it, I sent the measure of my left hand to 
you, and had a rubber hand made, which I fixed on the forearm of the wooden 
one. It works all right. 

If I were compelled to work for my living the rubber hand would be of 
great use in any occupation. I recommend the rubber limbs to any one who 
has had the misfortune to become crippled. 

As to simplicity and durability they are excellent. 

Yours respectfully, 

N. MlLDENSTEIN. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



395 




No. 300. 

A conductor on a Western Express is the marvel of those who have been let 
into his secret. Although having had both of his feet amputated, he is a con- 
ductor of ability. 

He passes through his train when going at the rate of fifty miles an hour ; 
he collects and punches tickets with the suavity of one proud of his position. 
The car jolts, hitches, sways, and he retains his balance without the least 
awkwardness. 

At stations he alights with agility, watches passengers and gives signals, 
boards his train and walks the passageway with the steadiness of one possessing 
his natural legs. 

Day after day, for three years, he has performed this round of duty, and 
not a soul has had occasion to suspect that he operates on a pair of artificial 
legs with rubber feet, and only those to whom he voluntarily reveals his con- 
dition ever know of his dependence on artificial extremities. His movements 
are graceful, his appearance is natural, his step is firm and elastic, and his 
power is complete. 

All this is made possible by virtue of rubber, which largely composes the 
feet ; the old methods of artificial limbs, with wooden feet and mechanical 
joints, would render this man unsafe, tottlish, unsteady, and unfit for a posi- 
tion that requires sound footing. The engraving represents Mr. Wade opera- 
ting on his artificials in his chosen profession. 

ARTIFICIAL LEG AMPUTATION ABOVE KNEE FOR HIS EXCEL- 
LENCY THE COUNT OKUMA OF JAPAN. 

Fitted from Measurements. 

Waseda, Tokio, Japan. 
I am desired by His Excellency Count Okuma to inform you that the 
artificial leg which you made for him reached here some time ago in very good 
condition. The Count is exceedingly gratified with the admirable workman- 
ship of the leg, and has already made considerable progress in walking with 
its assistance. The artificial leg suits him remarkably well, and apparently 
requires no alteration. His Excellency requests me to thank you sincerely for 
the prompt and satisfactory manner in which you complied with his order, and 
to add that further progress will be reported to you in due course of time. 

Yours truly. 

T. Kato. 



396 a. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



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No. 307. 
TRANSLATION. 

Japanese Legation, Washington, D. C, Dec. 23, 1889. 
Me. A . A. Marks : 

Dear Sir : — I have worn an artificial leg with rubber foot made by you for the past 
five years and assure you it has given me the best of satisfaction. I heartily recom- 
mend your work. I shall gladly speak well of it to all my countrymen afflicted as I am 
when I return to Japan. 

Respectfully yours, 

K. Saigo. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 397 



TESTIMONIALS FROM PARTIES WEARING ARTIFICIAL LEGS 
WITH ALUMINUM SOCKETS. 

Box 1337, New York City, March 16, 1892. 
A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : Your inquiry about the aluminum artificial leg I am wearing 
has just been received. I am glad to say that, after nearly a year of constant 
and severe use, it is apparently as good as new. My business as a salesman 
keeps me continually on my feet, yet I walk with entire comfort. I know that 
my amputation (Chopart's) is one of the most difficult to fit, having worn five 
different makes of legs during the past fifteen years, and consider it but just to 
say that the aluminum artificial leg is, in my judgment, the best of them all. 
Combined with the rubber foot, it makes a light, strong, neat foot, with a free, 
easy action. 

You are at liberty to refer to me at any time ; shall always be glad to recom- 
mend the leg. 

Yours very truly, 

A. F. Todd. 



Topeka, Kan., April 12, 1892. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. 

Dear Sir : The aluminum artificial leg with rubber foot has given satisfac- 
tion. It is easy, light, and strong. My injury was a gunshot wound through 
the right foot. The amputation was a modification of Symes' operation, a very 
difficult stump to get a serviceable appliance for, but I am greatly pleased with 
the aluminum leg, and can heartily recommed to those with similar misfortune 
the "aluminum leg and rubber foot." Personally I am grateful to you for 
the ease with which I can walk, and I am sure that all those who are in need of 
this appliance and experience its benefits will always honor you for the patient 
industry, skill, and genius that enabled you to overcome the difficulties in mak- 
ing a serviceable and useful artificial limb adapted to this particular operation. 

With kind regards, 

S. G. Stewart, M. D., 

Office, 621 Kansas Ave. 



BOTH FEET AMPUTATED. 

Ellsworth, Kan., March 15, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : I received your letter of the 14th inst. In regard to my alu- 
minum feet, I have seen a great many of other makes, but yours has no equal. 
The manner in which I handle them surprises everybody. My feet are so neat 
and well put up that no one who did not know me would think I had artificial 
feet, but most everyone here in this country knows me, and they are surprised. 

Yours truly, 

A. A. Lincoln. 



Vinita, Ind. Ter., April 1, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : I am glad to testify in this way that your appliance with rubber 
foot for a Chopart's amputation is one of the finest articles I have ever seen. 
My foot was cutoff by a mowing machine, August 4, 1891. I commenced using 
your aluminum leg with rubber foot last April and it has given entire satis- 
faction. I am a farmer by occupation and have walked as high as nine miles a 
day. I would advise all in need of artificial feet to try yours. 

Respectfully yours, 

F. L. Clinkenbeard. 



398 A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 

184 Second Ave., New York City, March 13, 1892. 
Messrs. A. A. Marks. 

Gentlemen : I feel it my duty to write you a few lines in regard to the 
aluminum artificial limb for Chopart's amputation you made for me last 
November. To say I am pleased with it is expressing it mildly. It is a daisy. 
I was well satisfied with the old wooden limb you made for me, but the new 
one takes the cake. It is stronger, lighter, and neater in every way than the 
old one. I am employed as salesman and do considerable walking, and I find 
I am much less tired at night than formerly. 

You remember I was very doubtful about making a change, but am happy 
and thankful now to have taken your judgment and advice. 

I most heartily recommend your aluminum leg as the very best thing that 
could possibly be made for the purpose. 

With many thanks, I am, 

Yours respectfully, 

Robert Loeb. 



New York City, 5th March, 1892. 
Dear Sir : The leg you made me is very satisfactory. I can walk perfectly 
with it without a cane or any assistance. I feel very grateful to you, and I 
think that everyone who has been relieved by you should feel so. You can 
make whatever use you wish of this, from 

Yours respectfully, 

Mrs. Mary Slem. 



New York, March 17, 1892. 
Messrs. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sirs : Yours of the 10th inst. received in reference to the aluminum 
leg which you recently made for me. You may publish that I am very well 
satisfied with it, as I think it a great improvement over the wooden leg for 
strength, and I do not notice the difference in weight. My occupation is in a 
carpenter shop doing a little of everything as a helper, where I sometimes have 
to carry considerable lumber on my shoulder, and I find no difficulty in walk- 
ing. 

I remain, yours truly, 

James Dunden, 

29 Roosevelt Street. 



Mount Vernon, N. Y., March 15, 1892. 
A A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : The aluminum artificial leg you recently made for me is all that 
it could possibly be. It is a strong, light, neat, and efficient limb, and I wish to 
express my great pleasure and heartfelt thanks. I have not the slightest difficulty 
in either wearing or walking with it, and you may rest assured I shall always en- 
deavor to speak well of your limbs wherever there is an occasion to do so. 

Very respectfully, 

William Marshall. 



Waldoboro, Me., April 14, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : A little over a year ago, while working in New York City, I got 
my left foot hopelessly crushed in the cog wheels of a " side walk" elevator in 
the Bennett Building. I was then working on the electric light plant of the Her- 
ald, as engineer. In the course of events I underwent two amputations. In the 
last operation my foot was amputated at the instep (Chopart's amputation). 
Upon the advice of numerous friends, one being an M. D , I applied to you for 
an artificial leg that would meet the requirements of my class of amputation. 
The aluminum artificial leg made by you has given excellent satisfaction, and 
more than meets my anticipations, as a substitute for the foot that I lost. The 
fit is perfect, and I have experienced no trouble in wearing it continually. I 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 399 



am now able to work as well as ever, and my walk is quite elastic and free 
from any noticeable limp or thump that usually accompanies the wearing of 
artificial legs. I am, 

Respectfully yours, 

James Benner. 



22 Cotton St., Portland, Me., March 14, 1892. 
Mr. Marks. 

Dear Sir : Your aluminum leg combined with the rubber foot is the neatest 
and best I have ever used. I have used two different rubber feet with wood arti- 
ficial legs, but I would rather have one aluminum leg than six wood artificial legs 
for ease and lightness. I would advise all people who have amputations of the 
feet to use the aluminum artificial legs combined with Marks' rubber feet. My 
-occupation is shoemaking which requires good feet, because I have to stand all 
day at one part, and I have to run large rollers with treadles, both steam and 
foot power. 

Yours respectfully, 

John Edward Frates. 



March 20, 1892. 
A. A. Marks. 

I take great pleasure in recommending your aluminum artificial legs for in- 
step amputations, for they are neat, light, and serviceable and they far exceed 
the wooden ones formerly used. My occupation is that of a warp twister in 
•cotton mill. 

Respectfully yours, 

John Howarth, 
Manville, R. I. 

6 Commerce St., Groton, Mass., March 15, 1892. 
A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : I am very much pleased with the aluminum artificial leg made 
by you. I find it satisfactory in every respect, being strong, light, and neat. 
J strongly recommend it to all who are in need of such an apparatus. 

Very truly yours, 

Edwin H. Clark. 



Ocean Grove. N. J. . March 20. 1892. 
Air. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : I am a printer by occupation; my work is feeding and making 
up jobs on presses, lifting heavy newspaper forms, etc. Your new aluminum 
artificial limb constructed for me is a marvel, being light, neat, and strong. In 
fact, I caunot recommend it too highly, thanks to your untiring work for the — 
I might say — the crippled world. I have worn the limb three months and it 
gives entire satisfaction. 

Yours respectfully, 
Wat. D. Newman. 

Sharon, Pa., March 14. 1892. 
Dear Sir : Replying to yours, would say I am now attending gate on N. Y., 
P. & O. R. R. , and the foot you made for me is doing my work first class and is 
giving excellent satisfaction. 

Very truly, 

Jno. Welch. 

ONE FOOT AND ONE LEG AMPUTATED. 

Oil City, Pa., April 10, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : I have worn the aluminum leg for Symes' amputation you made 
for me every day since the first time I put it on. I am satisfied with it and do not 
think it can be surpassed by any other make for same amputation in the world. 
People look up at me in wonder when I tell them I am wearing two artificial 
legs ; some I have only convinced by actually showing them in reality. My 



400 A - A - MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

left leg is amputated about three inches below the knee and my right 
leg is Symes' amputation. The right leg feels as natural and as comfortable 
as if I had my natural foot. I would advise all those who, like myself, have 
been unfortunate, that if they wish to get as near to nature's movement and use- 
fulness they will be justified by calling on you to supply their wants. I speak 
highly of the aluminum leg for Symes' amputation. It is light, durable, and 
simple. 

Yours very truly, 

Chas. O. Law son, 
Tel. Oper. 

Makch 14, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : The aluminum artificial leg you made for me gives very good 
satisfaction. I can say that it is made very strong, neat, and light. I can al- 
most walk with any man in town. I can walk so easy that the people do not 
know whether I have an artificial limb or natural. I can also recommend it as 
the best made. My occupation is working in the shoe factory. 

Yours respectfully, 

___ . . _ , _, _, Steward J. Metzger, 

228 North 12th St., Allentown, Pa. 



March 14, 1892. 
A. A. Marks, Esq. 

Dear Sir : After using one of your " new aluminum " legs for " Chopart's 
amputation " about two months, I am convinced that they are the best made for 
such amputations. They are as you say, strong, light, neat and very efficient. 
I recommend their use to all needing such a leg. 
I remain, 

Very respectfully yours, 

J. D. Sutton, 
916 New Jersey St., Mobile, Ala. 



Wadsworth, O., March 15, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : I will say that I am very much pleased with the last artificial leg 
you made me and I cannot say too much for you in regard to the artificial leg- 
you made for me. This is the fifth artificial leg that I have purchased and it 
is the best of all. My occupation is farming and taking care of stock on the 
farm. 

H. E. Bolich. 

March 16, 1892. 
Mr. A. A. Marks. 

Dear Sir : Yours of the 14th just received. Will say in regard to the alu- 
minum artificial leg you made for me that in lightness, neatness, and strength 
it cannot be beat, and I have talked to several leg makers. I am traveling for 
a Louisville house and wear my foot fifteen hours out of the twenty-four, and 
never have the least trouble. A letter to 20 Ohio Ave., Jeffersonville, Ind., will 
find me wherever I am, and I will be glad to tell anyone what you have done 
for me. 

Yours respectfully, 

Eugene Faxon, 

Jeffersonville, Ind. 

Ramsey P. O., Gogebic Co., Mich., March 14, 1892. 
Dear Sir : Your letter came to hand last night and I can say that I can highly 
recommend your aluminum leg to be good and strong and light. My occupa- 
tion now is an engineer, and I can get around as good as ever. I do not use a 
cane and can highly recommend your leg to anyone who is in need of one. In 
fact, you could not tell I had one. 

Yours, 

John Downey. 



A. A. MAKES, AKTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 401 

EXPRESS CHARGES FOR CARRYING AN ARTIFICIAL, 

LEG FROM NEW YORK CITY TO ANY 

PART OF THE WORLD. 

The transportation of an artificial leg or arm from New York City to any 
point in the world is so greatly facilitated by modern methods, and the" expense 
for the same is so reasonable, that one can not regard that as a hindrance to the 
purchase of a superior article. Especially since our methods of constructing 
and fitting from measurements secure every advantage to the wearer without 
assuming the least risk. 

The following schedule of express charges to both, domestic and foreign cen- 
tral offices is based on one artificial leg of the largest size, thoroughly packed in 
a full-length box, and having a gross weight of twenty pounds. The trans- 
portation of an artificial arm costs about two-thirds that of a leg. This calcu- 
lation is made on a large margin. 

The actual cost will rarely reach the amount quoted, as the gross weight of 
box, packing, and limb, reaches twenty pounds only in exceptional cases : 

Alabama: Birmingham, $1.20; Huntsville, $1.20; Mobile, $1.25; Mont- 
gomery, $1.20; Selma, $1.25. 

Alaska : Sitka, $4.50. 

Arizona: Casca Grande, $3.95 ; Flagstaff, $3.20. 

Arkansas: Arkansas City, $1.65 ; Fayetteville, $1.50 ; Helena, $1.25 ; Hot 
Springs, $1.65. 

California : Eureka, $4.20 ; Los Angeles, $3 ; Sacramento, $3 ; San Fran- 
cisco, $3. 

Colorado: Denver, $2 ; Durango, $3.25 ; Fort Collins, $2 ; Gunnison, $2.75. 

Connecticut : Bridgeport, 35 cts.; Hartford, 40 cts.; Litchfield, 40 cts.; New 
Haven, 40 cts.; Willimantic, 40 cts. 

Dakota: Bismarck, $1.75; Deadwood, $3.70; Fargo, $1.65; Sioux Falls, 
$1.50. 

Delaware: Dover, 50 cts.; Georgetown, 50 cts.; Wilmington, 35 cts. 

District of Columbia : Washington, 50 cts. 

Florida: Jacksonville, $1.50; Key West, $2.10 ; Orlando, $1.65 ; Talla- 
hassee, $1.65. 

Georgia: Atlanta, $1.10; Albany, $1.65 ; Augusta, $1.10 ; Savannah, $1.20. 

Idaho: Boise City, $3; Ketchum, $2.85; Lewiston, $3.40; Montpelier, $2.75. 

Illinois: Cairo, $1.05; Chicago, 75 cts.; Danville, 95 cts.; Freeport, $1 ; 
Quincy, $1.05 ; Springfield, 90 cts. 

Indiana: Evansville, 80 cts.; Indianapolis, 75 cts.; Jeffersonville, 75 cts.; 
Laporte, 80 cts.; Richmond, 75 cts.; Terre Haute, 80 cts. 

Indian Territory : Adair, $1.25; Colbert, $1.50. 

Iowa: Council Bluffs, $1.20; Davenport, $1.05; Des Moines, $1.20; 
Dubuque, $1.05 ; Mason City, $1.20 ; Sioux City, $1.25. 

Kansas: Dodge City, $2.10 ; Leavenworth, $1.20 ; Norton, $1.85 ; Parsons, 
$1.25 ; Topeka, $1.25. 

Kentucky : Covington, 70 cts. ; Lexington, 75 cts. ; Louisville, 75 cts. ; Owens- 
boro, 95 cts.; Paducah, $1. 

Louisiana: Alexandria, $1.65; Lake Charles, $1.65; New Orleans, $1; 
Shreveport, $1.20. 

Maine : Augusta, 75 cts.; Bangor, 80 cts.; Eastport, 80 cts.; Houlton, $1.05 ; 
Portland, 65 cts.; Skowhegan, 80 cts. 

Maryland: Annapolis, 50 cts.; Baltimore, 40 cts. ; Cambridge, 60 cts. ; Cum- 
berland, 55 cts. 

Massachusetts : Boston, 40 cts. ; Fall River, 35 cts. ; Fitchburg, 60 cts. ; New 
Bedford, 35 cts. ; Pittsfield, 40 cts. ; Springfield, 40 cts. ; Worcester, 40 cts. 

Michigan : Detroit, 70 cts. ; Grand Rapids, 90 cts. ; Kalamazoo, 90 cts. ; 
Sault Ste. Marie, $1.10. 

Minnesota: Duluth, $1.50; Fergus Falls, $1.65; Minneapolis, $1.20; St. 
Paul, $1.20. 

Mississippi: Bay St. Louis, $1.65; Columbus, $1.50; Jackson, $1.20; 
Vicksburg, $1.20. 

Missouri: Jefferson City, $1.05 : Kansas City, $1.20 ; Springfield, $1.20; 
St. Joseph. $1.20 ; St, Louis, 90 cts. 



402 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Butte City, $2.75 ; Glendive, $2.50 ; Helena, 
North Platte, $1.75 ; Omaha, 

Lancas- 



U ; Ealeigh, $1 ; 
Columbus, 60 cts. 



Wilming- 
; Dayton, 



Harrisburgh, 40 cts.; Holli- 



Montana : Bozeman, $2.75 
-$2.50. 

Nebraska: Hastings, $1.65; Lincoln, $1.50 
$1.20 ; Valentine, $1.90. 

Nevada: Carson City, $4.25 ; Elka, $4 ; Eureka, $4.50. 

New Hampshire : Concord, 70 cts. ; Dover, 65 cts. ; Keene, 60 cts 
ter, 85 cts. 

New Jersey: Atlantic City, 40 cts.; Millville, 60 cts.; Morristown, 25 cts.; 
Trenton, 25 cts. 

New Mexico : Las Cruces, $2.85 ; Santa Fe, $2.50. 

New York: Albany, 30 cts.; Binghamton, 35 cts.; Buffalo, 50 cts.; Elmira, 
40 cts.; Hornellsville, 50 cts.; Jamestown, 60 cts.; Ithaca, 50 cts.; Poughkeep- 
sie, 25 cts.; Plattsbugh, 60 cts.; Riverhead, 35 cts.; Rochester, 70 cts.; Syra- 
cuse, 40 cts.; Watertown, 60 cts.; Walton, 50 cts.; White Plains, 25 cts. ; Utica, 
-40 cts. 

North Carolina : Asheville, $1.20 ; Charlotte, 
ton, 95 cts. 

Ohio: Cincinnati, 65 cts.; Cleveland, 55 cts.; 
>65 cts.; Steubenville, 60 cts.; Toledo, 65 cts. 

Oregon : Portland, $3 ; Roseburgh, $4.05. 

Pennsylvania: Easton, 25 cts.; Erie, 60 cts.; 
»daysburgh, 60 cts.; Philadelphia, 25 cts.; Pittsburg, 55 cts.; Scranton, 35 cts.; 
Williamsport, 50 cts. 

Rhode Island : Newport, 40 cts. ; Providence, 40 cts. ; Westerly, 40 cts . ; 
Woonsocket, 40 cts. 

South Carolina: Charleston, $1.05 ; Columbia, $1.05 ; Greenville, $1.05. 

Tennessee: Chattanooga, $1.05; Knoxville, $1.05; Memphis, $1.20; Nash- 
ville, $1.05. 

Texas: Austin, $1.65 ; Denison City, $1.50 ; El Paso, $2.50 ; Fort Worth, 
$1.65 ; Houston, $1.65 ; Laredo, $2. 

Utah : Salt Lake City, $2.50 ; Milford, $2.85. 

Vermont: Bennington, 50 cts.; Burlington, 50 cts.; Rutland, 50 cts.; St. 
.Albans, 55 cts. ; St. Johnsbury, 85 cts. 

Virginia : Danville, 75 cts. ; Lynchburg, 65 cts. ; Norfolk, 55 cts. ; Rich- 
mond, 70 cts. 

Washington: Seattle, $3.40 ; Spokane Falls, $3.20 ; Walla Walla, $3. 

West Virginia : Charleston, 75 cts. ; Martinsburgh. 55 cts ; Wheeling, 60 cts. 

Wisconsin : Eau Claire, $1.20 ; La Crosse, $1.20 ; Madison, $1.05 ; Milwau- 
kee, 90 cts.; Oshkosh, $1.05 ; Wausau, $1.20. 

Wyoming : Cheyenne, $2 ; Evanston, $2.50. 

Canada: Victoria, B. C, $3.60 ; Winnipeg, Man., $2; Port Arthur, Ont., 
$1.55; London, Ont., 85 cts.; Toronto, Ont,, 80 cts.; Ottawa, Ont., 85 cts.; 
Montreal, Que., 55 cts.; Quebec, Que., $1 ; St, John, N. B., $1.10 ; Freder- 
icton, N. B., $1 ; Halifax, N. S., $1.50 ; Charlottetown, P. E. I., $1.80/ 

Newfoundland : St, Johns, $2.50. 

EUROPE. 



England : Liverpool, $1.50 ; London, 
Ireland: Dublin, $2.25. 
Scotland: Edinburgh, $2.25. 
France : Paris, $3 ; Havre, $2. 
Germany: Berlin, $2. 
Holland: Hague, $3. 
Belgium : Brussels, $2.75. 
Switzerland : Berne, $3. 
Austria : Vienna, $2.75. 
Italy: Rome, $4.50. 
■Siceden : Stockholm, $3.25. 
Norway : Christiana, $3.25. 
Denmark: Copenhagen, $3. 
Russia : St. Petersburg, $4.50. 
Turkey : Constantinople, $4.50. 
Greece : Athens, $5. 
Spain: Madrid, $4.50. 
Portugal: Lisbon, $4.75. 



$1.75. 



i 



A. A. MAKKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY, 403 

WEST INDIES, MEXICO, AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 
Cuba : Havana, $2 ; Sagua la Grande, $2.50 ; Cienfuegos and Matanzas, $3. 

Principal Ports of 
Antigua, Bahamas, Barbadoes, Bermuda, Curacoa, Dominica, Grenada, Gua- 
deloupe, Hayti, Jamaica, Martinique, Porto Rico, St. Domingo, St. Kitts,. 
St. Thomas, Trinidad, $3 ; Mexico, Guatemala, British and Spanish Hon- 
duras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Salvador, $6 ; Mexico via Railroad Mon- 
terey, $2.90 ; Chihuahua, $3,50 ; City of Mexico, $5. 

SOUTH AMERICA— Principal Ports of 

United States of Colombia, Venezuela, British, Dutch, and French Guiana, 
Brazil, Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Ecuador, Peru, Chili, also Falkland 
Islands, $6. 

ASIA — Principal Ports of 

Arabia, Asiatic Turkey, British India, Ceylon, China, Cochin China, Cyprus,. 
Japan, Malacca, Penang, Pondicherry, Singapore, $6. 

AFRICA— Principal Ports of 
Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Egypt, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, 
Guiana, Angola, Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde, Fernando Po, St. Helena, 
Cape Colony, Natal, $6 ; Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles Islands, 
$11. 

OCEANIC A VIA SAN FRANCISCO— Principal Ports of 
Australia, Borneo, Celebes, Fiji Islands, Java, New Caledonia, New Zealand,. 
Philippine, Samoan, Sandwich, and Society Islands, Sumatra, Tasmania, $7. 

OUR FOREIGN TRADE. 

This department of our business has increased rapidly and 
assumed proportions to require special attention. 

We have applicants from all quarters of the world, and are filling 
orders for foreign countries constantly, more particularly for South 
and Central America and Mexico. No stronger testimony of the 
durable and satisfactory qualities of our work can be given than 
this, from the fact that these parties living at so great a distance 
choose our work because they are denied access to the manufactory, 
and require an article that will keep intact and remain in good 
working order without frequent repairing. 

In view of these facts, we have found it necessary to publish 
editions of our pamphlet in the Spanish, French, and German lan- 
guages, which have been widely circulated. 

To introduce us to those with whom we have had no dealings 
and assure them of our business standing and responsibility the 
following certificate Avas prepared and signed by the distinguished 
men whose names are thereto appended. In addition to this cer- 
tificate, in other parts of this book we print a translation of some 
of the letters of commendation, together with a few abstracts from 
complimentary notices taken from the foreign press. We deem it 
not out of place to introduce this matter in our English pamphlet, 
as this book will, in all probability, be circulated extensively in 
foreign countries, and doubtless it will reach someone who would 
prefer the book printed in any of the above languages, to whom it 
will be sent on application. 



404 



A, A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



CERTIFICATE. 

(Translated from the Spanish.) 

We certify that the establishment of A. A. Marks, of this city, 
is one of the oldest and most responsible in the manufacture of 
artificial limbs. 

This establishment is one that offers the best guarantees of any 
in the United States. 



HIPOLITO DE URIARTE, Consul General 
of Spain, 1883. 

JOSE CARLOS TRACY, Consul of Peru. 

JACOBO BAIZ, Consul General of Guate- 
mala and Salvador. 

HIPOLITO BILLINI, Consul of the Repub- 
lic of Dominica. 

FRANCIS SPIES, Consul General of Equa- 
dor. 

MELCHOR OBARRIO, Consul General of 
Bolivia. 

D. I)E CASTRO & CO. 

F PARRA.GA. 

TELLADO GIBERGA & CO. 

A. G. DICKERSON. 

JOSE G. GARCIA. 

R. & C. DEGENER CO. 

JOHN OSBORNE, SON & CO. 

P. E. DESVERN1NE. 

KANE & BEHRENS. 

C. JULIAN. 

ABRAHAM BAIZ. 

WM. R. GRACE, Merchant and Mayor of 
the City of New York. 

J. DE RIVERA & CO. 



S. SAMPER & CO. 

N. PONCE DE LEON. 

EDWARDO AVILA, Official of Uruguay's 
Legation. 

MIGUEL SUAREZ, Consul General of Spain, 
1884. 

CARLOS FARINI, Consul General of Uru- 
guay 

CLUNACO CALDERON, Consul of U. S. 
Colombia. 

SALVADOR DE MENDONCA, Brazilian 
Consul General in United States. 

LAVANDEYRA BROS. 

E. EGNES. 

F. MIRANDA & CO. 
JOS. F. SPINNEY. 

HORATIO R. HAMILTON, Consul of U. S. 
of Venezuela. 

R. MARTINEZ, Consul of Argentine Re- 
public. 

JUAN RUIZ. 

DAVIS BROS. 

PAREZ TRIANA & CO. 

J. PARKER READ CO. 

FREDK. PROBST & CO. 



FOREIGN MONEY EQUIVALENTS. 

The prices given in this book refer to United States money. Parties may send 
ais their own national money, or any other available money, if more convenient. 
The following table may assist in determining the amount to send. 



u. s. 

MONEY. 1 


BRITISH. 


FRENCH. 


GERMAN. 


SPANISH. 


ITALIAN. 


MEXICAN. 


BRAZILIAN. 












5 

8 


1 


| 


5? 


« 


3 




| 
1 


i 


1 




- 


$ 


8 


£. 


j. 


d. 

= _ 


(3 


s 


1 


< 


$ 

$ 


s 


> 
3 


8 


3 


8 


| 


s 


100 


00 


20 


11 


6 


519 


40 


421 


05 


521 


25 


525 


00' 


129 


87 


333 


333 


75 


00 


15 


8 


8 


389 


53 


315 


79 


390 


94 


39375: 


97 


40 


250 


000 


65 


00 


13 


7 


6 


337 


59 


273 


68 


338 


81 


34125 


84 


41 


216 


650 


50 


00 


10 


5 


9 


259 


69 


210 


53 


260 


62 


262 50 


64 


94 


166 


666 


40 


00 


8 


4 


7 


207 


75 


168 


42 


208 


50 


21000 


51 


95 


133 


333 


35 


00 


7 


4 





181 


78 


147 


37 


182 


44 


183 75 


45 


45 


116 


665 


30 


00 


6 


3 


6 


155 


81 


126 


32 


156 


37 


157 50 


38 


95 


100 


000 


25 


00 


5 


2 


11 


129 


84 


105 


26 


130 


31 


13125, 


32 


47 


83 


333 


20 


00 


4 


2 


4 


103 


87 


84 


21 


104 


25 


105 00 


25 


97 


66 


666 


15 


00 


3 


1 


9 


77 


90 


63 


16 


78 


19 


78 75 


19 


50 


50 


000 


10 


00 


2 


1 


2 


51 


n 


42 


10 


52 


12 


5250! 


12 


99 


33 


333 


5 


00 


1 





7 


25 


97 


21 


05 


26 


06 


26 25 


6 


49 


16 


666 


2 


00 




8 


3 


10 


39 


8 


42 


10 


42 


10 50; 


2 


60 


6 


666 


J. 


00 




4 


2 


5 


19 


4 


21 


5 


21 


5 25 


1 


30 


3 


333 




50 




2 


1 


2 


59 


2 


10 


2 


61 


2 63| 




65 


1 


666 




25 




I 


0* 


1 


30 


1 


05 


1 


30 


131! 




32 




833 




10 






5 




51 




42 




52 




52 




13 




333 




05 






2| 




26 




21 




26 




20 




065 




167 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 405 

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES 

IN 

FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 



ENGLISH. 

We will be pleased to send, free of charge, to 
anyone interested, a book on the subject of artificial 
limbs with rubber hands and feet, printed in any of the 
following languages : English, French, Spanish or 
German. Address : 
A. A. MARKS, 701 Broadway, New York, U. S. A. 

FRENCH. 

Nous nous ferons un plaisir d'expedier, franc de 
port, a tout interesse, un ouvrage qui traite des mem- 
bres artificiels avec mains et pieds en caoutchouc, 
imprime soit en anglais, francais, espagnol ou alle- 
mand. Adressez : 
A. A. MARKS, 701 Broadway, New-York, E.-U. d'A. 

SPANISH 

Tendremos el gusto de enviar, franco de porte, a 
los interesados, un libro que trate de los miembros 
artificiales con pies y manos de caucho, impreso en 
cualesquier-a de los idiomas siguientes : ingles, frances, 
espanol 6 aleman. Dirigirse a 
A. A. MARKS, 701 Broadway, New York, E. U. A. 

GERMAN 

@3 toitb un9 &e?gmtgett matyen, ^ehtm, ber ftd) fcafut 
intereffirt, em $5u3) ikhev JimftHdje ©tteber tmt (&ummx 
fpanhcn trnb =i$u%en, $ebvu&t enttvebev in enaltfdje*, fr<ut 
$i>ftfd)ejr, faatttfd^et? vbet bettifdje* &pvad)c, foftenfvei $* 
tifccrf cnbett. SOiatt abfoeffwe : 
„&. ]*. Sfltofcs, 701 ^roabway, flew ^otfc, llotb- jMnertRa." 



40G A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



THE JOHN SCOTT LEGACY PREMIUM AND 

MEDAL. 

John Scott, Chemist, late of Edinburgh, by his will made in the 
year 1816, bequeathed a sum of money to the Corporation of the 
City of Philadelphia, directing that the interest and dividend 
received therefrom shall be laid out in premiums, to be distributed 
among ingenious men and women who make useful inventions, and 
that therewith shall be given a medal with this inscription : 

" TO THE MOST DESERVING." 



REPORT 

OF THE 

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND THE ARTS OF THE 
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, 

ON 

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, MAT, 1889 : 



ON MARKS' ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

[Abstract of the Report of the Committee on Science and the Arts, presented 
at the Stated Meeting of the Institute, held Wednesday, January 16, 1889.] 

This subject was submitted to the Committee on Science and 
the Arts for examination, and upon the reading of the report and 
exhibiting the specimens and illustrations, appeared to be of suffi- 
cient interest to warrant the attention of the Institute at this 
meeting, and a concise abstract of the report was accordingly pre- 
pared. This abstract follows and describes the inventions in their 
several stages of progress. 

The first improvement consisted in the substitution of an elastic 
artificial foot, made of india-rubber, without any joints whatever, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 407 

for the artificial foot, previously made of wood, with joints to 
permit motion of the ankle and toes, and also an artificial hand 
made of india-rubber, simulating the missing member. As a matter 





No. 308. No. 309. 

of course, such an artificial hand, which is here illustrated, could do 
little else than restore appearances ; it had, besides this, the merit 
of not wearing out gloves and other apparel as rapidly as its 
wooden and metallic articulated predecessors, and it was much less 
costly and not so unpleasant, when it came into personal contact. 

The rubber foot, which is also here illustrated, consists of a 
wooden block rigidly secured or formed with the leg and extending 
downwardly to within about two-fifths of the distance from the 
ankle to the sole, and forward to nearly the first articulation of the 
metatarsus and toes ; this block was covered with india-rubber, and 
all the rest of the foot, from heel to toes, was formed of elastic 
vulcanized rubber. 

The action of such an artificial foot was that of an elastic seg- 
ment of a wheel. The shock of placing the weight upon the heel 
at each step was avoided by the elastic cushion of rubber forming 
the heel, and as the weight was progressively transmitted to the 
forward part of the foot, by the combined effect of muscular exer- 
tion in the remaining part of the natural limb to which it was 
applied, and the momentum previously acquired, an easy flexure of 
the toes took place, which, reacting elastically as the weight was 
transferred to the other limb, assisted in the flexure of the knee- 
joint, giving an easy and naturally appearing movement. Such 
artificial feet were, upon trial by those who were maimed and had 
used other artificial substitutes, found to be easier to use, lighter, 
and more comfortable. They Avere rapidly introduced into use, 
and have proved, from their greater simplicity, more durable and 
far less destructive to clothing. 

The next improvement (the picture of which is here shown) is an 
improved and simplified construction of the knee joint of artificial 
limbs, made with a view to strength, facility of accurate manufac- 
ture, and easy application. This joint consists of a flanged plate, 



408 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



secured by screws to the under surface of the thigh-socket, and has 
formed, integrally with it, of steel, by drop forging, a cylindrical 
pillar, terminating in two lateral journals having the same axis r 
resembling an inverted capital letter T. 

These journals perform the function of the condyles of the femur 
in the natural limb, and are fitted accurately in bearings formed 
with oblique caps, secured by screws in the rear of the knee portion 
of the leg. 

On the rear of the pillar, in about the same horizontal plane as* 




No. 310. 



No. 311. 



the axis of the journal when the limb is extended, is formed a short 
lever, having a spherical end, against which a cup, formed upon the 
upper end of a sliding plunger, is pressed upwardly by a spring in 
a guiding cylindrical case, having a conical lower end resting in a. 
correspondingly shaped cup in the interior of the calf portion of 
the leg. When the limb is extended, the spring operates with full 
effect, in holding the limb extended ; as it is flexed, the lever 
gradually assumes a greater angle to the line of reaction of the 
spring and cup, so that when it is flexed with the thigh at right 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 409 

angles with the leg the spring has no motion or effect, and if flexed 
still further the spring then operates to assist in further flexure. 
The pillar and journals are made hollow, so as to reduce their 
weight. 

It is obvious to every mechanic, that from the shape of these 
parts they must possess great strength, and that they can easily be 
fitted into their working positions. 

Another useful feature of this form of joint is that the upper- 
part of the pillar forms an effective stop, to arrest the forward 
motion of the thigh upon the leg during extension, by coming in 
contact with a cushioned cavity in the rear of the knee ; this point 
of support, being at a considerable distance from the axis of the 
knee-joint, avoids any severe strain and shock from the sudden 
extension of the limb, which in other constructions, having the 
stops made in plates at the sides of the joint, are necessarily close 



No. 312. 

to the axis of motion, and consequently are subjected to a greatly 
increased strain. 

This concussion of the stop is found to be a frequent cause of 
breaking, both of the stops and joints of other forms of limbs, and 
has had a great deal of ingenuity expended upon it to avoid it, by 
providing check straps or cords, reaching from the thigh to the leg,, 
and designed to stretch tight before contact of the stops occurs. 
These cords required greater care to keep adjusted to the proper ten- 
sion than could readily be given to them. The simple contrivance, 
here shown, obviates the entire difficulty. 

The axis of the knee-joint is placed near the back of the limb, so 
that the weight of the wearer ensures a firm support on the limb 
when extended, and at the same time slight exertion suffices to 
move the limb in stepping forward. 

The shell, or parts which in form imitate the natural limb, are 
made of light willow or bass wood, as thin as is consistent with 
strength in the lower part, and in the upper part excavated to fit 
the remaining portion of the natural limb ; these are covered 



410 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

tightly with parchment and painted and varnished to resemble 
the complexion of the natural skin. 

The continued use of the limbs thus constructed demonstrated 
that the front portion of the foot was too easily flexible, or rather 
that greater elastic force was desirable, and this requirement was 
met by the inventor by a device in which a textile fabric was 
introduced between the lamina of india-rubber forming the ball and 
toe portion of the foot, as here shown in the drawing. 

The desire to adapt the india-rubber hands to changes of flexure, 
for purposes of better and more natural appearance and to grasp 
light objects, led Mr. Marks to improve them by making a light 
wooden core in the palm or metacarpal portion of the hand and 




No. 313. No. 314. 



inserting ductile or flexible metallic wires in such core, which ex- 
tended centrally through the fingers. By bending the fingers they 
retain the form in which they are set. The test of several years' 
use of these last-named improvements has proved their utility. 

The latest improvements in artificial limbs consists in forming 
the leg and foot part of a single piece of wood, having the grain 
curved naturally in its growth, such pieces being procured from 
the parts of the trunk contiguous to the roots and brandies of 
trees ; limbs made in this way are stonger with the same amount 
of wood remaining in them than when made of parts and glued 
together, and are made waterproof, which is a valuble feature when 
the occupation of the wearer exposes it to constant dampness, or to 
water itself, as in fishing, mining, dredging, etc. 

By making limbs in this manner from natural curves in the 
growth of the wood, it has become practicable to make light and 
substantial artificial feet, adapted to partial amputation of the foot. 
Such appliances are shown herewith, and have been used with 
unprecedented satisfaction where articulated feet were clearly im- 
possibilities. 

The advantages derived from lightness of such artificial substi- 
tutes will readily be apparent when the resistance to motion from 
inertia is considered. The ankle and foot and lower part of the 
limb 3 being light and hollow, move easily and promptly with but 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



411 



Tittle exertion from the remaining part of the natural limb, and the 
comfort and ease of the wearer are thereby greatly promoted. 

With the specimens of limbs are submitted well-perfected ad- 
juncts in the way of suspender straps and girdles, and great 
ingenuity and skill have been displayed by these inventors in 
adapting limbs to specific cases which, whilst useful and light and 
highly commendable, cannot be particularized in this report. 

The Franklin Institute has not made any examination in this 
department of the arts since January 11, 1849, when, as appears on 
page 61, vol. xlix., of the Journal, they reported upon the merits of 




No. 315. 



No. 316. 



No. 317. 



the Palmer artificial limbs. Since that time about sixty or more 
patents have been granted for alleged improvements in artificial 
limbs, nearly all of which, except these which are the subject of this 
report, added complications or additional parts to the limbs. In 
none of those inventions does there appear such desirable simplicity 
of construction and reduction of cost of production as in those 
under consideration. The makers are enabled to make most durable 
and substantial workmanship of all parts, and have demonstrated 
all of these points by making something over 9000, which are in 
constant and satisfactory use. 

The extreme simplicity of construction has proved the means 
of bringing their cost within the reach of manj^ persons requiring 
such appliances, who could not otherwise afford to use and maintain 
them, and there are now many persons using them and actively 



412 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



<competing Avitli others in many lines of industry, among them 
machinists, blacksmiths, farmers, fishermen, carpenters, moulders, 
instrument makers, railway conductors, engineers, and, in fact, 
representatives of nearly every handicraft. 

Mr. Thomas Kehr, a skilled workman in all branches of their 
manufacture, who works daily at the bench, standing upon two of 
them, demonstrated publicly at the Institute meeting the facility of 




No. 318. 



use and value in walking better than anj^thing that can be said 
upon the subject. (One of Mr. Kehr's legs was amputated in the 
middle of the femur and the other an inch and one-half below the 
patella.) 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 413 



[The report of which the foregoing is an extract, and which em- 
braced the recommendation of the award of the John Scott Legacy 
Medal and Premium, was signed by S. Lloyd Wiegand ( Ohm.), 
L. L. Cheney, and N. H. Edgerton, and approved and adopted by 
the Committee on Science and the Arts, at its stated meeting, held 
Wednesday, February 6, 1889.] 




No. 319. 



Upon the merits of said report the city of Philadelphia awarded 
the John Scott Legacy Medal and premium. The cuts represent 
the two sides of the medal in full size. 



414 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



AUGUSTA EXPOSITION, AUGUSTA, GA, 1891. 
GOLD MEDAL AWARDED. 

REPORT OF JUDGES. 

Augusta, Ga., November 24, 1891. 

Aicarded to the firm of A. A. Marks, of Neic York, for Artificial Legs with 
Aluminum Sockets. 

The artificial leg on exhibition with aluminum socket, designed for tibio- 
tarsal and tarso-metatarsal amputations, the socket of which, being composed 
of aluminum, is an especially meritorious appliance for the purpose designed. 
The nature of the metal renders this class of leg strong and light, and the 
manner of construction enables the wearer to rise on the front of the foot with- 
out danger of excoriating the amputated surfaces of the stump, a requisite for 
graceful and safe progression not obtained by any other system that we know 
of. 

Tnos. R. Wright, M. D., ) Onvrron o S. Lessee, ) 

E. C. Goodrich, M. D., - ? ul f eons J N0 . W. Clark, [ Judges. 

W. H. Doughty, Jr., M. D., ) m <- liar S e - R. M. Sims, ) 

E. J. O'Connor, M. D., 

Committee of Awards. 





No. 377. 



No. 378. 



The Elliott Cressons Gold Medal, awarded to A. A. Marks for 
aluminum socket artificial legs and arms, as stated in the following- 
report, which was printed in the Journal of the Franklin Institute 
July, 1893: 

THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND THE ARTS OF THE 
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. 

Report JVo. 1706. 

Subject — Marks' Improvements on Artificial Limbs. 

At the stated meeting of the Committee on Science and the Arts 
of the Franklin Institute, held February 1, 1893, the following 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



415 



report was adopted and ordered to be issued over the signature of 
the Chairman and the certification of the Secretary, viz.: 

This invention consists of an improved method of making arti- 
ficial limbs, adapted to amputations in the ankle, or below, in the 
tarsus or metatarsus, in which the former modes of construction, 
with articulated ankle-joints of wood as the material, were impract- 
icable and unsatisfactory in result ; although sometimes made when 
wood was employed as a material, these were always clumsy, and 
when the articulated ankle was attempted, it proved inoperative. 
The new method of construction involves the use of aluminum as 
the material to form the shell socket or sustaining fr.ame, as it 
might be called, the aluminum shell supporting the body, and form- 
ing the attachment for the elastic rubber foot, which acts as a 
rolling elastic segment simulating the functions of the natural foot 




[o. 403 



No. 404. 



No. 405. 



in walking, and acting as an elastic cushion in relieving the wearer 
from the jar or shock of resting the weight upon the limb. At the 
same time they resemble the form of the natural foot more closely 
than was possible with previous constructions. 

The invention is described and set forth in United States Letters 
Patent No. 470,431, dated March 8, 1892. 

The specimen submitted to the committee shows the invention to 
be extremely light, and so compact as to make no noticeable en- 
largement of the artificial foot beyond the size of the natural foot, 
thus completely restoring the appearances. 

Your committee has examined the limbs in the course of man- 
ufacture, and as completed and as in use by wearers. When 
clothed, they give no indication in walking that they are not 
natural feet. 



416 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



The mode of making the aluminum shells consists in first pro- 
ducing a plaster cast of the mutilated member to which it is to 
applied. Upon this plaster cast is fitted a pattern carved in the 
usual manner, and prepared for the founder. The aluminum shell 
is then cast from this pattern. 

The drawing appended shows the invention in sections. The 
elastic rubber foot is applied and renewed in the same manner and 
with the same facilities as an elastic overshoe. 

The limb embraces four elements : First of these is the metallic 
shell or frame ; its functions are to receive the weight of the 
wearer at its upper part, and transmit it to the foot. 

This is the most extensive part of the structure ; is not suscep- 
tible of corrosion under any conditions to which it is subjected in 
use ; is strong, light, and compact, and conforms closely to the form 
and dimensions of the limb which it simulates, and is of great 
durability. 

The second is the removable elastic foot : this is so proportioned 
in thickness in its several parts as to hold securely on the lower 
portion of the frame and to act as an elastic cushion in receiving 





No. 406. 



No. 40^ 



No. 408. 



the weight upon the heel and transfer it as the step progresses to 
the ball of the foot and toes, which, under the pressure, flex, and 
again extend as they are relieved of weight, thus closely imitating 
the action of the natural foot. 

Being removable as easily as a rubber shoe, a new one from the 
same mold can be promptly and cheaply substituted when the 
original is worn out. 

The third element in the structure is the leather jacket, which 
confines the limb in the metallic shell or frame so that the weight 
is received on the upper portion. 

This jacket of leather is attached to the shell by a few rivets, 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 417 

which can easily be removed and a new leather expeditiously sub- 
stituted at small cost by any saddler or other leather worker with- 
out entailing the delay of sending the limb to the original manu- 
facturers. 

The fourth and last element is the pad in the base of the cavity 
of the aluminum shell or frame ; the pad is made of cork in the 
specimen submitted, and covered with felt on the upper surface ; a 
pad of wool or any other similar substance could be substituted 
with like effect ; the cork has the advantage of being light and 
is easily removed, cleaned, and replaced. 

The combination of these parts forms a limb which, with inex- 
pensive repairs, easily procurable with little delay, has almost un- 
limited durability and affords a much needed relief to many who 
heretofore were dependent upon crutches for aid in locomotion. 

The invention, regarded from a humanitarian standpoint, is of 
great importance. Although it was less than two years from the 
making of the first specimens at the time this invention was shown 
at the Institute and referred by resolution to the committee for 
examination, yet 134 at that time had been brought into practical 
use, as appears from an inspection of the books and correspondence 
of the manufacturers, and all of them found to be satisfactory in 
performance. 

Such a practical indorsement from the users and those only fully 
qualified to test the merit of this class of inventions is indicative of 
the great merit and suggestive of the extended field of usefulness 
of the invention. 

The following, from the impression of the New York Medical 
Journal of April 16, 1892, sets forth better the importance of the 
invention from a humantarian standpoint, as viewed by surgeons, 
than your committee feel competent to express in any other terms: 

" There are amputations of the lower limbs that surgeons deem desirable to 
do without sacrificing more of the member than the parts involved. We re- 
fer to amputations technically termed tibio-tarsal, tarso-metatarsal, and medio- 
tarsal. These amputations have always been in disfavor with artificial limb 
makers, who have almost unanimously decried them, and in too many instances 
have persuaded the surgeons to sacrifice much of a healthy leg merely to 
obtain a stump that would better accommodate the artificial limbs that they 
were able to produce. 

" The new artificial leg, constructed of aluminum combined with the rub- 
ber foot, is adaptable to these amputations. The socket of aluminum encases 
the stump, and on account of the strength of the metal the socket does not in- 
crease the diameters of the ankle to an objectionable degree in order to obtain the 
requisite strength. The metal is cast into the proper shape to give ease and 
comfort to the wearer ; the aluminum socket is terminated by a rubber foot, 
which mot only simulates the natural foot, but provides a soft, springy 



418 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



medium to walk upon, and a resistant phalangeal ball to rise upon while walk- 
ing, running, or ascending stairs. 

" It is obvious that by this invention the amputation can be conditional upon 
the injuiy and the artificial limb conditional upon the amputation. In this 
alone the invention of the aluminum and rubber leg will prove not only a boon 
to the one who has suffered the amputation, but the solution of a problem 
that has many times perplexed the operating surgeon, as it eliminates all the 
objections heretofore pressed against amputations in the region of the tarsus. 
The surgeon may thus rejoice in being able to observe the old and consistent 
law of amputating with the least sacrifice." 

It is, therefore, clearly apparent that the invention is one afford- 
ing much-needed relief to persons heretofore greatly embarrassed, 
and further that the surgeons may save much more of the patient's 
body from mutilation than heretofore, and yet render comfortable 
and satisfactory artificial limbs practicable. 

In view of these points of excellence and well-attested evidence 
thereof the committee awards the Elliott Cresson Medal to Mr. 
Marks, of New York, for his improvements in artificial limbs. 
Adopted February 1, 1893. 

H. R. Heyl, 
Chairman Committee on Science and Arts. 
Certified as a correct copy. 

W. H. Waul, Secretary. 





No. 409. 



No. 410. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 419 

HIGHEST AWARD, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSL 
TION, CHICAGO, ILL., 1893. 

The display of Artificial Limbs in this memorable Exposition 
must be regarded as the most extensive and varied ever brought 
together under the same roof. Nine different manufacturers were 
here collected in active competition with each other. 

The space allotted to A. A. Marks covered an area of one hun- 
dred and eighty square feet. On this space were placed four large 
show cases, roofed by a gilded dome, and surmounted by a colossal 
golden leg. From the top of the golden leg to the floor encom- 
passed a distance of twenty feet. 

The cases contained artificial legs and arms for amputations in 
the hips, thighs, knees, legs, ankles, feet, shoulders, arms, elbows, 
forearms, wrists, hands, and fingers, also apparatus for extending 
shortened legs, for supporting weakened knees and ankles, and for 
the correction of deformities. They comprised over fifty specimens. 

The exhibit was attended by a young lady, a medical student, 
who wore an artificial leg for amputation above the knee. This 
lady, having had extensive experience in using artificial limbs of 
different Manufacture, and being thoroughly informed upon every 
aspect of the subject, entertained and edified thousands of visitors 
who called at the exhibit. She was during a part of the time 
assisted by subjects who were wearing pairs of artificial legs with 
rubber feet. 

Literature printed in English, Spanish, French, and German was 
liberally distributed. 

The judges appointed to investigate artificial limbs were more 
than usually searching and scrupulous. The following statement 
of points on which we claim excellence for our artificial limbs was 
presented to the judges : 

ARTIFICIAL LEGS. 

First. — Rubber Foot, (a) Its close approximation to the 
motions and actions of the natural foot, when standing, walking, 
running, ascending or descending steps, elevations in ground, etc. 

(b) Its durability and lightness ; the yielding and elastic qualities 
of rubber supply requisite motion without necessitating mechanism; 
the absence of this mechanism admits of strength and lightness. 

(c) Phalangeal assistance. The methods of construction and con- 
nection with the body of the leg in each case are such as to provide 
assistance in walking from the anterior portion of the foot, at the 
same time maintaining the height of the wearer when walking, same 
as is obtained from the natural foot ; the feature of phalangeal 
assistance avoids limping, and removes the fear of toppling for- 
ward when standing. 

(d) The elasticity of rubber affords a yielding medium to alight 
upon, thus avoiding jars and concussions to the stump. 

Second. — Knee Joints, (a) The construction of knee joints is 
such as to render them capable of adjustment, thus obviating the 
noise that follows attrition. 

(5) The disposition of the knee spring, which assists extension of 



420 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 

the lower leg, is such as to become neutralized when the leg is flexed 
to a given angle ; this avoids " kicking out" of the lower leg when 
the wearer is sitting and unguarded. 

(c) Safety lock. This attachment is combined with the knee 
mechanism and provides against treacherous flexing of the knee, 
thus avoiding dangerous falls. 

Third. The production of waterproof legs from natural crook 
timber with rubber feet attached. This method provides artificial 
legs for miners, fishermen, woodsmen, to walk, stand, and labor in 
watery or damp places without impairment to their legs. 

Fourth. Aluminium sockets, especially designed for stumps that 
extend to the ankle and in the body of foot, known by the profes- 
sion as tibeo-tarsal, medio-tarsal, and tarso-metatarsal amputations. 

The advantages obtained by the utilization of this metal are as 
follows : 

(a) The production of a socket that can be closely fitted to the 
stump, without touching or allowing painful contact with any of 
the tender spots on the stump, at the same time possessing sufficient 
strength to properly support the wearer, no matter what position he 
may be placed in. 

(b) The construction of a socket that will possess the requisite 
strength, without conspicuously enlarging the extremity of a stump 
that has a bulbous end. 

Fifth. Roller Suspenders. The object of this method of sus- 
pending an artificial leg to the wearer is to avoid the moving and 
rubbing of the shoulder straps on the shoulders. The pulleys, 
placed on the sides of the leg admit of the movements of the sus- 
pender taking place on the rollers and not on the shoulders. 

ARTIFICIAL ARMS. 

First. — The Rubber Hand, (a) Being composed of rubber, is 
pleasant and natural to the touch and durable in construction. 

(b) The fingers being ductile, can be placed into accommodating 
positions. 

(c) The palm of the hand, being provided with a locking socket,, 
is capable of holding implements of utility with firmness. 

Second. The ability to detach the hand at the wrist for laboring 
purposes. 

Third. Rotation of hand at wrist, to provide for pronation and 
supination. 

Fourth. The elbow joint, with lock for holding the arm in a 
flexed position. 

Fifth. Fingers and parts of hands made of rubber, to replace 
fingers and parts of hands that have been amputated. 

Sixth, Rotation of upper arm socket. 

The report of the judges was an indorsement of the above claims. 

Their report was signed bv the following judges : Jennie Mc- 
Cowen, M. L>., K. 3uen ; J. H. Gore. 

In conformity with the judges' report, the highest award (medal 
and diploma) was declared in favor of A. A. Marks, 701 Broadway, 
New York City. 

This makes a grand total of twenty-four (24) highest awards be- 
* stowed upon A. A. Marks for artificial legs and arms with rubber 
hands and feet. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 421 



1/1 Liberal. Arjs SEe. D. 103. 
CHICAGO, 1893. 




^|Vel?THCHI6HESTAWARn 
-^-^? FOR ARTIFICIAL LIMBS., 



JS'O. 411. 



422 A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



HOW TO ORDER AN ARTIFICIAL LEG OR ARM. 

The data necessary to guide us in the construction of an artificial 
leg or arm, in the absence of the patient, with positive results, con- 
sist of measurements and profiles of both the amputated and sound 
limbs, as explained on pages 60 to 65 for legs, and pages 89 and 90 
for arms. An additional formula with explicit instructions will be 
furnished upon request. We always send one of these formulae 
with every pamphlet ; in the event of its becoming separated the 
directions above referred to can be availed of. These directions 
should be thoroughly understood and rigorously followed. 

When correct measurements are furnished satisfactory results are 
sure to follow, and all subsequent annoyances of misfit averted. 
After these measurements and profiles have been made they should 
be duplicated ; the originals placed in a strong envelope together 
with a letter of instructions and a draft on some banking-house to 
the amount of the order, sealed securely, with necessary stamps 
attached to ensure direct carriage, and addressed as follows : 

A. A. Marks, 

Artificial Limbs, 

701 Broadway, New York City. 

If the ordering party resides in a foreign country, and the 
mail service to New York is attended with the liability of mis- 
carriage, — the duplicate measurements, a copy of the letter of 
instructions, and a duplicate draft, " good if original is not paid," 
should be similarly enveloped, addressed, and forwarded by the fol- 
lowing mail ; one or both of these packets will surely reach us, and 
should one fail in transmission the other will save the ordering party 
any serious loss and much delay. 

If the patron desires to order through some commission house we 
suggest that he patronize none but such as are reputably estab- 
lished, and that he give positive instructions that the order be 
passed to A. A. Marks, New York City, and at the same time write 
us directly ', stating the house or party with whom the order has 
been intrusted. 

When the limb is received, see that it has our stamp attached, 
and do not accept it unless it has. 

We desire to guard our patrons against any imposition which 
might be perpetrated on them by such middlemen as would be un- 
scrupulous enough to place their order with some charlatan in con- 
sideration of a large discount, and forward a limb which would 
neither bear the descriptions in our pamphlet or carry the guarantees 
of our establishment. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



423 



FEOM THE STUMP TO THE LIMB. 



The city establishment of the firm of A. A. Marks occupies the 
four floors of the brown stone building, 701 Broadway, New York 
City. 

The out-of-city buildings consist of a steam saw-mill and several 
storage buildings, thirty miles distant, located on the western border 
of Connecticut. The number of hands employed in the several 
departments will average about forty. 

It is the object of these pages to take a run through the several 
departments and follow the making of an artificial limb from the 
tree to the finish, the purpose being to convey to the reader the 
system and thoroughness of detail which enables the house to exe- 
cute work for all the world. 

The adoption of wood in the construction of a leg is empirical, 
having stood the tests that have shown the shortcomings of every 
other available material — rawhide, leather, vulcanite-rubber, cellu- 
loid, papier-mache, tin, 
copper, steel, and pulp. 
Wood possesses 
strength and lightness, 
rigidity and durability ; 
it does not heat the 
stump, and retains its 
virtues for many years. 
All other known ma- 
terials lack more or 
less of these qualities. 
There are two kinds of 
wood that are peculi- 
arly adapted to the 
purpose, Willow and 
Bass. 

Willow or Salix is 
found in groups on the 
banks of streams in 
marshy places ; occa- 
sionally the tree is 
No. 328. found isolated in a 

WILLOW TREE IN WINTER. lonely lot. 




424 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Willow has but few uses in the industries ; we read, however, of 
the ancients using it for shields, on account of its lightness and 
toughness, to guard their bodies from arrows and the missiles of 
their enemies. In modern times its principal use is for charring, 
for making gunpowder ; it is also used for crayons and for discs for 
polishing glass, advantage being taken of its fine and tough grain. 
As a general thing the wood is regarded by the forester as worth- 
less ; in clearing his land, he allows it to decay, or burns it in 
situ. Cut No. 328 represents one of these trees, as it appears in 
nature, when the winter has divested it of its foliage, and when 
the woodman's ax and saw are about to fell it to be prepared for 
artificial-limb timber. The tree is large, sheltering a great area of 
ground ; it has a short, knotty trunk, frequently growing to six 
feet in diameter at the base and ten to twenty feet in height, 
where it divides into many great and far-reaching branches. 
There are many species of Willow, most of which are suitable for 
the purpose ; the selection, however, excludes the weeping willows 
and other ornamental subdivisions. 

Bass or Linden is a worthy rival of the Willow ; though it has 
no botanical relation 



w T ith WilloAV, it has 
many qualities in com- 
mon with it. Cut No. 
329 represents a Bass- 
wood tree in winter ; 
its trunk is straight 
and smooth, its general 
form is symmetrical, 
its branches forming- 
graceful curves and 
occasionally returning 
angles. 

Both the Bass and 
Willow are native 
woods, abounding 
largely in New Eng- 
land. The trunks are 
mainly used in the art; 
branches, unless large 
and clear, are d i s - 
carded. 

The India-rubber 
tree is indigenous to 
Central and South 




No. 329. 



BASS-WOOD THEE IN WINTER. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



425 



.America. It is only used in the art in yielding the gum from 
which rubber is obtained for the manufacture of the feet and hands 
•of the Marks patent. 

Knowing what trees to select, we will accompany the woodman 
to the forest, which is likely to occur on a cold, crispy winter's 




morning, with a foot or more of snow on the ground ; the company 
will consist of about ten men with axes, cross-cut saws, steel 
wedges and beetles, a powerful team of Normandies, a truck, 
drags, chains, and all the implements necessary for the rapid hand- 
ling of great, heavy logs. As a preliminary, the ax-man cuts away 
the hedges and clears the way for the sawyers ; he marks the tree 



426 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



at the base, then the sawyers, two or three on each end of a suit- 
ably contrived cross-cut saw, ply that instrument horizontally and 




No. 331. 
BUZZ SAW CUTTING ARTIFICIAL LIMB TIMBER. 

as close to the roots as possible. The tree soon yields and falls to 
the ground, where it is cut into logs of suitable lengths, then split 

into sizes by use of wedges 

and beetles. The truck- p/^xAx \ h-/*<\ / ^*^h 

man piles the logs on the 
truck and carries them 
sometimes twenty miles to 
the mill at Sound Beach, 
Conn. Here the logs are 
trimmed on a buzz or cir- 
cular saw ; the heart, bark, 
and gnarly parts are re- 
moved and thrown away. 
From this saw the logs are 
taken to the boring ma- 
chine, where an augur of 
suitable size bores through 
their centers. Natural 
crook logs, such as are 
used in natural crook legs, 
made under recent patents, 

are trimmed on a jig saw, No. 332. 

the natural curve of the jig saw in mill. 




A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, XEW YORK CITY. 427 




No. 333. 
TIMBER STOCK AT FACTORY. 




No. 334. 
SOCK AND SUPPLY ROOM. 



428 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. NEW YORK CITY. 



grain being carefully preserved. The timber is then placed in 
a dry-kiln. The dry-kiln is a large dark room with steam 
pipes covering the floor, from which hundreds of smaller pipes 
arise vertically ; the sticks, fresh from the mill, with holes bored 
through them longitudinally, are placed on these pipes, where 
they remain for several weeks with eighty pounds' pressure of 




live steam. This ingenious dry-kiln was contrived by A. A. 
Marks, and is used exclusively by him. The effect is to bring a 
uniform heat to the inside as well as the outside of each stick, thus 
avoiding checks by unequal seasoning. After the sap has thor- 
oughly evaporated, which is ascertained by the weight, the sticks 
are taken to a cold, dry, dark storehouse, and there they remain for 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



429 



two or more years until they are thoroughly seasoned, when they 
are carted to the depot and placed in a closed freight car and taken 
to the factory, New York City, and there worked into legs and arms 
and sent to all parts of the world. This operation of obtaining 
timber occupies the greater part of every winter. 




The New York shop is a veritable beehive. Passing into the 
upper hall, we find ourselves in the timber room, see cut No. 333, 
where dry, ready timber is kept in stock. 

Adjacent to this hall is the sock and supply room, cut No. 334 ; 
here Lamb knitting machines are operated to meet the demand for 
cotton and woolen socks, which are worn on the patient's stumps, 
the same as stockings are worn on natural feet. Socks are made in 



430 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



any size or shape to conform to the shape of the stump ; they cost 
from 40 cents to $1.00 each, and are sent by mail to any part of the 
world, on receipt of price. These socks are seamless and made of 
the best quality of material, either of cotton or wool, and of white 
or dark color. Orders can be accurately filled from diagrams of 
the stump or from length and circumferences in inches, as may be 




desired. If the firm has supplied the party with a leg or an arm, 
the measurements they have on file will answer every purpose. 
Orders receive prompt attention, and the socks will be the best that 
material and skill can produce. 

In addition to socks this room is well stocked with webbings and 
suspenders, felt, buckles, oil cans, grease, and everything requisite 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



431 



for the comfortable wearing of artificial limbs. The stock is kept 
up with the view of filling orders of any size immediately. 

The machinery department is well equipped with power lathes, 
and other machines, to facilitate the correct and rapid production of 
all the metal parts of an artificial limb. 




Cut No. 335 represents one of the divisions of this department. 
"The man at the vise is finishing, in brass, feet and hands to 
be used for the making of molds in which rubber is molded and 
vulcanized ; the man at the fire is heating metal to forge into 
<desirable shapes. 

Cut No. 336 represents another view of the machine room. 



432 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



Here presses, lathes, and 
milling machines are un- 
der the management of 
skilled operators. 

The wood shop is pro- 
vided with band and cir- 
cular saws, turning, bor- 
ing, and hand lathes, 
buffing, grinding, facing, 
and mortising machines, 
all operated by power. 
Cut No. 337 represents 
the shop looking east, 
men at vises plying their 
skill for the betterment 
of the mutilated. 

Cut No. 338 represents 
the wood shop looking to 
the west. Although this 
department is well equip- 
ped with machinery, but 
little of the wood-work 
can be done by any ma- 
chine except nature's 
hand, guided by an intel- 
lect. A log can have the rough corners sawn off and can be trim- 
med to an approximate shape and size, but it takes the experienced 
workman to carve it to the grace- 
ful but irregular contours of the 
natural limb, every leg and arm 
being different in form, size, and 
character. 

The eye, the brain, the hand, 
control the implements that shape 
the outside to match the opposite 
leg, or excavate the log to fit the 
stump. The connecting parts of 
the leg are mortised by a routing 
machine. 

After the log has been fitted, 
shaped, and smoothed, on the in- 
side and outside, it is banded in 
order to increase its strength to 
resist internal pressure. The leg 




No. 339. 
BAND SAW AT FACTORY. 




No. 340. 
CARVING OUTSIDE OF LEG. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



433 



or arm now passes into the finishing room, where a raw-hide cover- 
ing is tightly stretched on the outside of the wood parts, and an 




No. 341. 
MORTISING. 

enamel coating placed on the same. The feet are covered with 
white calfskin. During this process the limb is placed in a room 




heated to 100 degrees, the effect of which is to bake or harden the 
enamel and make it permanent. The leg or arm in the leather 



434 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



department receives its finishing touches, from which it is taken 
and applied to the person, or more likely packed in a box and sent 
by express to its distant wearer. 

The fitting-rooms are at the rear of the office. These rooms are 
private and exclusive. Measurements are taken in them, the fittings 




are made here when the patient presents himself for that purpose, 
and here the limbs are applied to the person. In one of the rooms 
can be seen suspended, from the wall several hundred old legs, feet, 
and hands of other manufacture, or of historical connection ; most 
of these limbs have been abandoned, in order to have others with 
rubber feet and hands substituted. This collection is interesting to 
those who desire to make a study of the subject. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



435 



The office and show-room occupy the first floor of the premises. 
The show-room is capacious, and affords beginners ample room for 
practice without interruption. A large number of samples are on, 
display, covering all the peculiar classes of limbs for every char- 
acter of amputation. In the show-room, attached to the side walL 




is a panoramic display of thousands of envelopes from foreign 
countries, with postage stamps attached, canceled en route stamps, 
showing the countries and distances they have come. Each enve- 
lope is genuine, bearing the name and address of A. A. Marks, and 
each one brought a missive or an order from some foreign country. 
This panorama has excited much comment, and stands as an indis- 
putable evidence of the foreign relations of the house. 



436 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



The front part of the office is appropriated to escritorial work. 
A stenographer receives by dictation responses to letters, which 
average sixty a day. They are transcribed by a typewriting 
machine, after which a press-copy is made and placed on file. 
.Records of every inquirer and patron are kept in order, and a per- 




fect memorandum of every transaction made. The details of this 
office are multifarious, keeping four and five busy constantly. The 
office is equipped with every convenience to make a visitor feel at 
home and help while away time that would otherwise be tedious 
and weighty. When parties visit the establishment they are 
received cordially and made welcome to all its conveniences. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



43' 



If they remain over night, they are escorted to hotels, boarding 
or lodging houses in the neighborhood, and are avoided all possible 
annoyance. 

A large fire-proof safe preserves all records, and at the same time 
affords the visitor a safe deposit for his valuables and money while 
lie remains in the city. 




Is it not reasonable to look for the best work and best results from 
an establishment with such extensive operations, such facilities, and 
such wide experience ? Does not all this mean a positive guarantee 
that those who entrust themselves with this house will be thought- 
fully, conscientiously, and advantageously dealt with ? 



438 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



OFFICE AND MANUFACTORY AS ENLARGED AUGUST 

1, 1891, OCCUPYING THE ENTIRE BUILDING 

OF 701 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. 

The building represented in cut No. 347 is located on the west 
side of Broadway next to the corner of Fourth Street ; it has a 
frontage of twenty -five feet, and occupies a lot one hundred feet 
deep. It consists of five floors together with a basement and a sub- 
cellar. The sub-cellar is used for the storage of plaster molds, 
models, boxes, etc. The basement is used for packing and shipping 
artificial limbs and other goods, receiving stock and raw material. 




No. 347. 



The store is on a level with the sidewalk ; it is fitted up as a 
show room, reception room, and office ; it also contains private 
rooms for measuring and fitting. The arrangement is such as to 
save patrons the necessity of climbing stairs. The second floor 
contains the finishing room and additional fitting and reception 
rooms, also a crutch department. The third floor is entirely devoted 
to woodworking. The fourth floor contains the machinery, knit- 
ting and stock departments. The fifth floor is used for the storage 
of timber, etc. 






A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 439 



CAUTION. 



Artificial legs with rubber feet, and artificial arms with rubber 
lands, are the inventions of A. A. Marks. 

The letters patent that are owned and controlled by the firm of 
A. A. Marks bear the following dates : December 1, 1863 ; March 
7,1865; November 16, 1880; March 30, 1886; July 12,1887. 
March 8, 1892; January 3, 1893. These patents cover not only the 
original inventions of rubber feet and rubber hands, but all the im- 
provements that have ever been made upon them. 

Artificial limbs constructed with these rubber extremities have 
proved to be a blessing to the maimed. Their virtues have with- 
stood prejudice and the bitterest opposition ; despite all the influ- 
ences that have been waged against rubber feet and hands, they 
stand to-day peerless before the world. Over 13,000 have been put 
into actual use, and the universal verdict is overwhelmingly in their 
favor. For a number of years past our artificial limbs with rubber 
hands and feet have had a large and increasing demand. Our com- 
petitors have seriously felt the drifting away of their patronage, 
and some of them have been impelled to contrive schemes, and to 
resort almost to trickery, in order to stay the increasing demand 
for our work. Some have taken up our inventions of a quarter of 
a century ago (the patents of which have expired), and others have 
contrived rubber ankles and rubber heels, and advertise "artificial 
legs with rubber feet." The very persons who bitterly opposed us 
a short time ago are now acknowledging virtue in our work by try- 
ing to imitate our productions. 

It hardly seems necessary to caution the public against the spuri- 
ous and nondescript work these so-called artificial-limb-makers are 
endeavoring to foist on the maimed as artificial legs with rubber 
feet. 

If you deal directly with us you will be sure to secure the genu- 
ine, the best, and the most approved. If you send your order 
through a third party, be sure you give instructions for the A. A. 
Marks artificial limb, and when you receive the limb, examine it 
•carefully and see that it bears our stamp with the above dates of 
patents contained thereon, and do not accept it unless it does. 

A. A. MARKS, 

701 Broadway, 

New Yoek City. 



440 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



INVALID RECLINING AND ROLLING CHAIRS. 

Cut No. 350 represents an Invalid Reclining Chair. This chair is 
easily adjustable to any position, from upright to recumbent, that 
may be assumed by the occupant ; and when 
the desired point is reached, is fastened by 
means of our new improved cam fastener, 
which is operated by the occupant. 

Casters are put on each leg. It can be 
folded readily for packing away or ship- 
ment. The foot-board turns up against the 
leg-rest for convenience in getting into and 
out of the chair. 

The back and seat are caned, the arms 
No. 350. WOQd 

When folded this chair occupies a space forty-five inches long, 
twenty-four inches wide, and eight inches deep. 




DIMENSIONS. 

Height of Seat from floor, 

Width of Seat, 

Height of Back from Seat, 
Height of Seat from Foot-board, . 
Price, Oak, $13 each ; Black Walnut, $14 each. 



.20 inches. 

19 " 
. 34 " 

17 " 
Arms upholstered, $1 extra. 



Cut No. 351 represents an Invalid Rolling Chair. This Rolling 
Chair is not reclining, but has the same wheels and axles as No. 355 
Reclining Chair, the difference in the construction being in the style 
of chair used. The chair has no hand rims on 
wheels as in No. 355. 

DIMENSIONS. 

Height of Back from Seat, 
Width of Seat, .... 
Depth of Seat from front to back, 
Height of Seat from floor, . 
Height of Seat from Foot-board, 
Height of Arms above Seat, 
Height of Wheels from floor, . 
Weight of Chair, about 40 pounds. 

Will pass through a doorway not less than 

28 inches wide. 
Price, Oak, $16 each. Hand Rims added at 

additional cost of $2. 

Cut No. 352 represents an Invalid 
Reclining Rolling Chair. Although not 
as desirable as the more expensive ones, 
it is strong, serviceable, and comfort- 
able, and those unable to purchase the 
higher-priced chair will find it to answer 
No the same purpose nearly as well. It 




No. 351. 




A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



441 



can be used and fastened in any position, from upright to recumbent. 
Axles and wheels are same as No. 355, except wheels have no hand, 
rims. 

DIMENSIONS. 



Height of Back from Seat, 

Height of Seat from floor, 

Height of Seat from Foot-board, .... 

Depth of Seat, front to back, 

Height of Wheels, 

Width of Seat, ....... 

Height of Arms above Seat 

Will pass through a doorway not less than 28 inches wide. 
Price, Oak, Caned, $25 each. Hand Rims $2 extra. 



34 inches. 

20 " 

17 «.' 

19 '* 

30 " 

19 " 

9* " 




No. 353. 



Cut No. 353 represents an Invalid Rolling Chair. This Rolling 
Chair is not reclining, but has the same running parts as No. 355 
Reclining Chair. This chair has hand 
rims on wheels for street use. 

DIMENSIONS. 

Height of Back from Seat, 

Width of Seat, .... 

Depth of Seat from front to back, 

Height of Seat from floor, 

Height of Seat from Foot-board, 

Height of Arms above Seat, 

Height of Wheels from floor, . .30 " 

Weight of Chair, about 40 pounds. Will pass 
through a doorway not less than 28 inches wide. 

Price, Oak, $26 each ; Black Walnut, $29 each. 

Cut No. 354 represents an Invalid Rolling Chair. This chair is 
for street use, to be pushed by an attendant. The 
body is placed on springs, and has a detachable 
push-handle. The foot-board turns up against the 
front, or can be used as a step when getting into the 
chair. The front wheels can be lifted from the 
ground in passing over obstructions- 



24 inches. 

28 

13 

23 

16 

18 




No. 354. 



DIMENSIONS. 

Height of Back from Seat, 
Height of Back Wheels, 
Height of Front Wheels, 
Height of Seat from floor, . 
Height of Seat from Foot-board, 
Width of Seat, . 

Will pass through a doorway not less than 28 inches wide. 

Price, Oak, $31 each. 

Cut No. 355 represents an Invalid Reclining Rolling Chair. This 
chair is one of the most popular Reclining Rolling Chairs made, 
and contains all of the improvements. The following illustration 
shows one of the several positions that it may be placed in. 



442 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 




34 inches. 

19 " 

19 " 

20 " 
17 " 

9i " 

30 " 



DIMENSIONS. 

Height of Back from Seat, . 

Width of Seat, .... 

Depth of Seat from front to back, 

Height of Seat from floor, 

Height of Seat from Foot-board, 

Height of Arms above Seat, 

Height of Wheels, 
Weight of chair, about 60 pounds. 
Caster Wheel 10 inches in diameter. Will pass 

through a doorway not less than 28 inches wide. 

Upholstered chairs have the arms upholstered and 

leg-rest caned. 

Prices, Oak, Caned, $34 each ; Black Walnut, 
$37 each ; Oak, Upholstered with all-wool Terry, Hair Cloth, or Tapestry, 
Spring Back and Seat, $42 each ; Black Walnut, Upholstered with all-wool 
Terry, Hair Cloth, or Tapestry, Spring Back and Seat, $45 each. Leg-rest, 
Upholstered, $2 extra. 

Cut No. 356 represents the recumbent position of chair No. 355. 
Any position can be obtained by a little effort on the part of the occu- 
pant ; a handle, easily grasped by the right hand, can be moved one 
■way or the other in order to fasten the chair in any desired position. 

The wheels have hand rims for street use. The tires are half 
round. The foot-board turns up against the leg-rest for conveni- 



No. 355. 




No. 356. 

-ence in getting in and out of the chair. This description also refers 
to Nos. 357 and 358. 

Cut No. 357 is the same as our No. 355, but with the addition of 
Tempered Steel Eliptic Springs placed between the seat and gear, 
thus preventing the jar caused by rolling over uneven ground, and 
making it very desirable to use out of doors. 

DIMENSIONS. 

Height of Back from Seat, 34 inches. 

Height of Wheels, . . . . . . . 30 " 

Height of Arms above Seat, 9£ " 

Height of Seat from floor, 23 " 

Height of Seat from Foot-board, 17 ", 

Width of Seat, 19 " 

Depth of Seat, 19 " 

IVill pass through a doorway not less than 29 inches wide. 

Price, $3, in addition to prices quoted for No. 355. 



A. A. MARKS, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YOKE CITY. 



443: 



Cut No. 358 is also the same as No. 355 with divided extension 
foot-rest, which is peculiarly suitable for persons who desire to have 
the foot-rests adjustable and independent of each other. The occu- 





No. 357. No. 358. 

pant can control the operations of either rest. The foot-rests are 
not only capable of being placed at different angles, but can be ex- 
tended to accommodate a long leg. 

Price, $5, in addition to prices quoted for No. 355. 

We have chairs of smaller dimensions than the preceding, suitable 
for children. 



HAND PROPELLING TRICYCLES SOLD BY A. A. 
MARKS, 701 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. 

These tricycles are made especially for those who are more or less 
disabled in their lower limbs. Propulsion is mainly obtained by 
one or both arms ; treadles are only, attached when desired, and in 
a manner to meet the conditions of the individual case. The wheels 
have wire spokes and rubber tires, and all the parts are constructed 
with a view to durability and for rapid traveling. 

A person wearing one or a pair of artificial legs, or one who is 
compelled to use crutches, will find one of these tricycles a pleasant 
and fascinating vehicle for propelling himself long or short dis- 
tances. The paralytic, or 
the person recovering from 
the enervating effects of 
long confinement, will find 
one of these tricycles a 
means for healthful and 
vigorous exercise that will 
stimulate a natural activity 
in the parts affected. 

Cut No. 379 represents 
an invalid's tricycle ; it is 
provided with two treadles 

and one hand lever. This No. 379. 

machine is calculated for a 

person who has only partial use of both feet. The hand lever can 
be placed on the right or left side as may be desired. This 




444 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORE CITY. 



machine on fairly level roads can be run entirely by the one hand, 
and, when necessity requires, assistance can be obtained by the feet. 
For a case of enervated legs it can readily be seen that the treadles, 
forcing action upon the limbs, will strengthen and develop them. 
Price $50. 

Cut No. 380 represents a tricycle arranged to be propelled by one 
hand and one foot. In ordering, state whether the machine should 
be made to accommodate the right or left hand and the right or 
left foot, and the machine will be made accordingly. It can be seen 
that for a person who has one leg affected and the other in a nor- 
mal condition, this machine is of great value, and will enable a 
person to take light or vigorous exercise without irritating or pro- 
ducing serious consequences to the affected leg. Price $50. 

Cut No. 381 represents a tricycle arranged to be propelled by 
both hands, and steered by the knees, or, in case of total paralysis 
of lower limbs, can be steered by an attachment which places the 

steering handle under 
the control of the body. 
The footrest is a board 
rigidly attached to the 
reach. This machine is 
rapid and strong. When 
running on fairly level 
roads it can be propelled 
by one hand. The ma- 
chine will carry a man 
weighing two hundred 
pounds, and if necessary 
can be made to accom- 
modate a person weigh- 
ing more than two 
hundred pounds. Price (without high back and arm rests as repre- 
sented) $50. 

Cut No. 382 represents a tricycle arranged to be propelled by 
both hands and guided by the feet or by artificial legs. The feet, 
pressing down on a tilting board which is connected with the steer- 
ing handle, will control the steering of the machine. Price $50. 

Cut No. 383 represents a 
hand propelling tricycle pro- 
vided with two independent 
drive wheels operated by 
cranks and sprocket wheels 
connected by chains. The 
height of the handles is ad- 
justable by sliding the cen- 
tral brace more ■ or less up 
and down on the reach. The 
footboard is hung very low 
in order to better accom- 
modate persons getting into 
and out of the machine. The front wheel operates as a castor 
wheel, and the handles in ordinary use rest in a fork, as shown in 




No. 380. 




No. 381. 



A. A. MAKES, ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, NEW YORK CITY. 



445 



the cut. The machine is guided by turning harder on one crank 
than the other, which by 
means of the castor front 
wheel turns the head of the 
machine, and the fork and 
handle prevent making the 
turn too rapid. In turning 
sharp corners it will be neces- 
sary to take the handle out 
of the fork and with one hand 
hold it at a greater angle than 
that allowed by the fork. 
This machine has more power 
and will run up steeper grades 
than any of the lever machines, 
but it is much slower. It is much faster, however, than the usual in- 
valid rolling chair. Price $60. 

The seats in all of these machines can be adjusted to any desired 

height. Supports for car 





the price of the machine, 
vcut. Address : 



rjdng crutches will also be 
attached, if ordered, with- 
out extra charge. These 
machines have 36-inch rear 
and 18-inch front wheels, 
all rubber tired. Other 
sizes will be made when 
desired. Any of these 
machines can have high 
back and arm rests, as re- 
presented by cut ISTo. 381, 
if desired, the cost of which 
will be $1.50 in addition to 
In ordering mention the number of the 



A. A. MARKS, 701 Broadway, New York City. 






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